Introduction to ancient
coin collecting
Mike Markowitz
Ancient Numismatic
Society of Washington
1
What is a coin?
Round (mostly) Government
Issued
Flat (mostly)
You Can
Metal (mostly)
Save It
store of value
Words & Symbols
(usually) You Can
Spend It
Convenient size medium of exchange
(usually)
2
COINS ARE CONSERVATIVE
An ancient Greek or Roman would find these symbols
completely understandable:
Torch
Olive Twig
DIANA
LUCIFERA
OLEA
QUERCUS
Oak leaves
3
Greek, roman, “other”
“Greek” in numismaIcs includes speakers of
SemiIc, CelIc, Armenian and non‐IndoEuropean
languages like Etruscan c.650 BC – 250 AD
“Roman” Republic, Imperatorial, Empire and
successors c.300 BC – 500+ AD
“Others” Persia, Central Asia, Arabia, Ethiopia,
India…
China is a different coinage tradiIon, and a story for another day, and another teller…
c700 AD we say “Medieval” and “Islamic”, rather
than “Ancient”
4
Greek, roman, “other”
600 500 400 300 200 100 1 100 200 300 400 500
Classical
Archaic
Hellenistic
Imperial GREEK
Imp
era
ROMAN
REPUBLIC
EMPIRE
BYZ
tor
i
al
ALE
XAN
Persian Parthian Sasanian
Achaemenid
DER
CELTIC
Maha Indo‐Greek Kushan Gupta
Indian
Janapada
BC AD
5
Why collect ancients?
• To hold history in your hand
• To learn and share knowledge
• As an investment?
– but don’t count on it
Reddite igitur quae
sunt Caesaris Caesari
et quae sunt Dei Deo
MARK, 12:17
Denarius of Tiberius 14‐37 AD
6
Aren’t they really costly?
• Well, Yes and No
• $5 “junk box” coins may be just as interesIng
and collecIble as $2 million aucIon stars
• Advice? Buy fewer beFer coins
Copper half‐follis of JusIn II
The worst coin I could find in my collecHon Current “record holder”
Thessalonika mint c574‐5 Silver dekadrachm of Akragas
Sear 366, DO 78 409‐406 BC 42.4 g
Paid less than $5 NAC aucIon Oct 2012 ‐ $2,477,000.
7
What were they worth?
Smallest bronze (coppers) =
loaf of bread
Quadrans of DomiIan 88 AD. 2.65g
Small silver =
day’s pay for laborer
Drachma, Athens 454‐404 BC 4.25g
Smallest gold =
sheep, pig or cow
Tremissis of Zeno, 474‐491 AD. 1.4g
Most ancient people didn’t live in a cash economy!
8
Where do they come from?
Hoards: (not “Hordes”) Hoxne Hoard
Found November 1992, Suffolk, UK – Deposited aoer 407 AD ‐ 14,865
Roman gold, silver and bronze coins ‐ 200 other objects ‐ BriIsh Museum
Sea Salvage: Yassi Ada shipwreck (lost c.626 AD,
found 1961‐64)
“Sixteen gold and some 50 copper coins recovered from the
wreck had all been kept within the main storage locker…”
Coenwulf of Mercia (796 – 821)
Casual Finds: Gold mancus 4.25g
“found beside the River Ivel in Bedfordshire, England
by an amateur metal detectorist in 2001.”
Old CollecEons:
John
Isabella d'Este Quincy Archer M.
Marchesa of Mantua Adams HunIngton
1474‐1539 1767‐1848 1870‐1955
9
Shouldn’t they all be
in Museums?
• Most museums dislike coins
BriHsh Museum is an excepHon De‐accessioned!
MACEDON. Neapolis (c.
• Because coins are: 411‐356 B.C.), Silver
Drachm, 3.78g
‐ Small ex‐Boston Museum of
Fine Arts
‐ Two‐sided (mostly)
‐ Security headache (if valuable)
NaHonal NumismaHc CollecHon (Smithsonian American History Museum)
has 450 thousand coins that belong to the American people.
About three hundred are on display.
10
Aren’t there a lot of fakes?
• Yes, but most are not dangerous
• … some are even collecHble
Ancient Counterfeits ‐ Tourist souvenirs – Fantasies – “Modern DecepIves”
Fourée Semissis of Theodosius II. (RIC 210), struck
408‐420. 2.12g ‐ base metal core has high lead
content. Blundered reverse lerering
Carl Willhelm Becker, Counterfeiter
(1772‐1837). White metal. Type of
Tetradrachm of Akragas, Sicily.
Sold for $420 (September 2012)
Real one sold for $2,477,000 (October 2012)
Paduan, type of Tiberius, work of Giovanni da
Cavino (1500‐1570), AE, (g 22,26, mm 35, h 6).
Rv. Emperor seated. Klawans 5.Extremely fine.
(No original ‐ Obverse and Reverse are based
on different real coins)
11
Grading ancients
Sheldon TradiEonal NGC Slabbed
(American Coinage) Ancient Ancient
60 – 70 Mint State FDC Surface: 1‐5
50 – 58 About Uncirculated Mint State Strike: 1‐5
40 – 45 Extra Fine Extremely Fine Style: “Fine” or not
20 – 35 Very Fine Very Fine
12 – 15 Fine Fine
8 – 10 Very Good Good
4 – 6 Good
Almost all ancient coins have been ‘cleaned’ unless they are sHll covered in dirt.
Nice ones have oVen been chemically treated.
Good means “Bad” FDC = Fleur de coin
Fine means “Nasty‐looking” As good as they get
Very Fine means “You can tell what it is, in good light”
Extremely Fine means “You can’t afford it”
MS means “Nobody can afford it” Probus. 276‐282 AD. Aureus, FDC 6.15g
12
PEDIGREE
Like dogs,
the beFer the pedigree,
the higher the price
Obv: BRVT IMP L PLAET CEST Head of Brutus r. Rx: EID MAR Liberty cap and two daggers.
Nearly extremely fine / Extremely fine.
From the Rubicon CollecIon. Ex NAC 29 (11 May 2005). Ex Peter Weller CollecIon
(AnIqua Fixed Price List VIII, Summer 2000). Ex Nelson Bunker Hunt CollecIon Part I
(Sotheby's, June 1990), acquired by private treaty from the Sy Weintraub CollecIon. Ex
Hall Park McCollough CollecIon (Stack's November 1967). Ex Woodward CollecIon
(Naville‐Ars Classica XV, 1930).
Also published in the Hunt exhibiIon catalogue, Wealth of the Ancient World, no. 119.
purchased for about $90K in 1990
Sold for $475K on 7 Sept 2011
About 75 specimens exist, this is one of the best, despite being off‐center
13
“Buy the book before
you buy the coin”
14
WHERE WE FIT
Archaeology
History
Art History
Economics
Ancient
Metrology
Numismatics
Study of Weights Metallurgy
& Measures
Study of Study
Palaeography
Ancient Epigraphy Sigillography of Seals
Writing
Study of Inscriptions
15
The Future
• Encapsulated (“Slabbed”) Coins
• Early Islamic & Ancient Indian
• LaIn in High Schools
“Standing Caliph” dinar Ashmaka Janapada
Abd al‐Malik (reigned AD 685‐705) (c.4th‐3rd century BC)
Damascus 694‐695 AD Silver Half‐Karshapana, 1.55g
One of the great Islamic rariEes Sold for $276
ANS 1970.63.1
16
There
Are no
Dumb
QUESTIONS
17
Finding other collectors
American NumismaIc Society
New York City
www.numisma/cs.org
Ancient NumismaIc Society of Washington, DC
Mike Markowitz, First Consul
[email protected]
Local Coin Shows:
BalImore
hrp://expo.whitman.com/
Vienna, VA
Quarterly
hrp://www.stampshows.com/vienna_nvcc.html
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1 ISSUING AUTHORITY
ATTRIBUTION 2 RULER
3 DATES
4 METAL (Æ, AR, AV, EL)
5 DENOMINATION
6 SIZE, WEIGHT, DIE AXIS
7 MINT
8 OBVERSE DESCRIPTION
9 REVERSE DESCRIPTION
10 REFERENCES
11 GRADE
1 2 3 4 5 6
BYZANTINE EMPIRE. Anastasius I. 491-518. AV Tremissis (17mm, 1.43 g, 6h).
7 Constantinople mint.8 Pearl-diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right / Victory 9
advancing right, head left, holding wreath and globus cruciger; star to right; CONOB.
DOC 10a; MIBE 12; SB 8. VF.
10 11
DOC = Dumbarton Oaks Catalog (5 vols. Washington. 1966-2006)
MIBE = Hahn & Mettlich, Money of the Incipent Byzantine Empire. Vienna. 2000
SB = Sear, Byzantine Coins and Their Values. 1996
19
Geography of Ancient Coin Market
London from Dubai
Munich
Zurich
ROMANIA
BULGARIA
SPAIN TURKEY
ITALY SYRIA IRAQ
GREECE
Major Source Country
Source Country
20
Bibliography
BERK, Harlan, 100 Greatest Ancient Coins. Whitman. 2010
BELLINGER, GRIERSON, and HENDY. Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection
and in the Whittemore Collection, 5 vols. (Washington, 1966-99) cited as “DOC”
HARL, Kenneth , Coinage in the Roman Economy, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore and London 1996
HENDIN, David, Guide to Biblical Coins, 5th ed. Amphora. 2010
HOWGEGO, Christopher. Ancient History from Coins. Routledge. 1995
JENKINS, G. Kenneth, Ancient Greek Coins London 1974, reissued 1990.
KRAAY, Colin M., Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley and London, 1976)
KLAWANS, Zander. Handbook of Ancient Greek and Roman Coins. Whitman 1994
MATTINGLY, Harold et al., Roman Imperial Coinage (10 vols. London, 1923-1994). Cited as RIC
SAYLES, Wayne, Ancient Coin Collecting, v. I. Krause. 2003
--------------------, Ancient Coin Collecting, v. II. Numismatic Art of the Greek World. Krause. 1997
-------------------, Ancient Coin Collecting, v. III. The Roman World. Krause. 1997
-------------------, Ancient Coin Collecting, v. IV. Roman Provincial Coins. Krause. 1998
-------------------, Ancient Coin Collecting, v. V. The Romaion/Byzantine Culture. Krause. 1998
-------------------, Ancient Coin Collecting, v. VI. Non-Classical Cultures. Krause. 1999
-------------------, Classical Deception: Counterfeits, Forgeries and Reproductions of Ancient Coins, Krause. 2001
SEAR, David R, Greek Coins and their values, Vol. 1 and 2, Seaby, 1978/79
-------------------, Roman Coins and their values, 4 vols, Seaby, 1978 - 2010
SEAR & KING, Roman Silver Coins, Vol. I to V, Seaby, 1979-82 cited as RSC
SELTMAN, Charles T., Greek Coins, 2nd ed. London, 1955.
VAGI, David, Coinage and History of the Roman Empire. 2 vol. Routledge 2001
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