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Lecture 1 - Introduction

This document provides an introduction and overview of artificial intelligence and the topics that will be covered in the course ITSC-6111: Algorithms and Data Structures for Artificial Intelligence. It defines AI, discusses what AI can currently do in areas like natural language, vision, robotics, logic, and game playing. It also introduces concepts like rational agents, machine learning models for classification, regression, clustering and time series analysis. Key algorithms and applications are highlighted.

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178 views33 pages

Lecture 1 - Introduction

This document provides an introduction and overview of artificial intelligence and the topics that will be covered in the course ITSC-6111: Algorithms and Data Structures for Artificial Intelligence. It defines AI, discusses what AI can currently do in areas like natural language, vision, robotics, logic, and game playing. It also introduces concepts like rational agents, machine learning models for classification, regression, clustering and time series analysis. Key algorithms and applications are highlighted.

Uploaded by

haiminal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ITSC-6111: Algorithms and

Data Structures for Artificial


Intelligence
LECTURE 1 Introduction to AI
Beakal Gizachew

Based on slides by Roman Garnett and Chapter 1 of Heaton (Artificial Intelligence for Humans Volume 1)
Textbook Reference
Today

 What is artificial intelligence?

 What can AI do?

 What is this course?


Sci-Fi AI?
What is AI?
The science of making machines that:

Think like people Think rationally

Act like people Act rationally


Rational Decisions

We’ll use the term rational in a very specific, technical way:


 Rational: maximally achieving pre-defined goals
 Rationality only concerns what decisions are made
(not the thought process behind them)
 Goals are expressed in terms of the utility of outcomes
Being rational means maximizing
your expected utility
Maximize Your
Expected Utility
Problems with Humans

How many
dots?
What About the Brain?

 Brains (human minds) are very good at


making rational decisions, but not perfect
 Brains aren’t as modular as software, so
hard to reverse engineer!
 “Brains are to intelligence as wings are to
flight”
 Lessons learned from the brain: memory
and simulation are key to decision making
A (Short) History of AI
 1940-1950: Early days
 1943: McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain
 1950: Turing's “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”
 1950—70: Excitement: Look, Ma, no hands!
 1950s: Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers program,
Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist, Gelernter's Geometry Engine
 1956: Dartmouth meeting: “Artificial Intelligence” adopted
 1965: Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning
 1970—90: Knowledge-based approaches
 1969—79: Early development of knowledge-based systems
 1980—88: Expert systems industry booms
 1988—93: Expert systems industry busts: “AI Winter”
 1990—: Statistical approaches
 Resurgence of probability, focus on uncertainty
 General increase in technical depth
 Agents and learning systems… “AI Spring”?

 2000—: Where are we now?


What Can AI Do?
Quiz: Which of the following can be done at present?

 Play a decent game of table tennis?


 Play a decent game of Jeopardy?
 Drive safely along a curving mountain road?
 Drive safely along the Loop?
 Buy a week's worth of groceries on the web?
 Buy a week's worth of groceries at Schnucks?
 Discover and prove a new mathematical theorem?
 Converse successfully with another person for an hour?
 Perform a surgical operation?
 Put away the dishes and fold the laundry?
 Translate spoken Chinese into spoken English in real time?
 Write an intentionally funny story?
Natural Language
 Speech technologies (e.g. Siri)
 Automatic speech recognition (ASR)
 Text-to-speech synthesis (TTS)
 Dialog systems

Demo: NLP – ASR tvsample.avi


Natural Language
 Speech technologies (e.g. Siri/Cortana)
 Automatic speech recognition (ASR)
 Text-to-speech synthesis (TTS)
 Dialog systems

 Language processing technologies


 Question answering
 Machine translation

 Web search
 Text classification, spam filtering, etc…
Machine Translation?
Vision (Perception)
 Object and face recognition
 Scene segmentation
 Image classification

Demo1: VISION – lec_1_t2_video.flv


Images from Erik Sudderth (left), wikipedia (right)
Demo2: VISION – lec_1_obj_rec_0.mpg
Robotics
 Robotics
 Part mech. eng.
 Part AI
 Reality much
harder than
simulations!

 Technologies
 Vehicles
 Rescue
 Soccer!
 Lots of automation…

 In this class:
 We ignore mechanical aspects
 Methods for planning
 Methods for control
Images from UC Berkeley, Boston Dynamics, RoboCup, Google
Logic

 Logical systems
 Theorem provers
 NASA fault diagnosis
 Question answering

 Methods:
 Deduction systems
 Constraint satisfaction
 Satisfiability solvers (huge advances!)

Image from Bart Selman


Game Playing
 Classic Moment: May, '97: Deep Blue vs. Kasparov
 First match won against world champion
 “Intelligent creative” play
 200 million board positions per second
 Humans understood 99.9 of Deep Blue's moves
 Can do about the same now with a PC cluster
 Open question:
 How does human cognition deal with the
search space explosion of chess?
 Or: how can humans compete with computers at all??
 1996: Kasparov Beats Deep Blue
“I could feel --- I could smell --- a new kind of intelligence across the table.”
 1997: Deep Blue Beats Kasparov
“Deep Blue hasn't proven anything.”
 Huge game-playing advances recently, e.g. in Go!

Text from Bart Selman, image from IBM’s Deep Blue pages
Decision Making
 Applied AI involves many kinds of automation
 Scheduling, e.g. airline routing, military
 Route planning, e.g. Google maps
 Medical diagnosis
 Web search engines
 Spam classifiers
 Automated help desks
 Fraud detection
 Product recommendations
 … Lots more!
Designing Rational Agents

 An agent is an entity that perceives and acts.


 A rational agent selects actions that maximize its
(expected) utility.
 Characteristics of the percepts, environment, and
action space dictate techniques for selecting
rational actions
 This course is about:
 General AI techniques for a variety of problem

Environment
types Sensors

Agent
Percepts
 Learning to recognize when and how a new
problem can be solved with an existing ?
technique
Actuators
Actions
Modeling Input and Output
Pac-Man as an Agent

Agent Environment
Sensors Percepts
?
Actuators Actions

Pac-Man is a registered trademark of Namco-Bandai Games, used here for educational purposes Demo1: pacman-l1.mp4 or L1D2
Machine Learning Models

 Data classification
 Regression analysis
 Clustering
 Time Series
Classification

 Example: Credit
scoring
 Differentiating
between low-
risk and high-risk
customers from
their income and
savings Discriminant: IF income > θ1 AND savings > θ2
THEN low-risk ELSE high-risk
Model 26
Classification: Applications
 Aka Pattern recognition
 Face recognition: Pose, lighting, occlusion (glasses, beard), make-
up, hair style
 Character recognition: Different handwriting styles.
 Speech recognition: Temporal dependency.
 Use of a dictionary or the syntax of the language.
 Sensor fusion: Combine multiple modalities; eg, visual (lip image) and
acoustic for speech
 Medical diagnosis: From symptoms to illnesses
 Web Advertizing: Predict if a user clicks on an ad on the Internet.
27
Face Recognition

Training examples of a person

Test images

AT&T Laboratories, Cambridge UK 28


http://www.uk.research.att.com/facedatabase.html
Regression

 Example: Price of a used car


 x : car attributes y = wx+w0
y : price
y = g (x | θ )
g ( ) model,
θ parameters

29
Regression Applications

 Navigating a car: Angle of the steering wheel


(CMU NavLab)
 Kinematics
(x,y)
of a robot arm
α = g (x,y)
1 1

α2= g2(x,y)
α2

α1

30
Time Series
 Encode the Data
 Financial Analysis  Normalize (Sliding Window)
Reading
• Chapter 1 of Heaton (Artificial Intelligence for
Humans Volume 1)

32
Resources: Datasets

 UCI Repository: http://www.ics.uci.edu/~mlearn/MLRepository.html


 UCI KDD Archive: http://kdd.ics.uci.edu/summary.data.application.html
 Statlib: http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/
 Delve: http://www.cs.utoronto.ca/~delve/

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