UNIVERSIDAD PEDAGOGICA EXPERIMENTAL LIBERTADOR

INSTITUTO PEDAGOGICO DE MARACAY “RAFAEL ALBERTO

ESCOBAR LARA”
DEPARTAMENTO DE INGLES
CATEDRA DISCURSO ESPECIALIZADO EN INGLES

THE PARTS OF SPEECH

Yuraima Bustamante
CI 12140312
 May, 2023

INTRODUCTION

It is important to be able to recognize and identify the different parts of speech in

English so as to be able to understand grammatical explanations and use the
correct form of the word in the correct place. Here is a brief explanation of what
parts of speech are. Speaking in public is an art that requires preparation and
when we correctly learn the parts of speech in English, we find ourselves before
an enormous world of possibilities that allow us to build coherent sentences and
also allow us to understand more easily what we are reading .This is how in this
report we will break down each one of its parts and we will see some examples
 SPEECH

Marguerite Schumann told: “Words can poison, words can heal. Words start and
fight wars, but words make peace. Words lead [people] to the pinnacles of good
and words can plunge [people] to the depth of evil.” Those words are part of a
speech and recognizing its components is a fundamental part of learning correct
English.

In the English language, every word is called a part of speech. The role a word
plays in a sentence denotes what part of speech it belongs to.

The parts of speech are made to change that whole framework of their
knowledge of the English language. Is this framework which will add important
information needed to build a foundation of basic grammar.

There are 8 parts that make up the speech, namely:

PARTS OF SPEECH
Noun Adverb
Pronoun Preposition
Adjective Conjunction
Verb Interjection

NOUN / SUSTANTIVE
Is the grammatical category intended to name things, places and subjects.
Nouns can be used to name material and immaterial things and have various
types.

Examples:

NOUNS SENTENCE

A Car The car broke down

Karla/ John Karla visited John for his brithday

large part of the sentences have the noun as its main axis.

According to (Stobbe, 2008) : “A noun is one of

the most important words you use when speaking
and writing. A noun names a person, place, or
thing; a quality, idea, or action”
Nouns can be classified or grouped into the
following categories: proper, common, concrete,
abstract, collective, and compound nouns.
 PROPER: A proper noun is the name of a
particular living being or lifeless thing.
According to (Stobbe, 2008) “Proper nouns label specific people, places,
or things. The first letter must be capitalized”
Examples: Mary, John, Yellowstone, Einstein.
 COMMON: (Curme, 1986) Common nouns are all those nouns that refer
to any kind of thing or entity without being a proper noun or a pronoun.
Examples: teacher, student, mayor, president, king, man, lion, tiger, cow;
house, tree, city, country, etc. Such nouns are called also class nouns.
These nouns usually have a plural.
Can further be divided into abstract nouns and concrete nouns.
 ABSTRACT NOUNS: According to (kYLE, 2023) “This type of
nouns particularly designate things that we cannot perceive
 using our senses. That is to say, everything that emanates
from our mind and that we cannot represent in reality is
designated through an abstract noun”.

Examples are: sadness, fear, happiness, love

 CONCRETE NOUNS: For the professor Kyle (kYLE, 2023)

“Concrete nouns are used to designate everything that
surrounds us, that we can see and that is also tangible.
Basically all nouns that allude to something that we can
perceive with our sense of touch is a concrete noun”.

Examples:concrete nouns: wáter, car, door, bed, dog.

COLLECTIVE NOUMS: A noun may be the name of a collection of living beings or

lifeless things, here called a collective noun. Examples: Nation, army, crowd, ‘a herd of
cattle,’ ‘a row of trees,’ ‘a chain of mountains,’ etc.

MASS NOUMS: Mass nouns refer to unbound or non-discrete entities that typically
cannot take the plural or diminutive. Examples: Tea, wheat, sand, water, iron, gold.

COMPOUND NOUNS: is a noun that is made with two or more words, To

(Curme, 1986) “In the case of both common and proper nouns a group of two or
more nouns often forms a unit, a compound: toothpick, tablecloth, sidewalk;
George Washington, the Black Sea, James Russell Lowell; the White House,
the Northshore Hotel,etc.

COUNTABLE NOUN: (Head, 2023)“Countable nouns are nouns that can be

counted and are plural, that can occur in a noun phrase with a numeral or an
indefinite article”.

Examples: One man, two books, Four students etc. Five doctors in our hospital
qualify for the scolarship.
UNCOUNTABLE NOUN: Are for the things that we cannot count with numbers.
All abstract nouns are uncountable nouns but not all uncountable nouns are
abstract.

Examples:. Work, knowledge, Water, sugar, Advice etc. There's some money in
his wallet / The lawyer gives advice to his client.

PRONOUMS

A pronoun is a Word that we used as a

replacement a noum in a setence to avoid
the repetition of a noum. Examples: Are,
he, she, it, they, you, we etc. There are 6
pronouns types:

1) PERSONAL PRONOUN: Is used

while referring to a group of people or
person.It can be divided on the basis of the person who is being referred to as

the subjectme. Examples: he, him, she, her, it; we, us, ye, you, they, them .
Used to first person, second person and third person.

2) POSSESSIVE PRONOUN: This ponombre is used to show belonging to

someone. For example: mine, yours, his, hers, his, ours and theirs.

He is my husband / those are my keys / that is your car

3) DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN: It is used when we want to establish the

distinction of something over the rest. For example: this, that, these and those

This is the car I want / These bananas are ripe

4) RELATIVE PRONOUN: According to (Head, 2023) “is used to connect

dependent clauses to independent clauses. Eg: that, which, who, whom, what,
and whose”
 Whose smartphone is this? / He donated his shoes which was unused.

5) REFLEXIVE PRONOUN: According to (Head, 2023): “is used when the object
is the same as the subject of the verb. Eg: myself, yourself, itself, himself,
herself, and ourselves”

They brought this themselves for lunch/ 2. Take good care of yourself and those
around you

6) INDEFINITE PRONOUN: This pronoun is used when something is not

identified or is not very specific, eg: all, any, none and something.

Everyone needs to get shots these days./ I’ll offer to go if anybody else will.

ADJETIVES

Adjectives are words that modify the noun, describe it, qualify it and, therefore,
provide complementary or additional information. They are generally used to
describe qualities such as eye color, skin, height, etc. In the English language,
the adjective is placed before the noun it describes, most of the time.

Accordin to (Curme, 1986):

An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun, i.e. a word

that is used with a noun or pronoun to describe or point out the
living being or lifeless thing designated by the noun or pronoun: a
little boy, that boy, this boy, a little house.

TYPES OF ADJECTIVES

According to the functions they fulfill within a sentence, adjectives can be

divided. The different types of adjectives are:

 QUALIFYING ADJECTIVES: These adjetives are words that describe or

express the characteristics, features or properties of a noun. Do not have
 number or gender, always placed before a noun. Examples: There is a
orange ballon on the table/ She has a small dog

 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES: In this case the possessive pronouns are

used as adjectives. In other words, they are adjectives that show
possession. Such as: “my, our, your, his, its, there” are possessive
adjectives. adjectives and their types. Examples: This is my.., This is
your..

 INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES: These adjectives are used to modify a

noun or a pronoun, so when a question is asked it is called an
interrogative adjective. Examples: They are whose, what and good.

 DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES: These adjectives are mainly used to

describe a subject's position in time and space. Examples: This, that,
these and those.

 COMPOUND ADJECTIVES: These types of adjectives consist of two or

more adjectives that are combined to form an adjective that can be used
to modify the subject. The words used to form these adjectives are called
hyphemas. Examples: absent-minded /  happy-go-lucky / middle-aged/
out-of-the-way

VERBS

Along with nouns, verbs are the main part of a sentence, as they tell a story
about what is happening. Verbs are the action words in a sentence that describe
what the subject is doing.

According to (Curme, 1986): “ The verb is that part of speech that predicates,
assists in predications, asks a question, or expresses a command: ‘The wind
blows.’ ‘He is blind.’ * Did he do it?’ ‘ Hurry!’” According to this same autor there
are four classes: transitive, intransitive, linking, and auxiliary.
 CLASSES OF VERBS

TRANSITIVE VERBS: According to (Inger, 2023) “Transitive verbs are action

verbs that always express doable activities that relate or affect someone or
something else.” This type of verb always has a noun that receives the action of
the verb, called a direct object.
Examples: belive,love, respect, tolerate.
Esmeralda raises her hand

INTRANSITIVE VERBS: To (Curme, 1986) “ An intransitive verb denotes a

state or simple action without any reference to an object: ‘John is sleeping? ‘I
dream every night.’” An intransitive verb may be followed by an adverb or
adverbial expression, there's no object to admit its action. An intransitive verb
noway has a direct or circular object.
Example: Laurissa rises slowly from her seat.
The verb is rises. The phrase, slowly from her seat, modifies the verb, but no
object receives the action. (UVUWritingCenter, 2023)

AUXILIARY VERBS: These complementary verbs are also known as auxiliary

verbs and are used together with a main verb to show the tense of the verb or to
form a question or negative. Common examples of complementary verbs
include have, might, will. These complementary verbs give the main verb some
ambiance, for example, letting the anthology know when the action took place.
These verbs are used before linking verbs to convey new information about
aspects of possibility such as: could, can, or time (was, did, has, etc.).
Examples: would, Should, Do, did, can, may, could/
Chris can skate on one foot.
LINKING VERBS: They are those verbs that do not show an action, or more
exactly, the only action they show is simply to exist. These verbs simply explain
the state of the subject, such as what it is or what it looks like.
According to (UVUWritingCenter, 2023) “A linking verb connects the subject of a
sentence to a noun or adjective that renames or describes the subject. This
noun or adjective is called the subject complement”.
EXAMPLE: Robert became a cardiology major.
Robert became a cardiology major. The verb, became, links the subject, Robert
to its complement, a cardiology major

There is also the COMPOUND VERB that is defined by (Thesaurus, 2022) “as a
verb that consists of several words combined. Phrasal verbs can take the form
of: a single word as in backslide or sidestep; a multi-word phrase like open or
turn around; or multiple words connected by a hyphen as in jump-start or double
click”. There are 4 types of compound verbs:

According to (Thesaurus, 2022):

COMPOUND VERBS
Prepositional verbs Are compound verbs that are a combination of a
verb and a preposition
Phrasal verbs Are compound verbs that combine a verb with
another part of speech, usually an adverb or a
preposition
Compound verbs with Third category of compound verbs consists of
helping verbs verbs that are combined with helping verbs, also
known as auxiliary verbs
Compound single-word Type of compound verbs are compound single-
verbs word verbs. This broad type of compound verb is
formed by combining a verb with another word
(possibly even another verb) to form a new word
 with a distinct meaning.

ADVERB
It is a type of word whose function within the sentence is to modify or
complement a verb, an adjective, another adverb or, on special occasions, an
entire sentence. It works very similar to that of the adjective, but the adverb is
invariable, that is, it does not change its gender or number. For example: little,
outside, happily, yesterday, no.

According to (Curme, 1986):

An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another

adverb. An adverbial modifier may assume the form of an adverb,
a prepositional phrase or clause, or a conjunctional clause: ‘He
entered quietly.’ ‘Polish it well’ ‘He entered in haste’ (prepositional
phrase). ‘I could see the bird’s loaded beak from where I stood’
(prepositional clause).
TYPES OF ADVERBS
There are 5 basic types of adverb. Which are:
ADVERBS OF TIME: These adverbs are placed at the end of a sentence and
describe when something happens. According to (Koltai, 2018):

An adverb of time provides more information about when a verb

takes place. Adverbs of time are usually placed at the beginning or
end of a sentence. When it is of particular importance to express
the moment something happened we’ll put it at the start of a
sentence.
Examples: always, recently ,never, lately, just, , usually, so far during, yet, soon,
sometimes.

ADVERBS OF MANNER: These adverbs are quite frequent in everyday

speech, since they allow us to specify the way in which an event takes place,
either from an objective point of view, or from a subjective and personal one.
According to (Ryan, 2022) “An adverb of manner describes how an action is
performed or how something happens. In most cases, adverbs of manner occur
after the main verb”

Examples:  politely, loudly, neatly, slowly, quickly, sadly, calmly, kindly.

ADVERBS OF DEGREE: These adverbs, also called quantity or intensity, are

more used in English and precisely indicate the intensity of something,
generally the adjective, adverb or verb they accompany. They are usually
placed before the word they modify, although as always, there are exceptions
To (Koltai, 2018) “Adverbs of degree explain the level or intensity of a verb,
adjective, or even another adverb.”

Examples : simply, so, nearly, almost, quite, just, too, enough, hardly.

ADVERBS OF PLACE: These adverbs, as indicated by their name, determine

the place where the action occurs, to (Ryan, 2022) “An adverb of place provides
information about the location of an action (e.g., position, distance, and
direction). Adverbs of place typically occur after the main verb of a sentence”.

Examples: outside, back, in fornt of, here, upstair, inside, aside, there, downstair

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY: These adverbs are used to indicate the

frequency with which the action indicated by the verb is performed. According to
(Koltai, 2018):

Adverbs of frequency describe how often something happens.

They can be divided into two categories based on how specific
they are. Adverbs of indefinite frequency (e.g., “always,”
“sometimes,” “never”) give an idea of how often something occurs,
but they don’t give an exact timeframe. Adverbs of indefinite
frequency are usually placed before the main verb. Adverbs of
definite frequency (e.g., “hourly,” “daily,” “weekly”) give a more
precise description of how often something happens. They typically
occur at the end of a sentence.

Exaples: Yearly, usually, seldom,never, always, rarely, sometimes,

normally, again.
 ADVERB SENTENCE
Indefinite Laura always works on Saturdays

Definite We visit England yearly

PREPOSITION

It is known as a preposition to the invariable part of the sentence, whose

job is to denote the relationship that two or more words or terms have
among themselves.

According to (Curme, 1986):

A preposition is a word that indicates a relation between the noun
or pronoun it governs and another word, which may be a verb, an
adjective, or another noun or pronoun: ‘I live in this house.’ Here in
shows a relation between the noun house and the verb live. The
preposition in, as prepositions in general, has a meaning. It
expresses here the idea of place.
For example:

The play was written by Oscar Melendez

The preposition by indicates that August Wilson is the person who wrote the
play.
TYPES OF PREPOSITIONS
In our dayli life we use numerous prepositions in rulings. Some common cases
where we use prepositions include references to position, direction, and time.
Prepositions are frequently used to describe different types of connections or
abstract ideas.
LIST OF MOST COMMON EXAMPLES
PREPOSITIONS
Place preposition In, inside, on, at, over, above, Under, underneath,
beneath, below , Near, by, next to, between,
among, opposite .

Time preposition On . at, in, since,for, by, from, ago, before, past,
until.
 Introduce objects of verbs At, of, of/about, for

Prepositions of direction to, toward, in, into, on, onto, and from
TYPES SENTENCES
Place preposition He threw the ball over the roof.
Hang that picture above the couch
Time preposition I will see you on Monday.
The week begins on Sunday.
Introduce objects of I dream of finishing college in four years.
verbs Did someone call for a taxi?
Prepositions of My fancy dress came from France
direction The cats ran toward their mother

CONJUNCTIONS

Conjunctions can be defined as words

or a group of words that are used to
join two or more elements of a
sentence or two or more sentences,
which can be coordinating or
subordinating. Authors as (Curme,
1986) they define it: “A conjunction is
a word that joins together sentences or parts of a sentence: ‘Sweep the
floor and dust the furniture.’ ‘He waited until I came.’”. There are two
general classes — coordinating and subordinating.

CLASSIFICATION OF CONJUNCTIONS

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS: They are those that join phrases,

sentences and words that perform the same function or belong to the
same grammatical category. To (Luo, 2022): “This type of conjunction is
used to connect items that are grammatically equal: two words, two
phrases, or two independent clauses” There are seven coordinating
conjunctions in English: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so”

Examples: Data was gathered through questionnaires and interviews.

.SUBORDINATING CONJUCTIONS: They are those conjunctions that unite

linguistic elements that depend on another, but are of a different hierarchy or
grammatical category. According to (Luo, 2022):

Subordinating conjunctions, this type of conjunction includes words

like because, if, although, since, until, and while. A subordinating
conjunction is used to introduce a dependent clause. In contrast to
an independent clause, a dependent clause (also known as a
subordinate clause) is a group of words that contains a subject and
a verb but cannot stand as a complete sentence on its own. A
dependent clause does not express a complete idea, so it must
always be attached to an independent clause

Examples: She will receive a major bonus if she succeeds in closing the

corporate partnership deal.

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS: function in dyads (illustration either/or, both

and, not only but also, as/as) analogous to the coordination of convergences,
they link grammatical rudiments of analogous meaning.

Examples: Not only did I pass the test, but I also scored 100 / The box is as
high as it is wide.

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS: They are adverbs that acquire the characteristics

and functions of a conjunction. In this way, they link or join two words,
propositions in a specific way, mainly in a conditional or situational way. In this
way, adverbial conjunctions or conjunctive adverbs affect the verb or action that
is related to the noun in a certain way . They are also used to show sequence,
contrast, cause and effect, and other relationships.
Examples: Jason kept talking in class; therefore, he got in trouble / He went
into the store; however, he didn’t find anything he wanted to buy.

List of Conjunctive
Adverbs:

 finally
 likewise
 then
 furthermore
 also
 however
 otherwise
 consequently
 indeed
 similarly

INTERJECTIONS

The interjections are composed of elements that allow the creation of

exclamatory statements that are used to express impressions or specify an
appellative speech act. They serve to communicate a feeling. According to
(Unacademy, 2022):

Interjections are words or phrases that are inserted into a sentence

to express an emotion or to clarify something. There are three
types of interjection: volitive, emotive, and cognitive. Volitive
interjections are used to change the course of a conversation or to
get someone’s attention. Emotive interjections express how the
speaker feels about what is being said.
 TYPES OF INTERJECTIONS

TYPES EXAMPLES

Are the words or phrases used to express sudden feelings. For

example, ‘ouch’, ‘wow’, ‘oops’, etc. Volatile interjections do not
need a response from the person you are talking to.
Volitive Volatile Interjection in the sentence:

Ouch! That hurt.

Wow! That’s amazing.

Are the words or phrases used to express an emotion. For

example, ‘I’m so happy, ‘I’m so sad, ‘I’m so angry. Emotive
Emotive interjections usually need a response from the person you are
talking to.

Emotive Interjection in a sentence: I’m so happy for you! / I’m so

sorry about that.

Cognitive Are the words or phrases used to express a thought. For example,
‘hmm’, ‘Hmm, I don’t know about that, ‘I see’, etc. Cognitive
interjections usually need a response from the person you are
talking to.

Cognitive Interjection in a sentence: Hmm, I don’t know about that.

Sources: Unacademy, 2022

 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, there are eight parts to speech, each word that is said in the
English language can be classified within these 8 parts. Namely they are: noun,
part pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, interjection and conjunction.
Each part of speech indicates how the word works in meaning as well as
grammatically. Understanding speech discourse is essential to determining the
correct description of a word when using it.

 Noun is the grammatical category intended to name things, places and

subjects. Nouns can be used to name material and immaterial things and
have various types: porper noun, common noun, collective noun,
compound noun, countable noun, uncontable noun.
 A pronoun is a Word that we used as a replacement a noum in a setence
to avoid the repetition of a noum. Examples: Are, he, she, it, they, you, we
etc. There are 6 pronouns types: personal pronoun, possesive pronoun,
demonstrative pronun, relative pronoun, reflexive pronoun, indefinite
pronoum.
 Adjectives are words that modify the noun, describe it, qualify it and,
therefore, provide complementary or additional information. Exist
adjectives: possesive, interrogative, demonstrative, compound, quaifying.
 Verbs Along with nouns, verbs are the main part of a sentence, as they
tell a story about what is happening. Verbs are the action words in a
sentence that describe what the subject is doing. The verbs can be:
transitive, intransitive, auxiliary, linking, compound.
 Adverb is a type of word whose function within the sentence is to modify
or complement a verb, an adjective, another adverb or, on special
occasions, an entire sentence. It works very similar to that of the
adjective, but the adverb is invariable, that is, it does not change its
gender or number. Classified in: manner adverb, degree adverb, place
adverb, frequency adverb.
 Preposition is known as a preposition to the invariable part of the
sentence, whose job is to denote the relationship that two or more words
or terms have among themselves. There are pepositions of: place, time,
objects of verbs, preposition of direction.
 Conjunctions can be defined as words or a group of words that are used
to join two or more elements of a sentence or two or more sentences,
which can be coordinating , subordinating, correlative and conjuctive
adverb.
 The interjections are composed of elements that allow the creation of
exclamatory statements that are used to express impressions or specify
an appellative speech act. There are 3 types: volitive, emotive, cognitive.
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Head, C. P. (2023). Noun Definition, Types of Noun with Examples and Rules.
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Koltai, A. (17 de Julio de 2018). Types of Adverb . Adverb Examples [All You Need]. MY english
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kYLE, P. (5 de Mayo de 2023). Guía completa de los SUSTANTIVOS en inglés con.

https://profekyle.com/: https://profekyle.com/guia-completa-de-los-sustantivos-en-
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https://www.scribbr.com/parts-of-speech/conjunctions/

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