STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR
“I declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also
declare not receive or give any assistance in preparing this report and
make this affirmation in the belief that nothing is in, it is true”
NAME ZAHIDAH BINTI ZAMRI
:……………………………..
MATRIC NO AF220146
:……………………………..
DATE 14 APRIL 2023
:……………………………..
*This SEC sheet/student is compulsory compiles in this report
STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)
DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING FACULTY OF CIVIL &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI TUN
HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR
“I declare that I have prepared this report with my own
efforts. I also declare not receive or give any assistance
in preparing this report and make this affirmation in the
belief that nothing is in, it is true”
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)
NAME : MUHAMMAD MUKMIN BIN ZULKARNAIN
MATRIC NO : CF200131
DATE : 14 / 4 / 2023
STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR
“I declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also
declare not receive or give any assistance in preparing this report and
make this affirmation in the belief that nothing is in, it is true”
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)
NAME : MUHAMMAD HAZEQ ZIKRY BIN MUHAMAD REZA
MATRIC NO : AF220091
DATE : 14 APRIL 2023
STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)
DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING FACULTY OF CIVIL &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI TUN
HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR
“I declare that I have prepared this report with my own
efforts. I also declare not receive or give any assistance
in preparing this report and make this affirmation in the
belief that nothing is in, it is true”
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)
NAME : MUHAMMAD NUR AIMAN BIN MOHD HANAFI
MATRIC NO : DF220063
DATE : 14 / 4 / 2023
STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR
“I declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also
declare not receive or give any assistance in preparing this report and
make this affirmation in the belief that nothing is in, it is true”
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)
NAME : SITI KHADIJAH SHAMSUL DAHARI
MATRIC NO : CF220027
DATE : 14 APRIL 2023
ABSTRACT
In natural or man-made systems, moving fluids can exert forces on nearby objects. A
defined portion of the fluid which is called the control volume, usually selected to evaluate
the fluid motion. The net mass velocities in and out of the control volume are then calculated
to determine the overall flow result and cause its force or torque on the object. Like solid
mechanics, these forces can be calculated using the momentum equations or Newton's
second law. The momentum equation is used to determine the force that a jet of liquid exerts
on a flat or curved surface. The study of fluid mechanics and hydraulic machinery requires an
understanding of these forces. Momentum equations are used by engineers and designers to
accurately determine the force exerted by a moving fluid on a solid. For example, turbines are
used in hydroelectric power plants to generate electricity. One or more tangentially directed
water jets acting on a turbine vane or vanes exert a force that causes the turbine to rotate.
When water hits the blades, it creates torque on the wheel, causing it to spin and generate
energy.
INTRODUCTION
The Impact of a Jet is made up of a test plate and a vertically tapered nozzle
inside of a glass cylinder. The cylinder mounts on the top of the hydraulic bench and has legs.
A high-velocity jet of water is produced by the hydraulic bench's nozzle and strikes the test
plate. We can better understand how turbines operate under fluid pressure thanks to the
impact of the jet experiment. A jet of water issuing from a nozzle has a velocity and hence it
possesses a kinetic energy. If this jet strikes a plate, then it is said to have an impact on the
plate. The jet will exert a force on the plate which it strikes. This force is called a dynamic force
exerted by the jet. This force is due to the change in the momentum of the jet because of the
impact. This force is equal to the rate of change of momentum for example the force is equal
to mass striking the plate per second x change in velocity . This force is produced when the
water jet lands on the plane of the plate's surface. The importance or uses of jet impact such
as one or more tangentially directed water jets acting on the turbine's vanes or buckets exert
force, which causes the turbine to rotate. The water hitting the vanes causes torque on the
wheel, which makes it rotate and produce energy.
OBJECTIVE
To describe the deflection of the jet that generates forces on the vane.
To identify the relationship between force and rate of momentum flow in the jet.
To measure the force that been provided by a jet of water striking a plate.
THEORY
A jet of water is produced when water is fed to a vertical pipe terminating in a tapered
nozzle. The jet will impinge on a vane, of different shapes. Vanes usually used are flat plate,
inclined plate, curved plate and hemispherical cup.
1. Equation used to determine the force of jet impact (Fy) is given as:
Fy = Q (Vy1 - Vy2cos ), Vy1 = initial velocity, Vy2 = final velocity (after impingement)
Where,
𝑄
𝑉=
𝐴
2. 120 curve plate
where, from analysis, velocity after impingement
3. Hemispherical cup
where, velocity after impingement
3.0 Apparatus
i. Hydraulic bench
ii. Jet impact apparatus
iii. Stop watch
iv. Vernier caliper
4.0 Procedure
i. First, transparent cilinder and top plate has taken off. Then, diameter of the nozel
are measured , flat plate to the lever that carries a jockey weight was assembled
ii. Top plate and cilinder was assembled. The supply pipe from the hydraulic bench
to the inlet pipe of the apparatus were connected
iii. The apparatus levelled and the lever is set to a balanced position ( as indicated by
a tally supported from it)by placed the jockey weight at its zero position, then the
knurled nut above the spring were adjusted
iv. By impact of the jet on the vane is measured by moving the jockey weight along
the lever until the tally shows that it has been restored to its original balanced
position, generated any force
v. Place on the lever first was Nominal weight ( it is suggested that initial weight and
incremental weight = 20g). Admitted through the bench supply valve, water is
then
vi. The force on the vane would displace the lever, which was then restored to its
balanced position by sliding the jockey weight along the lever. Then, the opening
at the base of the hydraulic bench was covered.
vii. To determine the flowrate,the volume of water and time was recorded. Also,
weight on the lever was recorded.
viii. The procedure (step 1 to 7) for 120⁰ curved plate and hemispherical cup was
repeated
5.0 RESULT AND CALCULATION
RESULT
Diameter of nozzle = 0.03 m
Area = 7.07 × 10−4 𝑚2
a) Flat plate
Mass of Jockey Volume of Time, t (s) Flow Rate, Q² (L2/s2)
Weight (g) Water, V (L) Q (L/s)
10 5.0 25.85 0.1934 0.0374
20 5.0 22.93 0.2181 0.0475
30 5.0 20.28 0.2465 0.0608
40 5.0 18.62 0.2685 0.0721
Q² (L2/s2) Mass of Jockey Weight
(g)
0.0374 10
0.0475 20
0.0608 30
0.0721 40
b) 120° curve plate
Mass of Jockey Volume of Time, t (s) Flow Rate, Q² (L2/s2)
Weight (g) Water, V (L) Q (L/s)
10 5.0 37.56 0.1331 0.0177
20 5.0 29.07 0.1720 0.0296
30 5.0 24.91 0.2007 0.0403
40 5.0 22.37 0.2235 0.0500
Q² (L2/s2) Mass of Jockey Weight
(g)
0.0177 10
0.0296 20
0.0403 30
0.0500 40
c) Hemispherical plate
Mass of Jockey Volume of Time, t (s) Flow Rate, Q² (L2/s2)
Weight (g) Water, V (L) Q (L/s)
10 5.0 50.91 0.0982 0.0096
20 5.0 34.26 0.1459 0.0213
30 5.0 25.63 0.1951 0.0381
40 5.0 22.36 0.2236 0.0500
Q² (L2/s2) Mass of Jockey Weight
(g)
0.0096 10
0.0213 20
0.0381 30
0.0500 40
CALCULATION
a) Flat plate
Flow rate, Q (L/s) Q2 (L2/s2)
𝑉 2
𝑄= 𝑄 2 = (0.1934)
𝑡
5
= 22.93 = 0.0374
= 0.1934
𝑉 2
𝑄= 𝑄 2 = (0.2181)
𝑡
5
= 25.85 = 0.0475
= 0.2181
𝑉 2
𝑄= 𝑄 2 = (0.2465)
𝑡
5
= 20.28 = 0.0608
= 0.2465
𝑉 2
𝑄 2 = (0.2685)
𝑄=
𝑡
5
= 18.62 = 0.0721
= 0.2685
b) 120° curve plate
Flow rate, Q (L/s) Q2 (L2/s2)
𝑉 2
𝑄= 𝑄 2 = (0.1331)
𝑡
5
= 37.56 = 0.0177
= 0.1331
𝑉 2
𝑄 2 = (0.1720)
𝑄=
𝑡
5
= 29.07 = 0.0296
= 0.1720
𝑉 2
𝑄= 𝑄 2 = (0.2007)
𝑡
5
= 24.91 = 0.0403
= 0.2007
𝑉 2
𝑄 2 = (0.2685)
𝑄=
𝑡
5
= 22.37 = 0.0500
= 0.2235
c) Hemispherical plate
Flow rate, Q (L/s) Q2 (L2/s2)
𝑉 2
𝑄= 𝑄 2 = (0.0982)
𝑡
5
= 50.91 = 0.0096
= 0.0982
𝑉 2
𝑄= 𝑄 2 = (0.1459)
𝑡
5
= 34.26 = 0.0212
= 0.1459
𝑉 2
𝑄= 𝑄 2 = (0.1951)
𝑡
5
= 25.63 = 0.0380
= 0.1951
𝑉 2
𝑄= 𝑄 2 = (0.2685)
𝑡
5
= 22.36 = 0.0500
= 0.2236
GRAPH
a) Flat plate
b) 120° curve plate
c) Hemispherical plate
7.0 QUESTIONS
1. For every plate, record and calculate Q and Q2 and plot graphs of mass of
jockey weight m versus Q2 . Theoretically, slope of the graphs is given as:
𝜌
a. Flat plate =
𝑔𝐴
1000
=
9.81 × 𝜋(0.015)2
= 1.442 × 105 𝑘𝑔𝑠 2 𝑚−6
3𝜌
b. 120° inclined plate =
2𝑔𝐴
3(1000)
=
2 × 9.81 × 𝜋(0.015)2
= 2.163 × 105 𝑘𝑔𝑠 2 𝑚−6
2𝜌
c. Hemispherical cup =
𝑔𝐴
2(1000)
=
9.81 × 𝜋(0.015)2
= 2.884 × 105 𝑘𝑔𝑠 2 𝑚−6
2) Compare the value between the slope of the graph and the theory value.
𝜌𝑄2
a. Flat plate =
𝐴
Slope of graph, S
x1 = 3.7404 × 10−8 𝑚6 𝑠 −2 x2 = 7.2092 × 10−8 𝑚6 𝑠 −2
y1 = 10 g = 0.01 kg y2 = 40 g = 0.04 kg
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑆=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
0.04−0.01
=
(7.2092 × 10−8 )−(3.7404 × 10−8 )
𝑆 = 8.649 × 105 𝑘𝑔𝑠 2 𝑚−6
3𝜌𝑄2
b. 120° inclined plate =
2𝐴
Slope of the graph
x1 = 1.7716 × 10−8 𝑚6 𝑠 −2 x2 = 4.9952 × 10−8 𝑚6 𝑠 −2
y1 = 10 g = 0.01 kg y2 = 40 g = 0.04 kg
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑆=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
0.04−0.01
=
(4.9952×10−8 )−(1.7716×10−8 )
𝑆 = 9.306 × 105 𝑘𝑔𝑠 2 𝑚−6
2𝜌𝑄2
c. Hemispherical cup =
𝐴
Slope of the graph
x1 = 9.6432 × 10−9 𝑚6 𝑠 −2 x2 = 4.9997 × 10−8 𝑚6 𝑠 −2
y1 = 10 g = 0.01 kg y2 = 40 g = 0.04 kg
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑆=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
0.04−0.01
=
(4.9997×10−8 )−(9.6432×10−9 )
𝑆 = 7.434 × 105 𝑘𝑔𝑠 2 𝑚−6
COMPARISON
Type of cup Theoretical Slope Experimental Slope
Flat cup 1.442 × 105 8.649 × 105
120° inclined cup 2.163 × 105 9.306 × 105
Hemispherical cup 2.884 × 105 7.434 × 105
3) From the result, comment on the graph's slope and theoretical value.
● Based on the results and graph plotted, we can conclude that experimental
slopes are higher than theoretical slopes
● This occurred as a result of various errors and presumptions that were made
during the experiment.
● First of all, gravity's impact on the water jet is disregarded.
● In practice, the water jet's speed will drop as it exits the nozzle and before it
slams onto the intended surface.
● Another presumption is that there is no friction when water molecules come into
contact with the target surface.
● The reality is that there is some friction involved in the transport of water along
the desired surface, and energy is wasted as heat.
● Furthermore, the experiment's error is also a result of the presumption that the
collision of water molecules with the cup will be elastic.
● Since the impact of the water molecules with the target surface is not entirely
elastic, some of the energy is converted into heat energy as a result of friction.
FORCE OF JET IMPACT, Fy
Flat cup 𝜌𝑄2
Fy =
𝐴
𝑄2 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (3.7404 × 10−8 ) + (4.7568 × 10−8 ) +
(6.0762 × 10−8 ) + (7.2092 × 10−8 )
= 2.1783 × 10−7 𝑚6 𝑠 −2
1000 × (2.1783×10−7 )
Fy =
𝜋(0.015)2
= 0.308 N
𝜌𝑄2
120° inclined Fy =
𝐴
cup
𝑄2 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (1.7716 × 10−8 ) + (2.9584 × 10−8 ) +
(4.0280 × 10−8 ) + (4.9952 × 10−8 )
= 1.3753 × 10−7 𝑚6 𝑠 −2
1000 × (1.3753 × 10−7 )
Fy =
𝜋(0.015)2
= 0.195 N
2
Hemispherical Fy = 𝜌𝑄
𝐴
cup
𝑄2 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (9.6432 × 10−9 ) + (2.1287 × 10−8 ) +
(3.8064 × 10−8 ) + (4.9997 × 10−8 )
= 1.1899 × 10−7 𝑚6 𝑠 −2
1000 × (1.1899 × 10−7 )
Fy =
𝜋(0.015)2
= 0.168 N
4) Give a conclusion for this test
The volumetric flow rate increased as the resulting force caused by the impact on the
surface increased, therefore through the experiment, it has been proven that the flow
rate is directly proportional to the force resulting from the impact.
5) Question by lecturer:
i. Based on the given data, please plot the graphs and comment on the graph
slope
[Refer answers Question 1 and 2]
ii. Briefly explain the difference on the enlargement of nozzle diameter and
increased discharge.
● When the nozzle diameter is increased, the area of the nozzle where the water
flows out will also increased
● Discharge, Q is proportional to area, A.
● Thus, if the area, A is enlarged, the discharge, Q will decrease, on condition that
the water velocity is kept constant.
Conclusion
In conclusion, a higher degree deflector a steeper gradient as shown, its max
velocity is the lowest among the three deflectors. Next, if a lower degree deflector is
used, it will obtain a higher flow rate when the heaviest weight is applied.
The volumetric flow rate increased as the resulting force caused by the impact
on the surface increased, therefore through the experiment, it has been proven that the
flow rate is directly proportional to the force resulting from the impact. From the
experiment we were able to find out that the different shapes give different magnitude
of force. In the experiment the shapes that were used were flat, hemispherical, and
curve plate. From this the hemispherical shape gave the best result in exhibiting force,
and the flat surface gave the worst. Therefore, we can say that the larger the angle of
water diverted, the more the force exhibited, and the reverse is true. The force
exhibited is the reactionary force, therefore, the Newton’s third law of motion has
been proven too. We also can infer that the best surface to use, should have a cupped
surface.
