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NegOr Q4 GenBio2 SLKWeek7 v2

The document discusses feedback mechanisms in organisms related to temperature regulation and osmotic balance. It explains that mammals maintain core temperature and fluid composition within narrow ranges through physiological responses like sweating or panting during heat to dissipate heat. These mechanisms can affect fluid homeostasis. The hypothalamus plays a key role in thermoregulation through reflexes that cause blood vessel constriction or dilation to control temperature. Osmoregulation maintains salt and water balance across membranes through diffusion and transport of water, electrolytes and non-electrolytes.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
81 views15 pages

NegOr Q4 GenBio2 SLKWeek7 v2

The document discusses feedback mechanisms in organisms related to temperature regulation and osmotic balance. It explains that mammals maintain core temperature and fluid composition within narrow ranges through physiological responses like sweating or panting during heat to dissipate heat. These mechanisms can affect fluid homeostasis. The hypothalamus plays a key role in thermoregulation through reflexes that cause blood vessel constriction or dilation to control temperature. Osmoregulation maintains salt and water balance across membranes through diffusion and transport of water, electrolytes and non-electrolytes.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

FEEDBACK MECHANISMS

(TEMPERATURE REGULATION
AND OSMOTIC BALANCE)

NegOr_Q4_GenBio2_SLKWeek7_v2
FOREWORD

The ability to maintain core temperature as well as


volume and composition of body fluids within narrow ranges is
a major characteristic of mammals. Yet, the ability to
maintain a stable core temperature often relies on
physiological responses that perturb the stability of blood
fluids. A common thermoregulatory mechanism that affects
body fluid homeostasis is evaporative cooling, by sweating
and/or panting, to dissipate heat from the body when core
temperature is elevated.

This self-learning kit (SLK) aims to explain how


temperature affects homeostasis in an organism’s body; why
our body goes back to normal whenever we are shocked,
we are tired, or any situations we encounter; and why our
body can regulate temperature in response to signals from
the nervous system.

2
NegOr_Q4_GenBio2_SLKWeek7_v2
OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, learners shall be able to:


K: define thermoregulation;
S: differentiate thermoregulation between endothermic and
ectothermic animals; and
A: recognize the importance of temperature regulation.

LEARNING COMPETENCY

Explain how some organisms maintain steady internal


conditions (e.g., temperature regulation, osmotic balance
and glucose levels) that possess various structures and
processes. (STEM_BIO11/12-IVi-j-2)

I. WHAT HAPPENED

PRE-ACTIVITY

Find Me!

Directions: There are ten words from the discussion above that are
found in the puzzle below that may appear straight across, back-word
straight across, up and down, and diagonally. List down all the words in
your notebook.

WORD PUZZLE
H O M E O S T A S I S R C
C A E R U T A R E P M E T
O W E N G T H J I K E G B
N A S N D M T Y M C L U A
T B C E D O G H T I J L L
R R E C E P T O R C S A A
A U E F M S T H U O I T N
C V J G N H O O E N P I C
T W T E E P E R A R U O E
I X G R K Y U I E R M N O
O Y M B L K O S M O S I S
N N O I T A L I D O S A V
S H I V E R I N G D A S F
A B C K V C W X Y Z X G H
3

NegOr_Q4_GenBio2_SLKWeek7_v2
II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

DISCUSSION

THINK ABOUT IT. An herd of wildebeests plods across Africa’s Serengeti


Plain. The land is parched, so they are on the move toward greener
pastures. They move mechanically, their steps using as little energy as
possible. With no food in their guts, their bodies mobilize energy stored in
fat deposits for distribution to body tissues. Between drinking holes, their
bodies conserve water by producing as little urine as possible. All their
body systems work together in a joint effort to survive this difficult
passage.

INTERRELATIONSHIP OF BODY SYSTEMS

Why is the interdependence of body systems essential?


Homeostasis refers to the relatively stable state inside the body
of an animal. Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to
internal and external changes in order to maintain the steady state.
These conditions remain stable because of physiologic processes that
result in negative feedback relationships. When homeostatic
mechanisms fail, the results can be unfavorable for the animal.
Homeostatic mechanisms keep the body in dynamic equilibrium by
constantly adjusting to the changes that the body’s system
encounters. Even an animal that is apparently inactive is maintaining
this homeostatic equilibrium. The goal of homeostasis is the
maintenance of equilibrium around a specific value of some aspect of
the body or its cells called a set point. While there are normal
fluctuations from the set point, the body’s system will usually attempt
to go back to this point. A change in the internal or external
environment is called stimulus and is detected by a receptor; the
response of the system is to adjust the deviation parameter toward the
set point.

NegOr_Q4_GenBio2_SLKWeek7_v2
A. Negative Feedback

Negative feedback loop is any homeostatic process that


changes the direction of the stimulus. It may either increase or
decrease the stimulus, but the stimulus is not allowed to continue as
did before the receptor sensed it. In other words, if a level is too high,
the body does something to bring it down, and conversely, if a level is
too low, the body does something to make it go up, hence, the term
negative feedback. An example is animal maintenance of blood
glucose levels (Figure 1). When an animal has eaten, blood glucose
levels rise. This is sensed by the nervous system. Specialized cells in the
pancreas sense this, and the hormone insulin is released by the
endocrine system. Insulin causes blood glucose levels to decrease, as
would be expected in a negative feedback system as illustrated in the
figure above. However, if an animal has not eaten and blood glucose
levels decrease, this is sensed in another group of cells in the
pancreas, and the hormone glucagon is released causing glucose
levels to increase.

NegOr_Q4_GenBio2_SLKWeek7_v2
B. Positive Feedback
A positive feedback loop maintains the direction of the stimulus,
possibly accelerating it. Few examples of positive feedback loops exist
in animal bodies, but one is found in the cascade of chemical reactions
that results in blood clotting or coagulation. As one clotting factor is
activated, it activates the next factor in sequence until a fibrin clot is
achieved. The direction is maintained, not changed, so this is positive
feedback. Another example of positive feedback is uterine contractions
during childbirth, as illustrated below (Figure 2). The hormone oxytocin,
made by the endocrine system, stimulates the contraction of the uterus.
This produces pain sensed by the nervous system. Instead of lowering
the oxytocin and causing the pain to subside, more oxytocin is
produced until the contractions are powerful enough to produce
childbirth.

THERMOREGULATION

Thermoregulation is the control of body temperature in the body.


Animals can be divided into two groups: some maintain a constant
body temperature in the face of different environmental temperatures,
while others have a body temperature that is the same as their
environment and thus varies with the environment. Animals that do not
control their body temperature are ectotherms. This has been called
6

NegOr_Q4_GenBio2_SLKWeek7_v2
cold-blooded, but the term may not apply to animal in the desert with
very warm body temperature. In contrast to ectotherms, which rely on
external temperatures to set their body temperatures, poikilotherms are
animals with varying internal temperatures. An animal that maintains a
constant body temperature in the face of environmental changes is
called a homeotherm. Endotherms are animals that rely on internal
sources for body temperature, but which can exhibit extremes in
temperature. These animals can maintain a level of activity at cooler
temperatures that an ectotherm animal cannot be due to differing
enzyme levels of activity.

The nervous system is important in thermoregulation. The processes


of homeostasis and temperature control are centered in the
hypothalamus of the advanced animal brain. The hypothalamus
maintains a set point for body temperature through reflexes that cause
vasodilation or vasoconstriction, as needed for shivering or sweating as
shown from the figure below. It responds to chemicals from the body.
When a bacterium is destroyed by phagocytic leukocytes, chemicals
called endogenous pyrogens are released into the blood. These
pyrogens circulate to the hypothalamus and reset the thermostat. This
allows the body’s temperature to increase in what is commonly called
fever. An increase in body temperature causes iron to be conserved,
which reduces a nutrient needed by bacteria. An increase in body
heat also increases the activity of the animal enzymes and protective
cells while inhibiting the enzymes and activity of the invading
microorganisms. Finally, heat itself may kill the pathogen. A fever that
was once thought to be a complication of an infection is now
understood to be a normal defense mechanism.

Figure 3. Homeostasis and temperature control.


Source: https://homeostasiseleishabiology.weebly.com/thermoregulation.html

NegOr_Q4_GenBio2_SLKWeek7_v2
Osmotic Balance

Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane in response


to osmotic pressure caused by an imbalance of molecules on either
side of the membrane. Osmoregulation is the process of maintenance
of salt and water balance (osmotic balance) across membranes within
the body fluids, which are composed of water, plus electrolytes and
non-electrolytes. An electrolyte is a solute that dissociates into ions
during water dissolution. Both electrolytes and non-electrolytes
contribute to the osmotic balance. The body’s fluids include blood
plasma, the cytosol within the cell, and interstitial fluid that exists in the
spaces between cells and tissues of the body. The membranes of the
body are semi-permeable membranes which permits certain types of
solutes and water to pass through. Solutions on two sides of semi-
permeable membrane tend to equalize in solute concentration by
movement of solutes and/or water across the membrane. The image
below shows the response of red blood cell placed in hypertonic
environment w h i c h tends to shrink due to loss of water. In a
hypotonic environment, the cell tends to swell due to intake of water.
The blood maintains a n isotonic environment so that the cell neither
shrinks nor swells.

Figure 4. Response of red blood cells in hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions.
Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/osmoregulation-and-osmotic-
balance/

Biological systems constantly interact and exchange water and


nutrients with the environment by way of consumption of food and water
and through excretion in the form of sweat, urine, and feces. Without a
mechanism to regulate osmotic pressure, or when a disease damages

NegOr_Q4_GenBio2_SLKWeek7_v2
the mechanism, there is a tendency to accumulate toxic waste and
water, which can have dire consequences. A person lost at sea without
any fresh water to drink is at risk of severe dehydration because human
body cannot adapt to drinking sea water, which is hypertonic in
comparison to body fluids. Organisms such as goldfish that can tolerate
only a relatively wide range of salinity are referred to as euryhaline
organisms. This is possible because some fish have evolved
osmoregulatory mechanisms to survive in all kinds of aquatic
environments. Fishes are osmoregulators but must use different
mechanisms to survive in (a) freshwater and (b) saltwater environment.

Figure 5. Salmon physiology responds to freshwater and seawater to maintain osmotic balance.
Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/osmoregulation-and-osmotic-
balance/

NegOr_Q4_GenBio2_SLKWeek7_v2
Key points:

 Homeostasis is the condition in which a system such as the human body is


maintained in a more-or-less steady state. It is the job of cells, tissues, organs, and
organ systems throughout the body to maintain many different variables within
narrow ranges that are compatible with life.

 A change in the internal or external environment is called a stimulus and is


detected by a receptor; the response of the system is to adjust the activities of the
system, so the value moves back toward the set point. For instance, if the body
becomes too warm, adjustments are made to cool the animal.

 When a change occurs in an animal’s environment, an adjustment must be


made so that the internal environment of the body and cells remains stable.

PERFORMANCE TASK

SHORT ESSAY. Answer the following questions briefly. Write your answers in your
notebook.

1. What is thermoregulation?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

2. What is the difference between thermoregulation in endothermic animals and


ectothermic animals?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

Rubric:
Content 5 points
Organization 5 points
TOTAL 10 points

10
NegOr_Q4_GenBio2_SLKWeek7_v2
III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

EVALUATION/POST-TEST

Directions: Read and understand each question. Choose the letter of the
best answer. Write your answers in your notebook.

1. It refers to the relatively stable state inside the body of an animal.


A. Homeostasis B. Feedback C. Stimulus D. Regulation
2. A change in the internal or external environment is called________.
A. Homeostasis B. Feedback C. Stimulus D. Regulation
3. Which of the following are examples of being regulated homeostatically?
A. Temperature C. Glucose level
B. Water content D. All of these

4. Which type of animal maintains a constant internal body temperature?


A. Endotherm C. Coelomate
B. Ectotherm D. Mesoderm
5. Which of the following is NOT an example of negative feedback?
A. Calcium level in the blood C. Glucose level in the blood
B. Blood clotting D. All of these

6. The processes of homeostasis and temperature control are centered


on the _____ of the brain.
A. Hypothalamus C. Cerebrum
B. Brain stem D. All of these

7. What happens when a cell is placed in a hypertonic environment?


A. Tends to shrink due to loss of water
B. Tends to swell due to water intake
C. Neither shrinks nor swells
D. All of these
8. Which of the following is TRUE about osmoregulation of fishes?
A. 90% of bony fishes are incapable of osmotic regulation in the
opposite environment.
B. Few fishes have evolved osmoregulatory mechanisms to survive in
all kinds of aquatic environment like salmon.
C. Organism like goldfish can tolerate only a relatively narrow range of
salinity.
D. All of the above

11
NegOr_Q4_GenBio2_SLKWeek7_v2
9. What could happen due to a failure in homeostasis?
A. The accumulation of waste products
B. The loss of excess water from the body
C. Maintaining excess levels of sugar in the body
D. All of the above are potential outcomes of failure of homeostasis.

10. Which of the following organ systems are the main responsible in
regulating other organ systems to maintain homeostasis, the maintenance of
a stable internal environment?
A. digestive and urinary C. nervous and endocrine
B. muscular and endocrine D. digestive and respiratory

11. When faced with a sudden drop in environmental temperature, an


endothermic animal will .
A. experience a drop in its body temperature
B. wait to see if it goes lower
C. increase muscle activity to generate heat
D. add fur to increase insulation
12. Why is fever a “good thing” during bacterial infection?
A. It conserves iron which reduces nutrient needed by bacteria
B. It increases enzymatic activity of the protective body cells
C. It inhibits the activity of invading organisms and could kill them
D. All of the above
13. Water moves via osmosis .
A. throughout the cytoplasm
B. from an area with a high concentration of other solutes to a lower one
C. from an area with a high concentration of water to one of lower
concentration
D. from an area with low concentration of water to one of higher
concentration

14. Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?


A. Lowering of blood glucose level C. Blood clotting after an injury
B. lactation during nursing D. Uterine contraction during labor

15. What problem is faced by organisms that live in freshwater?


A. Their bodies tend to take in too much water.
B. They have no way of controlling their tonicity.
C. Only saltwater poses problems for animals that live in it.
D. Their bodies tend to lose too much water to their environment.

12
NegOr_Q4_GenBio2_SLKWeek7_v2
REFERENCES
Miller & Levine BIOLOGY: @ 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. 23-25
First Lok Yang Road, Jurong, Singapore 629733. Kenneth R. Miller, Ph.
D. and Joseph S. Levine, Ph. D.

https://www.britannica.com/science/homeostasis

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-
biology/chapter/osmoregulation-and-osmotic-balance/

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-
human-body-systems/hs-body-structure-and-
homeostasis/a/homeostasis

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-
35982017000900783

https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book%3A_Hu
man_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/10%3A_Introduction_to_the_Hu
man_Body/10.7%3A_Homeostasis_and_Feedback

https://www.britannica.com/science/homeostasis

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-
biology/chapter/osmoregulation-and- osmotic-balance/

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-
biology/hs-human-body- systems/hs-body-structure-and-
homeostasis/a/homeostasis

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-
35982017000900783

https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book%3A_Human_B
iology
_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/10%3A_Introduction_to_the_Human_Body/10.7%3
A_Ho meostasis_and_Feedback

13
NegOr_Q4_GenBio2_SLKWeek7_v2
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V


Schools Division Superintendent

JOELYZA M. ARCILLA EdD


OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

MARCELO K. PALISPIS EdD JD


OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

NILITA L. RAGAY EdD


OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent / CID Chief

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS – Division Science Coordinator

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

SANDY LIZA B. RODRIGUEZ


Writer

IVANNE RAY A. GIDOR


Layout artist

ALPHA QA TEAM

LIEZEL A. AGOR
MA. OFELIA I. BUSCATO
ANDRE ARIEL B. CADIVIDA
THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO

BETA QA TEAM

LIEZEL A. BESAS
JOAN B. VALENCIA
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
PETER PAUL A. PATRON
THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO
DISCLAIMER

The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide
accessible learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The
contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set
learning competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to
information and illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright and
may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.
14
NegOr_Q4_GenBio2_SLKWeek7_v2
dynamic
15. A 5. B 10.C
14. A 4. A 9. D
because it is constantly adjusting to 13. C 3. D 8. D
12. D 2. C 7. A

equilibrium
11. C 1. A 6. A
III. EVALUATION
because body functions are kept
within a normal range, with some
Answers may vary

fluctuations around a set point. The II. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED


kidneys are the main
they
10. EFFECTOR
9. STIMULUS
function to filter blood and maintain 8. CONTROL
the
7. HEAT
6. SENSOR
5. FEEDBACK
4. OSMOSIS

The tendency to maintain a


3. TEMPERATURE
2. BALANCE
stable, relatively constant internal 1. HOMEOSTASIS
environment is called homeostasis. I. WHAT HAPPENED

The body maintains homeostasis for ANSWER KEY


many factors in addition to
temperature.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

SANDY LIZA B. RODRIGUEZ graduated at Negros Oriental State


University, Guihulngan Campus with a degree of Bachelor of

professional teacher. She took her Master of Arts in Education at


the

- Vocational School, SHS Department, North Poblacion,


La Libertad,

15
NegOr_Q4_GenBio2_SLKWeek7_v2

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