HUMAN
GENOME
PROJECT
Presented by:
Group 2
GROUP MEMBERS:
MUHAMMAD FARID
MUHAMMAD HAZIQ
KHAIRUNNAWAL
TIVVYENN A/L MOGANA
DARWISH BIN
AWANIS BINTI AZMI
DANIEL BIN AZMAN BINTI ABD RAMLI RAJAN
MOHAMMAD FAISAL
ANIS HUMAIRA BINTI
BOON CHOY SOM
MOHAMAD AIDIL BIN
ARISSA BINTI HANAFI
ABDUL HAFIZ CHIT ABDUL HALIM
QUESTION 2:
Describe the primary goals of the
Human Genome Project.
1 Identify all of the genes in Human DNA.
Determine the sequence of the 3 billion
7 Goals were 2 chemical nucleotide bases that make up
human DNA.
established
Analyse genetic variations between
for the Human 3
humans, and identification of SNPs.
Genome 4 Store this information in databases.
Project when Develop faster, more efficient sequencing
5
it began in technologies
1990. 6 Develop tools for data analysis.
Address the ethical, legal, and social
7
issues (ELSI) that arise from the project.
TO IDENTIFY ALL
OF THE GENES IN
HUMAN DNA
The Human Genome Project identified the full
set of human genes, sequenced them all, and
identified some of the alleles, particularly those
that can cause disease when they get mutated.
Genes can be mapped relative to physical
features of the chromosome, or relative to
other genes.
DETERMINE THE SEQUENCE OF
THE 3 BILLION CHEMICAL
NUCLEOTIDE BASES THAT
MAKE UP HUMAN DNA
The human genome contains approximately 3
billion of these base pairs, which reside in the 23
pairs of chromosomes within the nucleus of all our
cells. Each chromosome contains hundreds to
thousands of genes, which carry the instructions
for making proteins. Each of the estimated
30,000 genes in the human genome makes an
average of three proteins.
ANALYSE GENETIC VARIATIONS
BETWEEN HUMANS, INCLUDING THE
IDENTIFICATION OF 'SNP'S
Genetic variation is advantageous to a population because
it enables some individuals to adapt to the environment
while maintaining the survival of the population.
SNPs, or single-nucleotide polymorphisms, are the
most common type of genetic variation among
people. Each SNP represents a difference in a single
DNA building block, called a nucleotide.
STORE THIS
INFORMATION IN
DATABASES
The databases that has specific information of Human
Genome Project is The Genome Databases .
Genomic Databases allow for the storing, sharing and
comparison of data across research studies, across data
types, across individuals and across organisms.
DEVELOP FASTER,
MORE EFFICIENT
SEQUENCING
TECHNOLOGIES
The Human Genome Project has proven to become more efficient
in sequencing technologies when the physicians would not have
to extract samples of tissues or cells to detect and diagnose
genetic disease such as cancer anymore. This procedure may
cause patient discomfort and consume time and resources.
But the advancement in Human Genome has enabled scientists to
identify genetic markers of tumours using a blood-based test that
eliminates the highly invasive nature of a biopsy without
compromising accuracy.
DEVELOP TOOLS FOR
DATA ANALYSIS
The Human Genome Project has developed many data
analysis tools to complete the mapping and to
understand all of the genes of human beings.
Due to the advanced technology, automated
systems are possible to ease the research and to
save time.
There are a few examples of the tools...
Automated Electrophoresis
Systems
Electrophoresis is the technique where DNA,
RNA, and protein are separated based on
their size/mass and/or electrical charge.
Automated
DNA/RNA/Protein
Extraction Systems
Greatly simplifies the process of isolating
pure nucleic acids and/or proteins from a
wide variety of natural sources.
DNA Sequencer
(or genetic analyzers) are automated
systems capable of sequencing DNA or
analyzing fragments for a variety of
applications.
Microarray Equipment
Microarrays, also known as chips or biochips,
consist of a substrate of interest fixed to a
solid matrix such as a glass slide, used for
genotyping, antibody detection, and
comparative genome analysis using the
microarray scanner.
ADDRESS THE ETHICAL, LEGAL, AND SOCIAL ISSUES (ELSI)
THAT ARISE FROM THE PROJECT
The knowledge gained from the Human Genome Projects are
expected to raised the concern of the usage and possible
exploitation of such information in terms of discrimination,
stigmatization and medical danger.
Concerns about early genetic diagnostic capabilities such as
sickle cell carrier screening and use of prenatal diagnostics for
selective abortion has been addressed in the past of the project.
Nonetheless , the discussion over the human genome projects
brought many of these issues to the public.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
Don't hesitate to ask any
questions!
