Technical Guidance

Reference
N

References
N11 to N42
N

Parts
Technical Guidance
N

Reference
Technical Guidance
Turning Edition ................................................ N12
Milling Edition ................................................. N17
Endmilling Edition ........................................... N21
Drilling Edition ................................................. N24
SUMIBORON Edition ...................................... N29

References
SI Unit Conversion List ................................... N33
Metals Symbols Chart (Excerpt) .................... N34
Steel and Non-Ferrous Metal Symbol Chart (Excerpt) ... N36
Hardness Scale Comparison Chart .............. N37
Dimensional Tolerance of Standard Fittings .... N38
Dimensional Tolerance and Fittings .............. N40
Standard of Tapers ......................................... N41
Surface Roughness ....................................... N42

N11
 Technical Guidance

The Basics of Turning, Turning Edition

„ Calculating Cutting Speed „ Calculating Power Requirements
f
(1) Calculating rotation speed from cutting speed

n : Spindle Speed (min-1)

References

Pc : Power requirements (kW)

øDm
1,000×vc vc : Cutting speed (m/min)

n
n= vc : Cutting speed (m/min)
X×Dm Dm : Inner/outer diameter of workpiece (mm) vc×f×a p×k c
Pc = f : Feed Rate (mm/rev)

ap
X : ≈ 3.14 60×103×V
ap : Depth of cut (mm)
Example: vc=150m/min, Dm=100mm kc : Specific cutting force (MPa)
N Pc
H= H : Required horsepower (HP)
1,000 × 150 Feed Direction 0.75
n= = 478 (min-1) V : Machine efficiency
3.14 × 100
(0.70 to 0.85)
· n : Spindle speed (min -1)
· vc : Cutting speed (m/min)
(2) Calculating cutting speed from rotational speed D Rough value of kc
·f : Feed rate per revolution (mm/rev)
Parts

X×Dm×n · ap : Depth of cut (mm) Aluminum: 800MPa

vc = Refer to the above table
1,000 · Dm : Diameter of workpiece (mm) General steel: 2,500 to 3,000MPa
Cast iron: 1,500MPa
Technical Guidance
Reference

„ Three cutting force „ Relation between cutting „ Relation between feed rate and
components speed and cutting force specific cutting force (for carbon steel)
Principal Force (N)

Rake Angle: -10°

1,600 8,000
Traverse Rupture
Strength
Ff 800 800MPa
Rake Angle: 0° 600MPa
6,000
Specific cutting force (MPa)

0 400MPa
Fp 0 80 160 240
Fc: Principal force Cutting Speed (m/min)
Fc
Ff : Feed force
Fp: Back force „ Relation between rake 4,000

D Calculating cutting force angle and cutting force

Principal Force (N)

k c×q P : Cutting force (kN) 2,800

P= kc : Specific cutting force (MPa) 2,000
1,000 2,400
q : Chip area (mm2)
k c×a p×f
= ap : Depth of Cut (mm) 2,000
1,000
f : Feed Rate (mm/rev)
1,600
20 10 0 -10 -20 0 0.1 0.2 0.4
Rake angle (degrees) 0.04 Feed Rate f (mm/rev)
When feed rate decreases, specific cutting force increases.

„ Machined Surface Roughness „ Relation between corner

radius and 3-part force
D Theoretical (geometrical) D Ways to improve surface
4000
surface roughness finish roughness
3500 Principal Force
Cutting Force (N)

h : Theoretical surface (1) Use an insert with a larger corner radius.

f2
roughness (μm)
h= ×103 (2) Optimise the cutting speed and feed rate
8×RE f : Feed rate per revolution (mm/rev) Feed Force
RE : Corner radius (mm) so that built-up edges do not occur. 1500
(3) Select an appropriate insert grade.
h

1000
f (4) Use wiper insert. Back Force
RE 500
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6
Corner Radius (mm)
Large corner radius increases
D Actual surface roughness back force.
Steel: Work Material: SCM440 (38HS)
Theoretical surface roughness × 1.5 to 3 Insert: TNGA2204SS
Cast iron: Holder: PTGNR2525-43
Theoretical roughness × 3 to 5 Cutting Conditions: vc =100m/min,
ap = 4mm,
f = 0.45mm/rev

N12
Technical Guidance

Forms of Tool Failure and Tool Life, Turning Edition

„ Forms of Tool Failure
Classification No. Name of Failure Major Causes of Failure
Wear caused by the scratching effect of hard grains
(10) Failure

References
(1) to (5) Flank Wear contained in the work material
(9) Caused by
(8) (6) Chipping Fine breakages caused by high cutting loads or vibration
Mechanical
(7) Fracture Large breakage caused by the impact of an excessive
Factors
mechanical force acting on the cutting edge
(11) Cutting chips removing tool material as it flows over its top rake at
(4) Failure
(5)
(7)
(1) (2)
(3)
(6)
(10)
Caused by
Thermal and
(8) Crater wear high temperatures
(9) Plastic deformation Deformation of cutting edge due to softening at high temperatures N
(10) Thermal cracking Fatigue from rapid, repeated heating and cooling cycles during
Chemical
(11) Built-up edges interrupted cutting
Reactions
Work material is pressure welded on the top face of the cutting edge

Parts
„ Tool Wear Curve

Technical Guidance
Reference
Forms of Tool Wear Flank wear Crater wear on rake face

Crater wear depth (KT) (mm)

Flank Wear Width (VB) (mm)

Bad chip control

cutting edge fracture

Burrs occur Initial wear

Crater wear (KT) Sudden
increase
Poor surface roughness Side flank notch wear in wear
Rake Face Wear
(VN1) Steady wear
Face flank notch wear
(VN2)
Cutting Time (T) (min) Cutting Time (T) (min)
Average flank wear (VB)

Edge wear (VC) Flank Wear · Wear increases rapidly right after · Wear increases proportionately to
Higher cutting force starting cutting, then moderately and the cutting time.
Poor machining accuracy; proportionally, and then rapidly again
burrs occur after a certain value.

„ Tool Life (V-T)

· This double logarithm graph shows the relative tool life (T) with the specified wear
over a range of cutting speeds (Vc) on the X axis, and the cutting speed along the Y axis.

Flank Wear Crater wear

Crater wear depth (mm)
Flank Wear Width (mm)

vc1 vc2 vc3 vc1 vc2 vc3 vc4

vc4
Tool wear

VB KT

T1 T2 T3 T4 T'1 T'2 T'3 T'4

Cutting Time (min) Cutting Time (min)
Cutting Speed (m/min)

Cutting Speed (m/min)

Invc1 Invc1
Invc2 Invc2
Tool life

Invc3 Invc3
Invc4 Invc4

InT1 InT2 InT3 InT4 InT'1 InT'2 InT'3 InT'4

Lifetime (min) Lifetime (min)

N13
 Technical Guidance

Cutting Edge Failure and Countermeasures, Turning Edition

„ Insert Failure and Countermeasures
Insert Failure Cause Countermeasures
Flank Wear
References

· Tool grade lacks wear resistance. · Select a more wear-resistant grade.

P30ŠP20ŠP10
K20ŠK10ŠK01
· Increase rake angle.
N · Cutting speed is too fast. · Decrease cutting speed.
· Feed rate is far too slow. · Increase feed rate.

Crater wear
Parts

· Tool grade lacks crater wear resistance. · Select a more crater wear-resistant grade.
· Rake angle is too small. · Increase rake angle.
· Change the chipbreaker.
Technical Guidance

· Cutting speed is too fast. · Decrease cutting speed.

· Feed rate and depth of cut are too large. · Reduce feed rate and depth of cut.
Reference

Cutting Edge Chipping

· Tool grade lacks toughness. · Select a tougher grade.
P10ŠP20ŠP30
· Cutting edge breaks due to chip K01ŠK10ŠK20
adhesion. · Increase amount of honing on cutting
· Cutting edge is not strong enough. edge.
· Reduce rake angle.
· Feed rate and depth of cut are too large. · Reduce feed rate and depth of cut.

Cutting Edge Fracture ·Tool grade lacks toughness. · Select a tougher grade.
P10ŠP20ŠP30
K01ŠK10ŠK20
· Cutting edge is not strong enough. · Select a chipbreaker with a strong cutting
edge.
· Holder is not strong enough. · Select a holder with a larger approach
angle.
· Select a holder with a larger shank size.
· Feed rate and depth of cut are too · Reduce feed rate and depth of cut.
large.

Adhesion/Built-up Edges
· Inappropriate grade selection. ·Select a grade with less affinity to the
work material.
Coated carbide or cermet grades.
· Cutting edge is not sharp enough. · Select a grade with a smooth coating.
· Increase rake angle.
· Reduce honing.
· Cutting speed is too slow. · Increase cutting speed.
· Feed rate is too slow. · Increase feed rate.

Plastic Deformation

· Tool grade lacks thermal resistance. · Select a more crater wear-resistant grade.
· Increase rake angle.
· Cutting speed is too fast. · Decrease cutting speed.
· Feed rate and depth of cut are too large. · Reduce feed rate and depth of cut.
· Not enough coolant. · Supply sufficient coolant.

Notch wear

· Tool grade lacks wear resistance. · Select a more wear-resistant grade.

P30ŠP20ŠP10
K20ŠK10ŠK01
· Rake angle is too small. · Increase rake angle.
· Cutting speed is too fast. · Alter depth of cut to shift the notch location.

N14
Technical Guidance

Chip Control and Countermeasures, Turning Edition

„ Type of Chip Generation „ Type of chip control
Flowing Shearing Tearing Cracking Depth of Cut A B C D E

Classification Large
Type

References
of
Work Material Work Material Work Material Work Material
chip shapes
Influence factor Application Condition

Continuous Chip is sheared Chips appear to be Chips crack before Small

chips with good and separated by torn from the reaching the
surface finish. the shear angle. surface. cutting point. NC lathe

Evaluation
H H S S J
General cutting of Steel, stainless steel
steel and light alloy (low speed)
Steel, cast iron (very low Cutting of general
speed, very small feed rate) cast iron and carbon
(for automation)
General-purpose lathe
(for safety) H S S S to J H N
Good: C type, D type

{
Large Deformation of work material Small
A type: Twines around the tool or workpiece, damaging the machined
Large Rake angle Small
surface and affecting safety.

Parts
Small Depth of cut Large Poor
B type: Causes problems in the automatic chip conveyor and chipping occurs easily.
Large Cutting speed Small
E type: Causes spraying of chips and poor surface finish due to chattering,
along with chipping, large cutting force and high temperatures.

Technical Guidance
„ Factor of improvement of chip control

Reference
(1) Increase feed rate (f )
Depth of Cut a p (mm)

4.0

tt1 tt2

f1 f2 2.0
f : When f 2 > f 1, t 2 > t 1

When the feed rate increases, the chip thickness (t) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
increases and chip control improves. Feed Rate f (mm/rev)

(2) Decrease side cutting edge (:)

:1 :2

45°
Side cutting edge

t1 t2

f f
: : When : 2 < : 1 , t 2 > t 1
15°
Even if the feed rate is the same, a smaller
side cutting edge angle makes chips thicker
and chip control improves.
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
Feed Rate f (mm/rev)

(3) Reduce corner radius (RE)

tt2
tt1
1.6
RE1 RE2
Large Small
Corner Radius (mm)

Corner Radius Corner Radius

f f
RE : When RE2 < RE1, t 2 > t 1
0.8

Even if the feed rate is the same,

a smaller corner radius makes chips thicker
and chip control improves.
0.4
* Cutting force increases proportionately to the length of
the contact surface.
Therefore, a larger corner radius increases back force
which induces chattering. 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
A smaller corner radius produces a rougher surface Depth of Cut ap (mm)
finish at the same feed rate.

N15
 Technical Guidance

The Basics of Threading, Turning Edition

„ Thread Cutting Methods

Cutting Method Features

Radial Infeed
Trailing
· Most common threading technique, used mainly for small pitch threads.
Leading
Edge
Edge · Easy to change cutting conditions such as depth of cut, etc.
· Long contact point has a tendency to chatter.
References

· Chip control is difficult.

· Considerable damage tends to occur on the trailing edge side.
Feed Direction of
Direction Depth of Cut

Flank Infeed
N · Effective for large-pitch threads and blemish-prone work material surfaces.
· Chips evacuate from one side for good chip control.
· The trailing edge side is worn, and therefore the flank is easily worn.
Parts

Modified Flank Infeed

· Effective for large-pitch threads and blemish-prone work material surfaces.

· Chips evacuate from one side for good chip control.
· Inhibits flank wear on trailing edge side.
Technical Guidance
Reference

Alternating Flank Infeed

· Effective for large-pitch threads and blemish-prone work material surfaces.

· Wears evenly on right and left cut edges.
· Since both edges are used alternately, chip control is sometimes difficult.

„ Troubleshooting for Threading

Failure Cause Countermeasures

Excessive Wear · Tool grade · Select a more wear-resistant grade

· Reduce cutting speed

· Cutting conditions · Use a suitable quantity and concentration of coolant
· Change the number of passes
Cutting Edge Failure

· Check whether the cutting edge inclination angle is

Uneven Wear on Right and Left
· Tool mounting appropriate for the thread lead angle
Sides
· Check whether the tool is mounted properly
· Change to modified flank infeed
· Cutting conditions
or alternating flank infeed

Chipping · Cutting conditions · If built-up edge occurs, increase the cutting speed

Fracture · Biting of chips · Supply enough coolant to the cutting edge

· Increase the number of passes and reduce the

· Cutting conditions depth of cut for each pass
· Use separate tools for roughing and finishing
· If blemished due to low-speed machining, increase
the cutting speed
Poor surface finish roughness · Cutting conditions · If chattering occurs, decrease the cutting speed
· If the depth of cut of the final pass is too small,
make it larger
Shape and Accuracy

· Tool grade · Select a more wear-resistant grade

· Inappropriate cutting · Select the correct shim to ensure relief on the side
edge inclination angle of the insert

Inappropriate Thread Shape · Tool mounting · Check whether the tool is mounted properly

· Shallow depth of cut · Check the depth of cut

Shallow Thread Depth
· Tool wear · Check damage to the cutting edge

N16
Technical Guidance

The Basics of Milling, Milling Edition

„ Parts
Body diameter
Boss diameter

Hole Dia.
Keyway Width

Body Keyway Depth External cutting edge

(Approach Angle)

References
Cutter height
Axial Rake Angle

Ring Cutting
edge angle
Reference ring

Fastener Bolt Face relief angle

True Rake
Angle
Cutting edge
Inclination
angle
N
Indexable Insert A
Chip pocket

Parts
Flank Relief
Cutter Diameter (Nominal Diameter) Angle

Locator
Clamp Plate
Enlarged Portion A

Technical Guidance
Reference
Reference ring
Face Cutting
External cutting edge
Edge Angle
(principal cutting edge)

Radial Rake Angle Face cutting edge

Chamfered corner
(Wiper Flat)

„ Milling Calculation D Calculating cutting speed

Formulas Milling Work Material
X×DC×n DC
vc= Cutters
1,000 vc : Cutting speed (m/min)
n vf
1,000×vc X : ≈3.14
n=
X×DC DC: Nominal cutting diameter (mm) n
n : Rotation speed (min-1)
D Calculating feed rate
vf : Feed rate per minute (mm/min)
ap

vf =fz×z×n
fz : Feed rate per tooth (mm/t)
vf z : Number of teeth
fz =
z×n fz
vf

D Calculating Power Requirements D Relation between feed rate, work material and specific cutting force
a ×a ×v ×k Q×kc Symbol

Pc= e p 6 f c = Work Material

Alloy Steel Carbon Steel Cast Iron Aluminum Alloy
60×10 ×V 60×103×V 10.000
No.

(1) 1.8 0.8 200 Q

(2) 1.4 0.6 160 Q
(3) 1.0 0.4 120 Q
Pc : Power consumption (kw) 8.000 Figures in table indicate these characteristics.
H : Required horsepower (HP) · Alloy steel and carbon steel: Traverse
Specific cutting force (MPa)

D Horsepower Requirement rupture strength VB (GPa)

Q : Chip evacuation amount (cm3/min) · Cast iron: Hardness HB
Pc 6.000
H= ae : Cutting width (mm)
0.75
vf : Feed rate per minute (mm/min)
(1)
4.000
ap : Depth of cut (mm)
(2)
kc : Cutting force (MPa) (3)

( )
(1)
D Chip evacuation amount Rough values Steel: 2,500 to 3,000MPa 2.000 (2)
(3)
(1)
ae×ap×vf Cast iron: 1,500MPa (2)
Q= (3)
1,000 Aluminum: 800MPa
0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
V : Machine efficiency (about 0.75) 0.04
Feed Rate (mm/t)

N17
 Technical Guidance

The Basics of Milling, Milling Edition

„ Functions of cutting edge angles
Material Symbol Function Effect
(1) Axial rake angle A.R. Determines chip evacuation direction, Available in positive to negative (large to small) rake
References

(2) Radial rake angle R.R. adhesion, thrust, etc. angles. Typical combinations: Positive and Negative,
Positive and Positive, Negative and Negative
(3) Approach angle A.A. Determines chip thickness and chip Large: Thin chips
evacuation direction Small cutting force
N (4) True rake angle T.A. Effective rake angle Positive (Large): Excellent machinability
and low chip adhesion.
Low cutting edge strength.
Negative (Small): Strong cutting edge and
easy chip adhesion.
(5) Cutting edge inclination angle I.A. Determines chip control direction Positive (Large): Excellent chip control and
Parts

small cutting force. Low

cutting edge strength.
(6) Face cutting edge angle F.A. Determines surface finish roughness Small: Excellent surface roughness.
Technical Guidance

(7) Relief angle Determines cutting edge strength, tool life, chattering
Reference

True rake angle (T.A.) table Inclination angle (I.A.) chart

+30° True rake angle T.A. +30° -30° Inclination angle I.A. +30°
+25° +25° -25° +25°
+20° +30° +20° -30°
-20° +20°
+25° -25° (2)
Radial rake angle R.R.

Radial rake angle R.R.

+15° +15° -15° +15°
Axial rake angle A.R.

+20°
Axial rake angle A.R.

-20°
+15° (1) (1) -15°
+10° +10° -10° +10°
+10° (4) -10°
+ 5° + 5° + 5° - 5° - 5° + 5°
0° 0° 0° 0° 0° 0°
- 5° (4) + 5°
- 5° - 5° + 5° - 5°
-10° +10°
-10° -15° -10° +10° +15° -10°
-15° -20° -15° +15° +20° -15°
-25° +25°
-20° -30° -20° +20° +30° -20°
-25° -25° +25° -25°
(2) (3) (3)
-30° -30° +30° -30°
0° 5° 10° 15° 20° 25°30°35°40°45°50°55°60°65° 70° 75° 80° 85° 90° 0° 5° 10° 15° 20° 25°30°35°40°45°50°55°60°65° 70° 75° 80° 85° 90°
Approach angle A.A. Approach angle A.A.

Example: (1) A.R. (Axial rake angle) = +10°

(2) R.R. (Radial rake angle) = - 30°
(3) A.A. (Approach angle) = 60°
} -> (4)
T.A. (True rake angle) = -8°
Example: (1) A.R. (Axial rake angle) = - 10°
(2) R.R. (Radial rake angle) = +15°
(3) A.A. (Approach angle) = 25°
} -> (4)
I.A. (inclination angle) = -15°

Formula: tan T.A.=tan R.R./cos A.A. + tan A.R./sin A.A. Formula: tan I.R.=tan A.R./cos A.A. - tan R.R./sin A.A.

„ Rake angle combination and features

Double Positive type Negative - Positive type Double Negative type

Edge combination A.R. A.R. A.R.

Pos. Pos. Neg.
and chip evacuation
A.R.: Axial rake angle
R.R : Radial rake angle
: Chip and evacuation direction
: Cutter rotation direction
R.R. Pos. R.R. Neg.
R.R. Neg.

Excellent chip evacuation Economical design enabling use of both

Advantages Good sharpness
and sharpness sides of insert Strong cutting edge

Only single-sided inserts with a lower Only single-sided inserts can be

Disadvantages Dull cutting action
cutting edge strength can be used used
Machining of aluminum alloy Machining of steel, cast iron, For hard materials such as cast
Applications and other materials requiring and stainless steel, with suitable iron or poor surfaces such as
sharpness strength and good evacuation castings
Cat. No. ANX Type, HF Type, WAX Type WGX Type, WFX Type, RSX Type, MSX Type TSX Type, DGC Type, DFC Type, DNX Type

Chips (Ex.)

· Work material: SCM435

· vc=130m/min
fz =0.23mm/t
ap=3mm

N18
Technical Guidance

The Basics of Milling, Milling Edition

„ Relation between Work material feed direction (Vf) Large diameter Small diameter

Relation to cutter
engagement angle and

Cutting Width (W)

Cutter vf vf

diameter
tool life DC
Rotation
DC DC
Direction

References
n
n n
E E
Engagement Small E Large E
Insert
Angle (E)

Relation to cutter
vf
vf
The engagement angle denotes
N

position
n
the angle at which the full length of n

the cutting edge comes in contact E

with the work material, with Small E E Large E

Parts
reference to the feed direction.

Tool life (milling area) (m )

Tool life (milling area) (m )

2
2
Relation to tool life
0.4
· The larger E is, the shorter the tool life. 0.3 0.6
FC250
S50C
· To change the value of E: 0.2 0.4

Technical Guidance
(1) Increase the cutter size. 0.1 0.2

Reference
(2) Shift the position of the cutter. -30° 0° 30° 60° -20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80°
Engagement Angle Engagement Angle

D Relation between the number of simultaneously Normally, a cutting width 70 to 80% of the cutter diameter is considered
appropriate, as shown in example d). However, this may not apply due to the
engaged cutting edges and cutting force actual rigidity of the machine or workpiece, and the machine horsepower.
a) b) c) d) e)
Cutting force

Cutting force

Cutting force

Cutting force

Cutting force
Time Time Time Time Time
Work Material

Milling Cutters
· 0 or 1 edge in contact · Only 1 edge in · 1 or 2 edges in · 2 edges in contact · 2 to 3 edges in
at same time. contact at any time. contact. at any time. contact.

„ Improving surface roughness D Surface roughness without wiper flat D Surface roughness with wiper flat (difference in face cutting edge)
· Work material: SCM435
(1) Inserts with wiper flat Feed rate Feed rate
per tooth per tooth · Cutter: DPG5160R
When all of the cutting edges (per tooth)
HC (A)
have wiper flats, a few teeth · vc = 154m/min
fz = 0.234mm/t
protrude due to inevitable
ap = 2mm
runout and act as wiper inserts. D Surface roughness with straight wiper flat Feed rate Feed rate · Face Cutting Edge Angle
· Insert equipped with straight per tooth per tooth (A): 28’
wiper flat (B) (B): 6’

(Face angle: Around 15' to1°) ×2,000

HF ×100
· Insert equipped with curved
wiper flat
h: Projection value of wiper insert D Effects of wiper insert (example)
(Curvature: ≈ R500 (example)) Cast Iron: 0.05mm

(2) Wiper insert assembling system

(Al: 0.03mm
Wiper Insert ) (Only normal
teeth) ×1,000
· Work material: FC250
20 · Cutter: DPG4100R
Normal 20
Roughness (μm)

A system in which one or two HW teeth (C) 15 · Insert: SPCH42R

10
inserts (wiper inserts) protrude h 5
· Face runout: 0.015mm
· Runout: 0.04mm
with a smooth curved edge just Feed per revolution
vc = 105m/min
a little beyond the other teeth f: Feed rate per revolution (mm/rev) (With 1 wiper
×1,000 fz = 0.29mm/t
f f insert)
to wipe the milled surface. 20 20 (1.45 mm/rev)
Roughness (μm)

(D) 15
(Applicable to WGX Type, DGC 10
(C): Normal teeth
HC (D): Per wiper edge
Type, etc.) HW 5

Hc: Surface roughness with only normal teeth

Hw: Surface roughness with wiper insert

N19
 Technical Guidance

Troubleshooting for Milling, Milling Edition

„Troubleshooting for Milling

Failure Basic Remedies Countermeasure Examples

Excessive Flank Wear Tool Grade · Select a more wear-resistant grade. · Recommended Insert Grade
References

Steel Cast Iron Non-Ferrous Alloy

Carbide
P30ŠP20
( Coated
K20ŠK10 Š Cermet ) { Finishing (Cermet)
T250A, T4500A ACK100 (Coated)
BN7000 (SUMIBORON)
DA1000 (SUMIDIA)
Cutting · Decrease the cutting speed.
Roughing ACP100 (Coated) ACK200 (Coated) DL1000 (Coated)
N Conditions · Increase feed rate.

Excessive Crater · Recommended Insert Grade

Wear · Select a crater-resistant grade.
Tool Grade Steel Cast Iron Non-Ferrous Alloy
· Use a sharp chipbreaker. (G Š L) T250A, T4500A
Tool Design Finishing (Cermet) ACK100 (Coated) DA1000 (SUMIDIA)
· Decrease the cutting speed.
Parts

Cutting Conditions
· Reduce depth of cut and feed rate. Roughing ACP100 (Coated) ACK200 (Coated) DL1000 (Coated)

Chipping Tool Grade · Use a tougher grade. · Recommended Insert Grade

Cutting Edge Failure
Technical Guidance

P10ŠP20ŠP30
Steel Cast Iron
Reference

K01ŠK10ŠK20
Tool Design · Select a negative/positive cutter Finishing ACP200 (Coated) ACK200 (Coated)

with a large peripheral cutting edge Roughing ACP300 (Coated) ACK300 (Coated)
angle (a small approach angle).
· Recommended cutter: SEC-WaveMill WGX Type
· Reinforce the cutting edge (honing).
· Cutting conditions: Refer to H20
· Select a stronger chipbreaker. (G Š H)
Cutting Conditions · Reduce feed rate.

Fracture · If it is due to excessive low speeds · Recommended Insert Grade

Tool Grade
or very low feed rates, select a
grade resistant to adhesion. Steel Cast Iron
· If the cause is thermal cracking, select Roughing ACP300 (Coated) ACK300 (Coated)
a thermal impact resistant grade.
· Select a negative/positive (or double
Tool Design · Recommended cutter: SEC-WaveMill WGX Type
negative) cutter type with a large peripheral
cutting edge angle (a small approach angle). · Insert Thickness: 3.18 Š 4.76mm
· Reinforce the cutting edge (honing).
· Select a stronger chipbreaker. (G Š H) · Chipbreaker type: Standard Š Strong edge type
· Increase insert size (thickness in particular).
Cutting Conditions · Select appropriate conditions for · Cutting conditions: Refer to H20
that particular application.

Unsatisfactory Tool Grade · Select an adhesion-resistant grade. · Recommended Cutters and Insert Grades
Machined Surface Carbide Š Cermet Steel Cast Iron Non-Ferrous Alloy
Finish
Finishing General-purpose

Tool Design · Improve axial runout of cutting edges. Cutter WGX Type* DGC Type ANX Type*
Use a cutter with less runout
( Mount the correct insert ) Insert ACP200 (Coated) ACK200 (Coated) DA1000 (SUMIDIA)

· Use a wiper insert. Cutter WGX Type FMU Type ANX Type
· Use cutters dedicated for finishing. Insert T4500A (Cermet) BN7000 (SUMIBORON) DA1000 (SUMIDIA)
Cutting Conditions · Increase the cutting speed. Cutters marked with * can be mounted with wiper inserts.

Chattering Tool Design · Select a cutter with sharp cutting edges. · Recommended cutter
· Use an irregular pitched cutter. For steel: SEC-WaveMill WGX Type
Cutting Conditions · Reduce the feed rate. For cast iron: SEC-Sumi Dual Mill DGC Type
Others

Others · Improve the rigidity of the workpiece For light alloy: High-efficiency PCD Cutter for Aluminum
and cutter clamp. Alloys ANX Type

Unsatisfactory Chip Tool Design · Select a cutter with good chip · Recommended cutter: SEC-WaveMill WGX Type
Control evacuation features.
· Reduce number of teeth.
· Use a wide chip pocket.

Edge Chipping On Tool Design · Increase the peripheral cutting edge · Recommended cutter: SEC-WaveMill WGX Type
Workpiece angle (decrease the approach angle).
· Change the chipbreaker blade type. (G Š L)
Cutting Conditions · Reduce the feed rate.
Burr formation Tool Design · Use a sharp-edged cutter. · Recommended cutter: SEC-WaveMill WGX Type + FG Chipbreaker
Cutting Conditions · Increase feed rate. SEC-Sumi Dual Mill DGC Type + FG Chipbreaker
· Use a burr-proof insert.

N20
Technical Guidance

The Basics of Endmilling, Endmilling Edition

References
„ Parts

Body Neck Shank

Land width
Cutter sweep Head Dia. Radial flank

N
Flank width Radial primary
Margin width relief angle
O.D. Shank Dia. Margin Radial secondary
relief angle
Neck length
Cutting Edge Length Centre hole
Shank length

Parts
Overall Length

Technical Guidance
Reference
Centre cut With Centre Hole

Rake Face Rake Angle Helix Angle

Land width Flute Heel Corner Peripheral cutting edge
Land End cutting edge

End gash

Rounded
flute bottom
Centre hole
Web Thickness
Axial primary relief angle
Flute depth Chip pocket Axial secondary
relief angle Ballnose Radius
Concavity angle of end
cutting edge (*)
* Centre area is lower than the periphery

„ Calculating cutting
D Calculating cutting speed
conditions
Side Milling Groove Milling
(square endmill) X × DC × n 1,000 × vc
vc = n=
1,000 X × DC

D Calculating feed rate per revolution and per tooth

v
vf = n × f f= f
n
f vf ap
vf = n × fz × z fz = = ap
z n×z
DC
DC
ae
(Ballnose Endmill) D Calculating notch width (D1)
D1=2× 2×RE×ap - ap2

vc : Cutting speed (m/min)

D Cutting speed and feed rate (per revolution
X : ≈3.14
and per tooth) are calculated using the
DC : Endmill diameter (mm)
same formula as the square endmill.
n : Spindle speed (min-1)
vf : Feed rate (mm/min)
f : Feed rate per revolution (mm/rev)
DC
ap Depth of cut fz : Feed rate per tooth (mm/t)
RE
RE
ap z : Number of teeth
ap : Depth of cut in axial direction (mm)
D1 D1 ae : Depth of cut in radial direction (mm)
pf RE : Ballnose radius
pf Pick feed

N21
 Technical Guidance

The Basics of Endmilling, Endmilling Edition

References

„ Up-cut and Down-cut

D Side milling D Slotting
fz fz
fz
Work
Material
N Up-cut side

Work Material Work Material Down-cut side

Work Material Feed Direction Work Material Feed Direction
Work Material Feed Direction
(a) Up-cut (b) Down-cut
Parts
Technical Guidance
Reference

Work Material Work Material

Work Material Feed Direction Work Material Feed Direction

(a) Up-cut (b) Down-cut

D Cutting Edge Wear Amount D Surface Roughness D Cutting Conditions

Work material: S50C

Feed Direction Roughness Vertical Direction Roughness Tool: GSX21000C-2D
0.08 (ø10mm, 2 teeth)
Flank Wear Width (mm)

0.07 5 Cutting
0.06 Up-cut conditions: vc=88m/min
4
0.05 Down-cut (n=2800min-1)
Rz (μm)

Down-cut
0.04 3 vf=560mm/min
0.03 Up-cut
Down-cut Up-cut (fz=0.1mm/t)
0.02 2
ap=15mm
0.01
1 ae=0.5mm
0 50 100 150 200 250 Side milling
Cutting Length (m) 0
Dry, air

„ Relation between
Side milling Grooving
cutting conditions
and deflection Work Material: Pre-hardened steel Work Material: Pre-hardened steel
Endmill (40HRC) (40HRC)
specifications Cutting conditions: vc=25m/min Cutting conditions: vc=25m/min
ap=12mm ap=8mm
ae=0.8mm ae=8mm Up
Cut
Down
Cut
side side

Feed Rate Feed Rate Feed Rate Feed Rate

Cat. Number Helix 0.16mm/rev 0.11mm/rev 0.05mm/rev 0.03mm/rev

No. of Teeth Angle Style Style Style Style

Up-cut Down-cut Up-cut Down-cut Up-cut Down-cut Up-cut Down-cut

GSX40800S-2D GSX20800S-2D

2 30°

4 30°

Machined
Surface · The tool tip tends to back off with the down-cut. · The side of the slot tends to cut into the up-cut side toward the bottom of the slot.
Reference Results
Surface · The 4-flute type offers more rigidity and less backing off. · The 4-flute type offers higher rigidity and less deflection.

N22
Technical Guidance

Troubleshooting for Endmilling, Endmilling Edition

„ Troubleshooting for Endmilling

Failure Cause Countermeasures

References
Excessive Wear · Cutting · Cutting speed is too fast
· Decrease cutting speed and feed rate
Conditions · Feed rate is too large
· Tool Shape · The flank relief angle is too small · Change to an appropriate flank relief angle
· Select a more wear-resistant substrate
· Tool Material · Insufficient wear resistance
Cutting Edge Failure

Chipping · Cutting
· Feed rate is too large
· Use a coated tool
· Decrease cutting speed N
· Depth of cut is too large · Reduce depth of cut
Conditions
· Tool overhang is too long · Adjust tool overhang to the correct length

Parts
· Machine · Workpiece clamping is too weak · Clamp the workpiece firmly
Area · Tool mounting is unstable · Make sure the tool is seated in the chuck properly
Fracture · Feed rate is too large · Decrease cutting speed

Technical Guidance
· Cutting · Depth of cut is too large · Reduce depth of cut

Reference
Conditions · Tool overhang is too long · Reduce tool overhang as much as possible
· Cutting edge is too long · Select a tool with a shorter cutting edge
· Tool Shape · Web thickness is too small · Change to more appropriate web thickness

Deflection in wall surface · Feed rate is too large · Decrease cutting speed
· Cutting · Depth of cut is too large · Reduce depth of cut
Conditions · Tool overhang is too long · Adjust tool overhang to the correct length
· Cutting on the down-cut · Change direction to up-cut
· Helix angle is too large · Use a tool with a smaller helix angle
· Tool Shape
· Web thickness is too small · Use a tool with the appropriate web thickness
Unsatisfactory Machined · Feed rate is too large · Decrease cutting speed
· Cutting
Surface Finish · Use air blow
Conditions · Chip biting
· Use an insert with a larger relief pocket
Others

Chattering · Cutting speed is too fast · Decrease the cutting speed

· Cutting
· Cutting on the up-cut · Change direction to down-cut
Conditions
· Tool overhang is too long · Adjust tool overhang to the correct length
· Tool Shape · Rake angle is too large · Use a tool with an appropriate rake angle
· Machine · Workpiece clamping is too weak · Clamp the workpiece firmly
Area · Tool mounting is unstable · Make sure the tool is seated in the chuck properly
Chip blockage · Cutting · Feed rate is too large · Decrease cutting speed
Conditions · Depth of cut is too large · Reduce depth of cut
· Too many teeth · Reduce number of teeth
· Tool Shape
· Chip biting · Use air blow

N23
 Technical Guidance

Basics of Drilling, Drilling Edition

„ Parts of drill
Height of point
Leading edge
Margin width Back Taper

Margin Lead
Neck
Flank
Body clearance
References

Taper shank

Shank Dia.
Flute

Dia.
Lan
Wi te
dw Point angle Heel
dth
Shank Length
Flu

Ch idth Helix Angle

ise Cutting edge Body clearance
l ed
N ge Cutting edge Outer corner
ang Rake Face
le
Flute Length
Overall Length
Chisel edge
Depth of body clearance
Chisel edge corner
Parts

gle
An

Diameter of body clearance

ke

Chisel edge length

Ra

Relief Angle
Technical Guidance
Reference

A
Web thinning

A:B or A/B = Groove width ratio

D Minimum requirement relief D Relation between edge

D Point angle and force angle for drilling treatment and cutting force
f : Feed rate (mm/rev) 8,000
T T Tx
f 6,000
Thrust (N)

P
Md 4,000
DC

Md
XDX
2,000
DX X·DC
0
Point angle (small) Point angle (large) f 0.2 0.3 0.4
Px=tan-1 Feed Rate (mm/rev)
π/DX
* A large relief angle is needed
When point angle is large, thrust increases at the centre of the drill.
Torque (N·m)

but torque decreases. 60

D Effects of web thinning 40

D Point angle and burr
20

0
Burr height (mm)

Thrust

Thrust

0.8 0.2 0.3 0.4

118°
Feed Rate (mm/rev)
0.6 140°
150°
Drill: MULTIDRILL KDS215MAK
0.4
Edge treatment width: DŠ0.15mm UŠ0.23mm
0.2 Work material: S50C (230HB)
0 Cutting conditions: vc=50m/min Wet
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 Removed
Feed Rate (mm/rev)
Work material: SS41
Web thinning decreases the thrust
Cutting speed: vc=50m/min
concentrated at the chisel edge, makes the
When point angle is large, burr height drill edge sharp, and improves chip control.
becomes low.
D Chisel width decreased by thinning
Typical types of thinning

S Type N Type X Type

S Type: Standard type used for general-purposes.
N Type: Suitable for thin web drills.
X Type: For hard-to-cut materials or deep hole drilling.
Entry easier.

N24
Technical Guidance

Basics of Drilling, Drilling Edition

„ Reference of power requirement and thrust

8 12,000
f=0.3 f=0.3

Power consumption (kW)

10,000
6
f : Feed rate (mm/rev)

Thrust (N)
8,000
f=0.2
f=0.2

References
4 6,000
f=0.1
4,000 f=0.1
2
2,000
Work material: S48C (220HB)
0 0
10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40
Drill diameter (DC) (mm) Drill diameter (DC) (mm)
N
„ Cutting condition selection
D Control cutting force

Parts
The following table shows the relation between edge treatment width and cutting force. If the cutting force is too great
For low-rigidity machines and causes issues, take measures such as reducing the feed rate or reducing the cutting edge treatment of the drill.
Drill Diameter: ø10mm
Edge treatment width
Cutting Conditions Work material: S50C

Technical Guidance
0.15mm 0.05mm (230HB)

Reference
v c (m/min) f (mm/rev) Torque (N/m) Thrust (N) Torque (N/m) Thrust (N)
40 0.38 12.8 2,820 12.0 2,520
50 0.30 10.8 2,520 9.4 1,920
60 0.25 9.2 2,320 7.6 1,640
60 0.15 6.4 1,640 5.2 1,100

D High speed machining

recommendation If the machine has enough power and sufficient rigidity, reasonable tool life can be ensured
even when adopting higher-efficiency machining. However, sufficient coolant must be supplied.
Wear example
Flank

Š
Margin

Rake Face

vc=60m/min vc=120m/min
Work material : S50C (230HB)
Cutting conditions : f = 0.3mm/rev
H=50mm
Tool life : 600 holes (Cutting length: 30m)

„ Explanation of Margins (Difference between single and double margins)

D Single Margin (2 guides: S part) D Double Margin (4 guides: S part)

D Shape used on most drills D 4-point guiding reduces hole bending and undulation for
improved stability and accuracy during deep hole drilling.

N25
 Technical Guidance

Basics of Drilling, Drilling Edition

„ Runout accuracy
For the runout accuracy of web-thinned drills, the MDS140MK
runout after thinning (A) is important in addition to 0. 25 S50C
References

vc = 50m/min

Hole expansion (mm)

the difference in lip height (B). 0. 20 f = 0.3 mm/rev

0. 15

0. 10
N (A)
0. 05

(B)
0
Centre runout
0.005 0.02 0.05 0.1
(A) (mm)
(A): Runout accuracy of thinning point
(B): The difference of the lip height Peripheral runout 0.005 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1
Parts

(B) (mm)

„ Drill mounting peripheral

D When the tool rotates Peripheral runout Hole expansion Cutting Force*
runout accuracy
Technical Guidance

The peripheral runout accuracy (mm) 0 0.05 (mm) 0 10 (kg)

Reference

of the drill mounted on the

0.005
spindle should be controlled
within 0.03mm. If the runout 0.09
exceeds the limit, the drilled
hole will also become large and * Horizontal cutting force.
an increase in the horizontal Drill: MDS120MK, work material: S50C (230HB)
cutting force, which may result Cutting Conditions: vc=50m/min, f = 0. 3mm/rev, H = 38mm
in drill breakage. Runout: Within 0.03mm Water-soluble Coolant

Runout: Within 0.03mm

D When the work material rotates 0.03mm

The peripheral runout at the drill edge (A) and the

concentricity at (B) should be controlled within
Chuck

0.03mm.
(A)
(B)

„ Work material surface (Entrance) (Exit)

D Work material with slanted or uneven surface
and drill performance
If the surface of the hole entrance or exit is
slanted or uneven, decrease the feed rate to 1/3
to 1/2 of the recommended cutting conditions.

„ How to use a long drill

D Problem Hole bend

When using a long drill (e.g. XHGS Type), SMDH-D

Type drill or SMDH-12D Type drill at high rotation Position shift
speeds, the runout of the drill tip may cause a
deviation of the entry point as shown on the right,
bending the drill hole and resulting in drill breakage.
D Remedies
Method 1
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

1xDC prepared 2 to 3mm

hole machining n=100 to 300min-1 Drilling under
Short drill (same diameter) recommended conditions

Method 2 *Low rotational speed minimises centrifugal forces and prevents the drill from bending.
Step 1 2 to 3mm Step 2

Drilling under
(n=100 to 300min-1) f=0.15 to 0.2mm/rev recommended conditions

N26
Technical Guidance

MULTIDRILL Usage Guidance, Drilling Edition

„ Drill Retention „ Using Cutting Oil

D External Coolant Supply

References
(1) Collet Selection (1) Choosing Cutting Oil DVertical drilling
D If the cutting speed is more than
and Maintenance 40m/min, cutting oil (JISW1 type
D Ensure proper chucking of drills 2) is recommended as its cooling
to prevent vibration. Collet type effects and chip control capacity
chucks are recommended, as Collet are good, and it is highly soluble.
the grip is strong and can be
used with ease.
Drill chucks and keyless chucks
D For optimum tool life at cutting
speeds of less than 40m/min,
sulfo-chlorinated oil (JISA1 type
N
( are not suitable for MULTIDRILLs
as they have a weaker grip force. ) Collet Chuck Drill Chuck
1) is recommended as it has a
lubricating effect and is Use high pressure
at entrance
Easy to use
non-water soluble. * Insoluble

Parts
D When replacing drills, cutting oil may be flammable. To
Collet prevent fire, a substantial amount
regularly remove cutting chips D Horizontal drilling
inside the collet by cleaning of oil should be used to cool the
the collet and the spindle with component so that smoke and
oil. Repair marks with an heat will not be generated.

Technical Guidance
oilstone.
Use high pressure at entrance

Reference
If there are marks,
(2) Supply of Coolant
D Internal Coolant Supply
repair with an oilstone or D External Coolant Supply
(2) Drill Mounting change to a new one. There must be a sufficient D Coolant supply
D The peripheral runout of the external supply of coolant at
equipment
drill mounted on the spindle the hole position.
must be within 0.03mm. Coolant pressure 0.3 to
D Do not chuck on the drill 0.5MPa, coolant volume 3 to
flute. 10M/min is a guideline.
D Internal Coolant Supply
If the drill flute is inside the holder,
( chip evacuation will be obstructed,
causing damage to the drill.
) For holes ø4 or smaller, the oil
pressure must be at least 1.5MPa
to ensure a sufficient supply of
D Internal supply from
machine
coolant. For ø6 and above, if L/D
is < 3, the pressures should be at
0.5 to 1.0MPa. If L/D is > 3, a
Peripheral runout Do not grip on the hydraulic pressure of at least 1 to
within 0.03mm. drill flute. 2MPa is recommended.

„ Calculation of Power Consumption and Thrust „ Clamping of the Workpiece

High thrust forces occur during
Especially
high-efficiency drilling. Therefore,
D Calculating cutting speed the workpiece must be
large drills
supported to prevent fractures
X × DC × n
vc = caused by deformation. Large
1,000 torques and horizontal cutting
Hole Depth

n
H forces also occur. Therefore, the
1,000 × vc workpiece must be clamped Deformation Š chipping Support needed
n= firmly enough to withstand them.
X × DC DC

D Calculating feed rate per revolution and per tooth „ Drill Regrinding
vc : cutting speed (m/min)
vf D Tool life determinant
vf = n×f X : ≈ 3.14 f= D When to regrind
n When one or two feed marks (lines) appear on the 1 to 2
DC : Drill diameter (mm) margin, when corner wear reaches the margin width feed marks
n : Rotation speed (min-1) or when small chipping occurs, it indicates that the
D Calculation of Cutting Time vf : Feed rate (mm/min) drill needs to be sent for regrinding.
Regrind promptly.
f : Feed rate per revolution (mm/rev)
H H : Drilling depth (mm)
T=
vf T : Cutting time (min)
D How and where to regrind
We recommend regrinding and recoating.
Appropriate
HB : Work material Brinell hardness Regrinding alone is fine, but if the work material is
Tool Life
steel, recoating is recommended to prevent
D Calculation of Power Consumption and Thrust <Experimental> shortening of tool life. Note: Ask us or an approved
vendor to recoat with our proprietary coating.
Excessive
Power consumption (kW) = HB×DC0.68×vc1.27×f 0.59/36,000 marks
D Regrinding on your own
Thrust (N)=0.24×HB×DC0.95×f 0.61×9.8 Customers regrinding their own drills can obtain
MULTIDRILL Regrinding Instructions from us directly
* When designing the machine, an allowance of 1.6 x power consumption or their vendor.
and 1.4 x thrust should be given.
Over-used

N27
 Technical Guidance

Troubleshooting for Drilling, Drilling Edition

„ Troubleshooting for Drilling

Failure Cause Basic Remedies Countermeasure Examples

References

Excessive · Inappropriate cutting · Use higher cutting speeds · Refer to the upper limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue
Wear on conditions · Increase feed rate · Refer to the upper limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue
Rake Face · Reduce pressure if using internal coolant · 1.5MPa or less (external coolant supply can be used at hole depths (L/D) of 2 or less)
· Unsuitable coolant
· Use coolant with more lubricity · Use JIS A1 grade No. 1 or its equivalent
N Chisel Point · Off-centre starts · Reduce feed rate at entry point · f=0.08 to 0.12mm/rev
Breakage · Pre-machining of flat surface for entry · Drill flat base with Flat MULTIDRILL
· Equipment, work materials, · Change cutting conditions to reduce resistance · Increase vc to decrease f (reduce thrust)
etc. lack rigidity · Improve clamp strength of work material
Parts

· Cutting edge is too · Increase size of chisel width · Use a chisel with a width of 0.1 to 0.2mm
weak · Increase amount of honing on cutting edge · Increase the width of the thinning area at the centre by 1.5 times
Breakage on · Inappropriate cutting · Decrease the cutting speed · Refer to the lower limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue
Peripheral conditions · Reduce feed rate · Refer to the lower limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue
Technical Guidance

Cutting · Unsuitable coolant · Use coolant with more lubricity · Use JIS A1 grade No. 1 or its equivalent
Reference

Edge · Equipment, work materials, etc. lack rigidity · Improve clamp strength of work material
Drill Failure

· Cutting edge is too · Increase amount of honing on cutting edge · Increase the width of the outer cutting edge by 1.5 times
weak · Reduce the front relief angle · Reduce the front relief angle by 2 to 3°
· Entry from peripheral cutting edge · Increase margin width (W margin specification) · Increase the margin width by 2 to 3 times
· Reduce feed rate · Refer to the lower limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue
· Interruption during
· Increase amount of honing on cutting edge · Increase the width of the outer cutting edge by 1.5 times
drill engagement
· Reduce the front relief angle · Reduce the front relief angle by 2 to 3°
Margin Wear · Inappropriate cutting conditions · Decrease the cutting speed · Refer to the lower limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue
· Use coolant with more lubricity · Use JIS A1 grade No. 1 or its equivalent
· Unsuitable coolant
· Use more coolant · If using external coolant, switch to internal coolant
· Remaining margin wear · Schedule for earlier regrind and ensure back taper · If margin damage occurs, regrind to 1mm or less
· Increase amount of back taper · Make back taper 0.5/100
· Improper tool design
· Reduce margin width · Reduce the margin width to around 2/3
Drill · Use the optimal cutting conditions and tools · Refer to recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue
· Chip blockage
Breakage · Use more coolant · If using external coolant, switch to internal coolant
· Collet clamp too · If the collet chuck is damaged, replace it
· Use a collet with strong grip force
weak · Change the collet holder to the next size up
· Equipment, work materials, etc. lack rigidity · Improve clamp strength of work material
Oversized · Reduce feed rate at entry point · f=0.08 to 0.12mm/rev
Holes · Off-centre starts · Decrease the cutting speed · Refer to the lower limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue
· Pre-machining of flat surface for entry · Flat machining with endmill
Unsatisfactory Hole Accuracy

· Use the optimal drill type for the hole depth · Refer to this catalogue
· Drill lacks rigidity
· Improve overall drill rigidity · Large web, small groove width
· Improve drill mounting precision · If the collet chuck is damaged, replace it
· Drill has runout
· Improve drill retention rigidity · Change the collet holder to the next size up
· Equipment, work materials, etc. lack rigidity · Improve clamp strength of work material
Poor · Inappropriate cutting · Increase cutting speed · Refer to the upper limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue
Surface conditions · Reduce feed rate · Refer to the lower limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue
Roughness · Unsuitable coolant · Use coolant with more lubricity · Use JIS A1 grade No. 1 or its equivalent
Holes are · Off-centre starts · Increase feed rate · Refer to the upper limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue
not straight · Drill is not mounted · Improve drill mounting precision · If the collet chuck is damaged, replace it
properly · Improve drill retention rigidity · Change the collet holder to the next size up
· Equipment, work materials, · Improve clamp strength of work material
etc. lack rigidity · Select a double margin tool · Refer to this catalogue
Chips clog · Inappropriate cutting · Increase cutting speeds · Refer to the upper limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue
Unsatisfactory
Chip Control

conditions · Increase feed rate · Refer to the upper limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue
· Poor chip evacuation · Increase volume if using internal coolant
Long Stringy · Inappropriate cutting · Increase feed rate · Refer to the upper limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue
Chips conditions · Increase cutting speeds · Refer to the upper limit of the recommended cutting conditions listed in this catalogue
· Strong cooling effect · Reduce pressure if using internal coolant · The pressure should be 1.5 MPa or less if using internal coolant
· Dull cutting edge · Reduce amount of edge honing · Reduce the width to around 2/3

N28
Technical Guidance

Hardened Steel Machining with SUMIBORON, SUMIBORON Edition

„ Recommended Zones for SUMIBORON by Workpiece Hardness and Shape „ Cutting speed recommendations for each work material

Cutting Speed (m/min)

Heavy 300
Interrupted
Cutting

Coated carbide

References
Cermet SUMIBORON 200

Light
Continuous Cutting

100
Ceramic
Carburised or induction hardened material Bearing Steel Die Steel

40 45 50 55
Workpiece hardness (HRC)
60 65 N
* While 50HRC is the limit for conventional coated carbide, coated carbide AC503U enables Prone to Fairly large amount Large amount
notch wear of wear of wear
machining up to 62HRC (low-speed/continuous)

Parts
„ Influence of coolant on tool life „ Relation between work material hardness and cutting force
D Continuous Cutting D Interrupted Cutting Feed Force
Milling of SKD11 to 4 U grooves

Technical Guidance
0.3 Cutting speed: vc=100m/min Principal Force
150
Flank Wear Width (VB) (mm)

Reference
Dry Depth of cut: ap = 0.2 mm Feed Force
Oil-based coolant
0.25 Water soluble emulsion Feed rate (f ) =0.1 mm/rev Back Force

Cutting force (N)

Water soluble
0.2 Heavy Back
100 Force
Interrupted Cutting
0.15 100
Principal Force
0.1
Tool Life

In continuous cutting of bearing steel, 50

0.05 there is not much difference 50
between dry and wet cutting. Work Material: SK3
0 Dry Wet cut Cutting Conditions: Cutting speed (vc) =120m/min,
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Depth of cut (ap) = 0.2mm
Cutting Time (min) 0
0
10 30 50 70 Feed rate (f) =0.1 mm/rev
Workpiece hardness (HRC)
Work material: SUJ2(58 to 62 HRC) For continuous cutting, the influence of
Cutting conditions: TPGN160304 coolant on tool life is minimal.
Back force increases substantially for harder workpieces.
vc=100m/min, ap=0. 15mm, f=0. 1mm/rev For interrupted cutting, the thermal impact
Continuous Cutting shortens the tool life in wet conditions.

„ Relation between flank wear and cutting force „ Influence of work material hardness on cutting force and accuracy
300
Cutting Speed : vc = 120m/min
Back force (N)

SCM430 Hard Soft Hard Depth of Cut : ap = 0.5mm

65HRC Cutting conditions: Cutting speed (vc) = 80 m/min
zone zone zone Feed rate : f = 0.3mm/rev Dry
200 Depth of cut (ap) = 0.15mm
Feed rate (f ) = 0.1mm/rev
Work material: S38C
S55C
Shore hardness (HS)

100 90
24HRC
70
50 45(HS)
0 30
Feed force (N) Principal Force (N)

100
For hardened steel 400
Back force (N)

machining, back force 300 External dimensions in the

0 increases substantially 106N soft zone are smaller due to
200
100 due to the expansion of lower cutting forces.
flank wear.
Dimensions (μm)

0
0 -10 13μm
0.05 0.10
-20
Flank Wear Width (VB) (mm)

„ Relation between cutting speed and surface roughness „ Improvement of surface roughness by altering the feed rate
Constant Feed Rate Variable Feed Rate
BN250 Vc=120 Work material: SCM420H
Previous edge position f
Surface roughness (Ra) (μm)

BN250 Vc=150 58 to 62HRC

0.3
BN250 Vc=180
Holder: MTXNR2525 f
Tool: NU-TNMA160408

Cutting Conditions:
0.2
vc=120,150,180m/min
f = 0.045mm/rev
0.1 ap= 0.15mm Stationary Notch Location Shifting Notch Location
Wet

0
0 40 80 120 160
Machining output (pcs.)
At high cutting speeds, surface roughness is more stable.

Varying the feed rate spreads the notch location over a larger area.
ŠSurface finish improves and notch wear decreases.
N29
 Technical Guidance

High Speed Machining of Cast Iron with SUMIBORON, SUMIBORON Edition

„ Advantages of using SUMIBORON for cast iron machining

High-speed Machining High-speed Machining High-precision Machining

D Gray Cast Iron D Ductile Cast Iron
References

Dimensional Tolerance
BNS8125/BNS800 500
Cutting Speed vC (m/min)

Cutting Speed vC (m/min)

1,000 BN7000 BNX10 Ceramic
BN500 BNS8125 Coated carbide
BNS800 Cermet
N BN7000
BNC500 BNC500
500 200

Ceramic BN7000

Š
200 Ceramic Coated carbide

Good
Coated carbide Cermet
Cermet
Parts

1 10 20 1 10 0.4 0.8 1.6 3.2

Tool Life Ratio Tool Life Ratio Good
Š
Surface Roughness Standard Ra (μm)
Technical Guidance

„ Turning
Reference

D Cast iron structure and wear shape examples

0.4
Flank Wear Width (VB) (mm)

Work material : Continuous cutting with FC250 10

Surface roughness (Rz) (μm)

FC FCD Dry
Wet (water soluble) Tool material : BN500
0.3 Tool Shape : SNGN120408 8
Cutting Conditions : vc =450m/min 6
Structure 0.2 ap=0.25mm
f =0.15 mm/rev 4
0.1 Dry & Wet (water soluble)
2
0 0
2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 200 400
Matrix Pearlite Pearlite + Ferrite Cutting Distance (km) Cutting speed (vc) (m/min)
Tool wear shape

Wet Machine : N/C lathe

WET DRY Work Material : FC250 200HB
Holder : MTJNP2525
(Water Tool Grade : BN500
soluble) Tool Shape : TNMA160408
Cutting Conditions : vc=110 to 280m/min
Dry f =0.1 mm/rev
ap=0.1mm
Crater wear
Wet
(vc=200 to 500m/min) For turning cast iron with SUMIBORON, cutting speeds (vc) should be 200m/min
and above. Wet cutting is recommended.

„ Milling
BN Finish Mill EASY (for high-speed finishing of cast iron)
· Enables cutting with vc of 2,000m/min
· Surface finish roughness 3.2Rz (1.0Ra)
· Economical insert reduces running costs.
· Unit style enables easy runout adjustment.
· Employs safe, anti-centrifugal-force construction for high-speed conditions.

0.25 250
Cutting Conditions
Ceramic Ceramic ap=0.5mm, fz=0.15mm/t
vc = 400m/min vc = 600m/min
0.20 200
Dry
Flank Wear Width (mm)

Number of passes

150
0.15 vc = 600m/min vc = 1,000m/min

0.10 100

Thermal cracks occur.

0.05 50
vc = 1,500m/min
Wet
0.0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 300 450 600 750 900 1,050 1,200 1,350 1,500
Number of passes (Pass) Cutting Speed (m/min)

· Work material: Gray cast iron (FC250) Dry cutting is recommended for high speed milling of cast
· Cutting conditions: ap =0.5mm, fz =0.1mm/t Dry iron with SUMIBORON.
· Tool grade: BN7000

N30
Technical Guidance

Machining Exotic Alloys with SUMIBORON, SUMIBORON Edition

„ Sintered Alloy D SUMIBORON „ Cemented Carbide D Cermet

1. Flank wear 2. Surface roughness 3. Height of burr

Maximum height of burr (mm)

„

Surface Roughness Rz (μm)

12 0.7
„
Flank Wear Width (mm)

0.5 „
0.6 D
10 D

References
0.4 „ D
0.5
8 D
0.3 D 0.4
6 D D
D D 0.3
0.2
D 4 D D 0.2 „
D D
D D D „ „
D
0.1 2 D
0.1
„ „ D D

N
D D
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
Cutting Speed (m/min) Cutting Speed (m/min) Cutting Speed (m/min)
Work material: Equivalent to SMF4040, ø80-ø100mm heavy interrupted Cemented carbide and cermet can perform at vc up to 100m/min. However, if vc is around 120m/min or higher, wear
facing with grooves and drilled holes. (After 40 passes)
occurs rapidly, resulting in poorer surface roughness and greater spread of burrs. On the other hand, SUMIBORON
Cutting conditions: f=0.1mm/rev, ap=0.1mm Wet
Tool Cat. No.: TNGA160404
exhibits stability and superior wear resistance, burr prevention and surface roughness, especially at high speeds.

Parts
„ Heat-Resistant Alloy
D Nickel based alloy
Typical tool damage of CBN tool when cutting Inconel 718

Technical Guidance
Cutting conditions: f = 0.06mm/rev, ap= 0.3mm Wet Cutting conditions: f = 0.12mm/rev, ap= 0.3mm Wet
 Influence of cutting speed (Tool grade BNX20, f =0.06mm/rev, L=0.72km)

Reference
vc =300m/min vc =500m/min
Notch Wear 600 600
BN7000
Cutting Speed (m/min)

Cutting Speed (m/min)

500 500 BNX20
Flank Wear Flank Wear Whisker reinforced ceramic
400 400
Coated carbide (K class)
 Influence of feed rate (Tool grade BNX20, vc=300m/min, L=0.18km)
300 300
f =0.12 mm/rev f =0.06 mm/rev BN7000
200 BNX20
200
Whisker reinforced
100 100
Notch ceramic
Wear Flank Wear
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 1000 2000 3000
 Influence of tool grade (vc=500m/min, f =0.12 mm/rev. L=0.36km) Cutting Length (m) Cutting Length (m)
BNX20 BN7000

Tool life criteria Tool life criteria

Notch Notch wear = 0.25mm (S) Notch wear = 0.25mm (S)
Wear Flank Wear or flank wear = 0.25mm or flank wear = 0.25mm
BNX20 is recommended for high speed and low feed BN7000 is recommended for cutting at high feed rates
rates; BN7000 is recommended for cutting speeds (over f=0.1mm/rev).
Cutting Conditions: ap= 0.3mm Wet
0.5mm below vc=240m/min.

„ Cutting Performance (Machining Titanium Alloy)

D Wear Resistance D Machined Surface Roughness
(μm)
Flank Wear Width (mm)

0.4 8.0
Surface Roughness Rz (μm)

Carbide
2.5
7.0
Conventional PCD NCB100
0
0.3
6.0 (After Cutting 1km)
Conventional CBN
NCB100 -2.5 Rz3.6μm
Conventional
0.2
PCD
5.0 Carbide Conventional CBN NCB100
4.0 2.5
0.1 Theoretical
Surface
NCB100
3.0 Roughness
(After Cutting 35km) 0
-2.5 Rz4.2μm
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
Cutting Distance (km) Cutting Distance (km) 2.5
Conventional PCD
Work Material: Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) Work Material: Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) 0
Tool Used: CNGA120408 Tool Used: CNGA120408 (After Cutting 1km)
-2.5 Rz6.2μm
Cutting Conditions: vc = 150m/min, f = 0.15mm/rev, ap = 0.5mm Cutting Conditions: vc = 150m/min, f = 0.15mm/rev, ap = 0.5mm
Wet (High Pressure Coolant) Wet (High Pressure Coolant)

„ Hard facing alloys

Work Material: Colmonoy No.6 Work Material: Stellite SF-20
(NiCr-based self-fluxing alloy) (Co-based self-fluxing alloy)

Tool Cat. No. : SNGN090308 Tool Cat. No. : SNGN090308

Cutting conditions : vc =50,300m/min Cutting conditions : vc =50m/min
f =0.1 mm/rev f =0.1 mm/rev
ap= 0.2mm ap= 0.2mm
Dry Dry
BNS800
BNS800 (vc=300m/min) Competitor's Solid CBN
0.10
Flank Wear Width (mm)
Flank Wear Width (mm)

Whisker reinforced ceramic (vc=50m/min) Chipping

0.5 0.08
Cutting is effectively impossible because of Whisker reinforced ceramic Competitor's Solid CBN
Chipping
0.4 (vc =50m/min, after 0.1km of cutting) (After 2km of cutting)
the large degree of wear even at vc=50 0.06
0.3
0.04
0.2
0.1 0.02
Minimal wear at vc=300m/min No chipping
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
BNS800 BNS800
Cutting Distance (km) (vc =300m/min, after 1km of cutting)
Cutting Distance (km)
(After 2km of cutting)

N31
 Technical Guidance

Cutting Edge Failure and Countermeasures when Machining Hardened Steel, SUMIBORON Edition
Insert Failure Cause Countermeasures
Flank Wear · Select a more wear-resistant grade (e.g. BNC2115,
· Grade lacks wear resistance
BNC2010,BN1000 or BN2000)
· Reduce the cutting speed to
vc=200m/min or less
(higher feed rate also reduces tool-to-work contact time)
References

· Cutting speed is too fast

· Use an insert with a larger relief angle

N Crater wear

· Grade lacks crater wear · Select a higher-efficiency grade (e.g. BNC2115, BNC2010,
resistance BNX25 or BNX20)
Parts

Breakage at Bottom of Crater

Technical Guidance

· Reduce the cutting speed to

Reference

vc=200m/min or less and increase the feed rate (low

· Cutting speed is too fast speed, high feed)
(higher feed rate alone also reduces tool-to-work contact
time)

Flaking
· Grade lacks toughness · Select a tougher grade (e.g. BNC2125, BNC2020 or BN2000)

· Select an insert with a stronger cutting edge

(increase negative land angle and perform honing)
· Back force is too high
· If the grade is tough enough, improve the cutting edge
sharpness
· Change to a grade with a higher notch wear resistance (e.g.
Notch Wear
BNC2115, BNC2010 or BN2000)

· Increase cutting speed (150 m/min or more)

· High stress at boundary
· Change to the Variable Feed Rate method,
which alters the feed rate in fixed output intervals

· Increase negative land angle and perform honing

Chipping at Forward Notch Position · Change to a micro-grained grade with a higher fracture
resistance (e.g. BNC300 and BN350)

· Impact to front cutting edge · Increase the feed rate

is too large or occurs constantly (higher feed rates are recommended to reduce chipping)

· Select an insert with a stronger cutting edge

(increase negative land angle and perform honing)

Chipping at Side Notch Position · Change to a grade with a higher fracture resistance (e.g. BN350 or BNC300)

· Reduce feed rate

· Impact to side cutting edge is · Use an insert with a larger side cutting angle
too large or occurs constantly
· Use an insert with a larger corner radius
· Select an insert with a stronger cutting edge
(increase negative land angle and perform honing)

Thermal Crack
· Completely dry conditions are recommended

· Thermal shock is too severe · Select a grade with better thermal conductivity

· Reduce cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut to

decrease the machining load

N32
Technical Guidance

Reference: SI Unit Conversion List

„ Basic SI units
D Quantity as a reference of SI D Basic unit provided with unique name and symbol (extracted)
Quantity Material Symbol Quantity Material Symbol
Length Metre m Frequency Hertz Hz
Mass Kilogram kg Force Newton N
Time Second s Pressure and stress Pascal Pa

References
Current Ampere A Energy, work, and heat quantity Joule J
Temperature Kelvin K Power and efficiency Watt W
Quantity of substance Mol mol Voltage Bolt V
Luminous intensity Candela cd Electrical Resistance Ohm Ω
„ SI prefixes
D Prefix showing integral powers of 10 combined with SI units
Coefficient Material Symbol Coefficient Material Symbol Coefficient Material Symbol
N
24 3 -9
10 Yotta Y 10 Kilo k 10 Nano n
21 2 -12
10 Zeta Z 10 Hecto h 10 Pico p

Parts
18 1 -15
10 Exa E 10 Deca da 10 Femto f
15 -1 -18
10 Peta P 10 Deci d 10 Atto a
12 -2 -21
10 Tera T 10 Centi c 10 Zepto z
9 -3 -24
10 Giga G 10 Milli m 10 Yocto y

Technical Guidance
6 -6
10 Mega M 10 Micro μ

Reference
„ Principal SI unit conversion list ( portions are SI units)
D Force D Stress
2 2 2 2 2
N kgf Pa(N/m ) MPa(N/mm ) kgf/mm kgf/cm kgf/m
-1 -6 -7 -5 -1
1 1.01972 × 10 1 1 × 10 1.01972 × 10 1.01972 × 10 1.01972 × 10
6 -1 5
9.80665 1 1 × 10 1 1.01972 × 10 1.01972 × 10 1.01972 × 10
6 2 6
9.80665 × 10 9.80665 1 1 × 10 1 × 10
4 -2 -2 4
9.80665 × 10 9.80665 × 10 1 × 10 1 1 × 10
-6 -6 -4
9.80665 9.80665 × 10 1 × 10 1 × 10 1
2 2
D Pressure 1Pa = 1N/m , 1MPa = 1N/mm
2 2
Pa(N/m ) kPa MPa GPa bar kgf/cm mmHg or Torr
-3 -6 -9 -5 -5 -3
1 1 × 10 1 × 10 1 × 10 1 × 10 1.01972 × 10 7.50062 × 10
3 -3 -6 -2 -2
1 × 10 1 1 × 10 1 × 10 1 × 10 1.01972 × 10 7.50062
6 3 -3 3
1 × 10 1 × 10 1 1 × 10 1 × 10 1.01972 × 10 7.50062 × 10
9 6 3 4 4 6
1 × 10 1 × 10 1 × 10 1 1 × 10 1.01972 × 10 7.50062 × 10
5 2 -1 -4 2
1 × 10 1 × 10 1 × 10 1 × 10 1 1.01972 7.50062 × 10
4 -2 -5 -1 2
9.80665 × 10 9.80665 × 10 9.80665 × 10 9.80665 × 10 9.80665 × 10 1 7.35559 × 10
2 -1 -4 -7 -3 -3
1.33322 × 10 1.33322 × 10 1.33322 × 10 1.33322 × 10 1.33322 × 10 1.35951 × 10 1
2
D Work/Energy/Heat Quantity 1Pa = 1N/m

J kW·h kgf·m kcal

-7 -1 -4
1 2.77778 × 10 1.01972 × 10 2.38889 × 10
6 5 2
3.60000 × 10 1 3.67098 × 10 8.60000 × 10
-6 -3
9.80665 2.72407 × 10 1 2.34270 × 10
3 -3 2
4.18605 × 10 1.16279 × 10 4.26858 × 10 1

D Power (efficiency and motive energy) / Thermal flow 1J=1W/s,1J=1N/m

W kgf·m/s PS kcal/h
-1 -3 -1
1 1.01972 × 10 1.35962 × 10 8.60000 × 10
3 2 2
1 × 10 1.01972 × 10 1.35962 8.60000 ×10
-2
9.80665 1 1.33333 × 10 8.43371
2 2
7.355 × 10 7.5 × 10 1 6.32529 × 10
-1 -3
1.16279 1.18572 × 10 1.58095 × 10 1
1W = 1J/s, PS: Horsepower
D Specific heat D Thermal conductivity D Spindle Speed
1kcal (kg/°C) -1
J/(kg·K) W/(m/K) kcal/(h·m·°C) min rpm
cal/(g/°C)
-4 -1
1 2.38889 ×10 1 8.60000 ×10 1 1
3 -1
4.18605 ×10 1 1.16279 1 1min =1rpm

N33
 References
„ Metals Symbols Chart (Excerpt)
D Carbon Steel for Structural Use P D Cr-Mo Steel (continued) P
JIS AISI/ASTM DIN/EN GB BS AFNOR īOCT JIS AISI/ASTM DIN/EN GB BS AFNOR īOCT
C10E 040A10 18CrMo4
1008 08 08
S10C C10R 045A10 XC10 SCM421 4121 22CrMoS35 20CrMnMo ̶ ̶ 25XīM
1010 10 10
1.1122 045M10 1.7243
S12C 1012 ̶ ̶ 040A12 XC12 ̶ 25CrMo
SCM425 ̶ 25CrMo ̶ ̶ ̶
C15E 1.7218
References

S15C 1015 C15R 15 055M15 ̶ 15 SCM430 4130 ̶ 30CrMo 708A30 30CD4 30XM
1.1132 34CD4
4135 34CrMo4 708A37
C22 SCM435 35CrMo 38CD4 35XM
S20C 1020 20 070M20 ̶ 20 4137 1.7220 709A37
CK22 35CD4
C25 708M40
C25E 42CrMo4 708A40
4142
S25C 1025 C25R 25 ̶ ̶ 25 SCM440 42CrMoS4 42CrMo 708A42 42CD4 38XM
4140
C16D 1.7225 709A42
N 1.0415
C30 4145 50CrMo4
709M40
080A30 SCM445 50CrMo 708A47 ̶ ̶
S30C 1030 C30E 30 ̶ 30 4150 1.7228
080M30
C30R
C35
C35E 080A35 D Manganese Chromium Steel/Manganese Steel P
S35C 1035 35 ̶ 35
C35R 080M36 1522 18Mn5 150M19
1.1172 SMn420 20Mn2 20M5 20ī
1524 1.0436 120M19
Parts

C40 28Mn6
060A40 SMn433 1330 30Mn2 ̶ ̶ 30ī2
1040 C40E 1.1170
S40C 40 080A40 ̶ 40
C40E C40R 1335
080M40 SMn438 ̶ 35Mn2 150M36 40M6 35ī2
1.1186 1541
1042 XC42H1 1340
S43C ̶ ̶ 080A42 40ī 40Mn2 135M40 35ī2
1043 XC42H2 SMn443 1345 ̶ 35M5
45Mn2 150M36 45ī2
C45 1541
Technical Guidance

C45E 20MnCr5
1045 060A45 SMnC420 5120 20CrMn ̶ ̶ 18Xī
S45C C45R 45 XC45 45 1.7147
Reference

1045H 080M46
1.1191 41Cr4
1.1192 SMnC443 5140 40CrMn ̶ ̶ ̶
1.7035
C50

D Carbon Tool Steel P

C50E
S50C 1049 50 080M50 XC50 50
C50R
1.1206 SK140 W2-13A
1050 ̶ T13 ̶ Y2140 ̶
S53C ̶ 50Mn 080A52 XC54 ̶ SK1 W1-13
1053 SK120 C120U
C55 W1-11 1/2 T12 BW1C Y2120 y12
SK2 1.1555
C55E XC55H1 C105U
S55C 1055 55 070M55 55 SK105 W1-10
C55R XC55H2 1.1545 T11 BW1B Y1105 ̶
1.1203 SK3 W1-10 1/2
C105W1
C60 SK95 W1-9 C105U Y190
060A57 T10 BW1A y10
S58C 1060 C60E 60 XC60 ̶ SK4 W1-9 1/2 1.1545 Y180
080A57
C60R SK85 W1-8C
C60E 60 C80W1 T8Mn BW1A ̶ y8ī
S60C 1059 ̶ ̶ 60 SK5 W1-8
1.1221 60Mn C80U
C10E 045A10 SK80 W1-8A T8 ̶ ̶ y8
S09CK 1010 ̶ XC10 ̶ 1.1525
C10R 045M10 C70U
C15E SK70 1070 T7 ̶ ̶ y7
S15CK 1015 ̶ ̶ XC12 ̶ 1.1520
C15R

D High Speed Steel P

S20CK ̶ CK22 ̶ ̶ XC18 ̶

D Cr Steel P SKH2 T1
HS18-0-1
W18Cr4V BT1
Z80WCV
P18
1.3355 18-04-01
17Cr3
SCr415 5115 15Cr ̶ ̶ 15X Z80WKCV
1.7016 SKH3 T4 S18-1-2-5 ̶ BT4 ̶
18-05-04-01
SCr420 5120 ̶ 20Cr ̶ 20MC5 20X Z80WKCV
34Cr4 SKH4 T5 ̶ ̶ BT5 ̶
5130 530A30 18-10-04-02
SCr430 34CrS4 30Cr 32C4 30X Z160WKCV
5132 530A32 SKH10 T15 S12-1-4-5 W12Cr4V5Co5 BT15 P12K5V5
1.7033 12-05-05-04
37Cr4 S6-5-2 Z160WDCV
SCr435 5135 35Cr 530A36 38C4 35X SKH51 M2 W6Mo5Cr4V2 BM2 P6M5ø2
1.7034 1.3339 06-05-04-02
41Cr4 HS6-6-2
530M40 SKH52 M3-1 W6Mo6Cr4V2 ̶ ̶ ̶
SCr440 5140 41CrS4 40Cr 42C4 40X 1.3350
530A40
1.7035 S6-5-3
Z160WDCV
SCr445 5147 ̶ 45Cr ̶ ̶ 45X SKH53 M3-2 HS6-5-3 W6Mo5Cr4V3 ̶ P6M5ø3
06-05-04-03
1.3344
D Nickel Chromium Steel P SKH54 M4 ̶ W6Mo5Cr4V4 BM4
Z130WDCV
06-05-04-04
̶
20NiCrMo2-2 S6-5-2-5
10NiCr5-4 M35 Z190WDCV
20CrNi SKH55 HS6-5-2-5 W6Mo5Cr4V2Co5 BM35 P6M5K5
4720 17CrNi6-6 20XH M41 06-05-05-04-02
SNC415 12CrNi2 ̶ ̶ 1.3243
4715 1.5918 12XH
15CrNi6K SKH56 M36 ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶
1.5805
1.6523 HS10-4-3-10 Z130WKCDV
SKH57 M48 W10Mo4Cr4V3Co10 ̶ ̶
3140 41crCrMo7-3-2 40CrNi 1.3207 10-10-04-04-03
SNC236 ̶ ̶ 40XH HS2-8-2 Z100DCWV
4337 34CrNiMo6 34CrNi2 SKH58 M7 W2Mo9Cr4V2 ̶ ̶
1.3348 09-04-02-02
SNC246 8645 ̶ 45CrNi ̶ ̶ 45XH
HS2-10-1-8 Z130DKCWV
15niCr13 SKH59 M42 W2Mo9Cr4VCo8 BM42 P2M9K8ø
SNC815 E3310 12CrNi3 ̶ ̶ 12XH3A 1.3247 09-08-04-02-01
1.5752
20NiCrMo13-4
SNC620 ̶
1.6660
20CrNi3 ̶ ̶ 20XH3A
D Alloy Tool Steel P
30NiCrMo16-6
SNC631 ̶ 30CrNi3 ̶ ̶ 30XH3A SKS11 F2 ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶
1.6747
35NiCrMo16 SKS2 ̶ 105WCr6 ̶ ̶ 105WC13 ̶
SNC836 ̶ 37CrNi3 ̶ ̶ ̶
1.6773 SKS51 L6 ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶

D Ni-Cr-Mo Steel P SKS41 ̶ ̶ 4CrW2Si ̶ ̶ 4XB2C

SKS43 W2-9 1/2 ̶ ̶ BW2 Y1105V ̶
8615 20NiCrMo2-2
805A20 SKS44 W2-8 1/2 ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶
8617 20NiCrMoS2-2 20CrNiMo
805M20 20XH2M
SNCM220 8620 17NiCrMo6 18CrMnNiMo 20NCD 2 95MnWCr5
805A22 18XHīM SKS3 O1 9CrWMn ̶ ̶ 9XBī
8622 1.6566 20NiCrMoK 1.2825
805M22
4718 1.6523 SKS31 O7 105WCr6 CrWMn ̶ 105WC31 XBī
8637 39NiCrMo3
SNCM240 40CrNiMo ̶ ̶ 40XH2MA X210Cr12
8640 1.6510 SKD1 D3 Cr12 BD3 X200Cr12 X12
1.2080
SNCM415 ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶
SKD4 ̶ ̶ 30W4Cr2V BH21 Z32WCV5 ̶
20XH2M
SNCM420 4320 17NiCrMo6-4 20CrNi2Mo X30WCrV9-3
(20XHM) SKD5 H21 3Cr2W8V BH21 Z30WCV9 3X2B8ø
1.2581
41NiCrMo7-3-2
SNCM439 4340 40CrNi2Mo ̶ ̶ 40XH2MA X37CrMoV5-1
1.6563 SKD6 H11 4Cr5MoSiV BH11 X38CrMoV5 4X5MøC
1.2343
41NiCrMo7-3-2
SNCM447 4340 45CrNiMoV ̶ ̶ ̶ X40CrMoV5-1
1.6563 SKD61 H13 4Cr5MoSiV1 BH13 Z40CDV5 4X5Mø1C
1.2344

D Cr-Mo Steel P SKD7 H10

X32CrMoV33
1.2365
3Cr3Mo3V BH10 32DCV28 ̶
18CrMo4 38CrCoWV18-17-17
SCM415 ̶ 15CrMo ̶ ̶ 15XM SKD8 H19 3Cr3Mo3VCo3 BH19 ̶ ̶
1.7243 1.2661
20MoCr4 X153CrMoV12
SCM420 ̶ 20CrMo 708M20 ̶ 20XM SKD10 D2 Cr12Mo1V1 ̶ ̶ X12M1ø1
1.7321 1.2379

N34
References
D Alloy Tool Steel (continued) P D Martensitic Heat Resistant Steel (continued) S
JIS AISI/ASTM DIN/EN GB BS AFNOR īOCT JIS AISI/ASTM DIN/EN GB BS AFNOR īOCT
D2 4Cr9Si2
SKD11 ̶ Cr12MoV BD2 X160CrMoV12 X12Mø SUH11 ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ 40X 9C2
D4 42Cr9Si2
X100CrMoV5 2Cr12MoVNbN
SKD12 A2 Cr5Mo1V BA2 Z100CDV5 ̶ SUH600 ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶
1.2363 18Cr12MoVNbN
616 2Cr12NiMoWV
SUH616 ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶

References
S42200 22Cr12NiWMoV
D Ferritic Stainless Steels M
SUS405
405 X10CrAl13 0Cr13Al
405S17 26CA13 ̶
D Austenitic Heat Resistant Steel S
S40500 1.4002 06Cr13Al
SUH31 ̶ ̶ 4Cr14Ni14W2Mo 331S42 ̶ 45X14H14B2M
1Cr15
429 X53CrMnNiN21-9-4 5Cr21Mn9Ni4N
SUS429 ̶ 10Cr15 ̶ ̶ ̶ SUH35 ̶ 349S52 Z52CMN21.09 55X20ī9AH4
S42900 1.4871 53Cr21Mn9Ni4N
022Cr15NbTi
1Cr17 SUH36 ̶ X53CrMnNi21 9 ̶ 349S54 Z55CMN21-09Az 55X20ī9AH4
430 X6Cr17
SUS430

SUS430F
S43000
430F
S43020
1.4016

X12CrMoS17
10Cr15
S11710
Y1Cr17
Y10Cr17
430S17

̶
Z8C17

210CF17
12X17

̶
SUH37
SUH38
̶
̶
309
X15CrNiSi20-12 22Cr21Ni12N
1.4828
̶
2Cr21Ni12N

X12CrNi23-13 16Cr23Ni13
̶
381S34
̶
̶
̶
̶
̶
N
434 X6CrMo17-1 1Cr17Mo SUH309 309S24 Z15CN24.13 20X23H12
SUS434 434S17 Z8CD17.01 ̶ S30900 1.4833 2Cr23Ni13
S43400 1.4113 10Cr17Mo
310 2Cr25Ni21
SUH310 ̶ 310S24 Z15CN25.20 ̶
S31000 20Cr25Ni20

D Martensitic Stainless Steels M

Parts
X12CrNiMnMoN25-18-6-5 1Cr16Ni35
SUH330 ̶ ̶ Z12NCS35.16 ̶
1.4565 12Cr16Ni35
410 X10Cr13 12Cr13
SUS410 410S21 Z13C13 12X13
S41010
403
1.4006 1Cr13
12Cr12
D Gray Cast Iron K
SUS403 ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶
S40300 1Cr12 FC100 No 20B GG-10 HT100 100 ̶ Cy10
444 X2CrMoTi18-2 019Cr19Mo2NbTi

Technical Guidance
SUS444 ̶ ̶ ̶ FC150 No 25B GG-15 HT150 150 FGL150 Cy15
S44400 1.4521 00Cr18Mo2
FC200 No 30B GG-20 HT200 200 FGL200 Cy20

Reference
416 X12CrS13 Y12Cr13
SUS416 416S21 Z12CF13 ̶
S41600 1.4005 Y1Cr13 FC250 No 35B GG-25 HT250 250 FGL250 Cy25
420 X20Cr13 20Cr13 FC300 No 45B GG-30 HT300 300 FGL300 Cy30
SUS420J1 420S29 Z20C13 20X13
S42000 1.4021 2Cr13
420 X30Cr13 30Cr13 FC350 No 50B GG-35 HT350 350 FGL350 Cy35
SUS420J2 420S45 Z30C13 30X13
S42000 1.4028 3Cr13
SUS420F
420G
S42020
X29Cr13
1.4029
Y30Cr13
Y3Cr13
̶ Z30CF13 ̶ D Nodular Cast Iron K
431 FCD400 60-40-18 GGG-40 QT400-18 400/17 FGS370-17 By40
SUS431 X17CrNi16-2 17Cr16Ni2 431S29 ̶ ̶
S43100 FCD450 ̶ GGG-40.3 QT450-10 420/12 FGS400-12 By45
440C 108Cr17
SUS440C ̶ ̶ Z100CD17 ̶ FCD500 80-55-06 GGG-50 QT500-7 500/7 FGS500-7 By50
S44004 11Cr17
FCD600 ̶ GGG-60 QT600-3 600/7 FGS600-2 By60
FCD700 100-70-03 GGG-70 QT700-2 700/2 FGS700-2 By70
D Stainless Steel (Precipitation Hardened Structure) M FCD800 120-90-02 GGG-80 ̶ 800/2 FGS800-2 By80
630 X5CrNiCuNb16-4 0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb
SUS630 ̶ Z6CNU17.04 ̶
S17400 1.4542 05Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb
SUS631
631 X7CrNiAl17-7 0Cr17Ni7Al
̶ Z8CNA17.07 09X17H7 ɘ
D Aluminum and Al Alloys - Sheets, plates and strips N
S17700 1.4568 07Cr17Ni7Al A1060P 1060 EN AW-1060 L2 ̶ ̶ ̶
A1050P 1050 A199.50 1A50 ̶ ̶ ̶
D Austenitic Stainless Steels M A1100P 1100 EN AW-1100 L5-1 ̶ ̶ ̶
201 X12crMnNiN17-7-5 1Cr17Mn6Ni5N A1200P 1200 EN AW-1200 L5 EN AW-1200 EN AW-1200 ̶
SUS201 ̶ Z12CMN17-07Az ̶
S20100 1.4372 12Cr17Mn6Ni5N A2014P 2014 EN AW-2014 LD10 EN AW-2014 EN AW-2014 ̶
202 X12CrMnNiN18-9-5 1Cr18Mn9Ni5N
SUS202 284S16 ̶ ̶ A2017P 2017 EN AW-2017 2A11(LY11) EN AW-2017 EN AW-2017 ̶
S20200 1.4373 12Cr18Mn9Ni5N
X12CrNi17 7 A2219P 2219 EN AW-2219 2A16(LY16) ̶ ̶ ̶
301 1Cr17Ni7
SUS301 1.4319 ̶ Z12CN17.07 17X18H9 A2024P 2024 EN AW-2024 2A12(LY12) EN AW-2024 EN AW-2024 ̶
S30100 12Cr17Ni7
1.4310
302 X9CrNi18-9 1Cr18Ni9 A2124P 2124 EN AW-2124 2A12(LY12) ̶ ̶ ̶
SUS302 302S25 Z10CN18.09 12X18H9
S30200 1.4325 12Cr18Ni9 A3003P 3003 EN AW-3003 LF21 EN AW-3003 EN AW-3003 ̶
302B 1Cr18Ni9Si3 A3004P 3004 EN AW-3004 3004 ̶ ̶ ̶
SUS302B ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶
S30215 12Cr18Ni9Si3
X8CrNiS18-9 A3005P 3005 EN AW-3005 3005 ̶ ̶ ̶
303 Y1Cr18Ni9
SUS303 X10CrNiS189 303S21 Z10CNF18.09 ̶ A3015P 3105 EN AW-3105 3105 ̶ ̶ ̶
S30300 Y12Cr18Ni9
1.4305
A5005P 5005 EN AW-5005 5005 ̶ ̶ ̶
303Se Y12Cr18Ni9Se
SUS303Se ̶ 303S41 ̶ 12X18H10E A5050P 5050 EN AW-5050 ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶
S30323 Y1Cr18Ni9Se
304 X5CrNi18-10 0Cr18Ni9 A5052P 5052 EN AW-5052 5A02 EN AW-5052 EN AW-5052 ̶
SUS304 304S31 Z6CN18.09 08X18H10
S30400 1.4301 06Cr19Ni10
A5154P 5154 ̶ LF3 ̶ ̶ ̶
304L X2CrNi19-11 00Cr19Ni10
SUS304L 304S11 Z2CN18.10 03X18H11 A5254P 5254 ̶ LF3 ̶ ̶ ̶
S30403 1.4306 022Cr19Ni10
304N X5CrNiN19-9 06Cr19Ni10N A5454P 5454 EN AW-5454 5454 EN AW-5454 EN AW-5454 ̶
SUS304N1 ̶ Z6CN19-09Az ̶
S30451 1.4315 06Cr19Ni10NbN
A5456P 5456 EN AW-5456 ̶
305 X2CrNiN18-10 1Cr18Ni12
SUS305 305S19 Z8CN18.12 ̶ A6101P 6101 EN AW-6101 6101
S30500 1.4311 10Cr18Ni12
309S X6CrNi23-13 0Cr23Ni13 A6061P 6061 EN AW-6061 6061(LD30) EN AW-6061 EN AW-6061 ̶
SUS309S ̶ ̶ 0X23H12
S30908 1.4950 06Cr23Ni13
A7075P 7075 EN AW-7075 7A04 EN AW-7075 EN AW-7075 ̶
310S X6CrNi25-20 0Cr25Ni20
SUS310S ̶ ̶ 08X23H20 A7178P 7178 EN AW-7178 7A03(LC3) ̶ ̶ ̶
S31008 1.4951 06Cr25Ni20
316 X5CrNiMo17-12-2 0Cr17Ni12Mo2
SUS316 316S31 Z7CND17.12 ̶
S31600
316L
1.4401 06Cr17Ni12Mo2
X2CrNiMo17-12-2 00Cr17Ni12Mo2 D Aluminum Alloy Die Castings N
SUS316L 316S11 Z2CND17.12 03X17H14M2
S31603 1.4404 022Cr17Ni12Mo2 ADC1 A413.0 EN AC-44300 YL102 ̶ ̶ ̶
316N 0Cr17Ni12Mo2N
SUS316N ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ ADC3 A360.0 EN AC-43400 YL104 EN AC-43400 EN AC-43400 ̶
S31651 06Cr17Ni12Mo2N
317 0Cr19Ni13Mo3 ADC5 518.0 ̶ Al-Mg7 ̶ ̶ ̶
SUS317 ̶ 317S16 ̶ ̶
S31700 06Cr19Ni13Mo3 ADC10 ̶ EN AC-46000 YL112 ̶ ̶ ̶
317L X2CrNiMo18-15-4 00Cr19Ni13Mo3
SUS317L 317S12 Z2CND19.15 03X19H13M3 ADC12 ̶ ̶ YL113 LM20 ̶ ̶
S31703 1.4438 022Cr19Ni13Mo3
321 X6CrNiTi18-10 0Cr18Ni10Ti ADC14 B390.0 ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶
SUS321 321S31 Z6CNT18.10 08X18H10T
S32100 1.4541 06Cr18Ni1Ti AC4C 357 G-AlSi7Mg ZAlSi7Mg1A LM25 A-S7G-03 ̶
347 X6CrNiNb18-10 0Cr18Ni11Nb
SUS347 347S31 Z6CNNb18.10 08X18H12Ȼ AC4CH 356 G-AlSi7Mg ZALSi7Mg LM25 A-S7G ̶
S34700 1.4550 06Cr18Ni11Nb
̶ 308 G-AlSi6Cu4 ZAlSi5Cu6Mg LM21 ̶ ̶

D Ferritic Heat Resistant Steels S D Hardened Steel H

409 06Cr11Ti
SUH409 X6CrTi12 409S19 Z6CT12 ̶ C4BS 440A X100CrMo13 7Cr17 ̶ ̶ ̶
S40900 0Cr11T1
446 2Cr25N AC4A 610 X110CrMoV15 ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶
SUH446 ̶ ̶ Z12C24 ̶
S44600 16Cr25N
AC4A 0-2 X65CrMo14 ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶

D Martensitic Heat Resistant Steel S

SUH1 ̶ ̶ 45Cr9Si3 401S45 Z45CS9 ̶
4Cr10Si2Mo
SUH3 ̶ ̶ ̶ Z40CSD10 40X10C2M
40Cr10Si2Mo
8Cr20Si2Ni
SUH4 ̶ ̶ 443S65 Z80CSN20.02 ̶
80Cr20Si2Ni

N35
 References
„ Steel and Non-Ferrous Metal Symbols Chart (Excerpt)
D Classifications and Symbols of Steels D Non-Ferrous Metals

Classification Material Symbol Code Description Classification Material Symbol

References

Wrought Materials Material Wrought Alloys Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys Copper and Copper Alloys
Structural Steel

Rolled Steels for welded structures SM “M” for “Marine”: Usually used in welded marine structures CxxxxP
Copper and copper alloys - sheets,
Re-rolled Steels SRB “R” for “Re-rolled” and “B” for “Bar” CxxxxPP
plates and strips
Rolled steel for general structures SS S for “Steel” and S for “Structure” CxxxxR
N Light gauge sections for general structures SSC “C” for “Cold” after SS CxxxxBD
Steel Sheets Hot rolled mild steel sheets / plates in coil form SPH P for “Plate” and “H” for “Hot” Copper and copper alloys - welded CxxxxBDS
Carbon steel tubes for piping SGP “GP” for “Gas Pipe” pipes and tubes CxxxxBE
Carbon steel tubes for boiler and heat exchangers STB “T” for “Tube” and “B” for “Boiler” CxxxxBF
Seamless steel tubes for high-pressure gas cylinders STH “H” for “High Pressure” after ST Aluminum and Al alloys - Sheets, AxxxxP
Parts

Carbon steel tubes for general structures STK “K” for “Kozo” (“structure” in Japanese) after ST plates and strips AxxxxPC
Steel Tubes

Carbon steel tubes for mechanical structures STKM “M” for “Machine” after STK AxxxxBE
Aluminum and Al alloys
Alloy steel tubes for structures STKS “S” for “Special” after STK AxxxxBD
Rods, bars and wires
Technical Guidance

Alloy steel tubes for piping STPA “A” for “Alloy” after STP AxxxxW
Reference

Carbon steel tubes for pressure piping STPG “P” for “Piping” and “G” for “General” after ST Aluminum and Al alloys - Extruded shapes AxxxxS
Carbon steel tubes for high-temperature piping STPT “T” for “Temperature” after ST AxxxxFD
Aluminum and Al alloy castings
Carbon steel tubes for high-pressure piping STS “S” for “Special” after ST AxxxxFH
Stainless steel tubes for piping SUS-TP “T” for “Tube” and “P” for “Piping” after SUS

Titanium Nickel Magnesium

Magnesium alloy sheets and plates MP
Steel for Mechanical Structures

Carbon steels for mechanical structures SxxC “C” for “Carbon”

Aluminum-chromium-molybdenum steels SACM “A” for “Al”, “C” for “Cr” and “M” for “Mo” Nickel-copper alloy sheets and plates NCuP
Chromium molybdenum steels SCM “C” for “Cr” and “M” for “Mo” Nickel-copper alloy rods and bars NCuB
Chromium steels SCr “Cr” for “Chromium” after “S” for “Steel”
Titanium rods and bars TB
Nickel Chromium steels SNC “N” for “Nickel” and “C”for “Chromium”
Nickel Chromium Molybdenum steels SNCM “M” for “Molybdenum” in SNC Brass castings YBsCx
Manganese steels and manganese chromium steels SMn “Mn” for “Manganese”
for mechanical structures SMnC “C” for “Chromium” in SMn High-strength brass castings HBsCx
Carbon tool steels SK “K” for “Kogu” (“tool” in Japanese) Bronze castings BCx
Tool Steels

Hollow drill steels SKC “C” for “Chisel” after SK Phosphorus Bronze castings PBCx
SKS S for “Special” after SK
Alloy tool steel SKD D for “Die” after SK
Aluminum bronze castings AlBCx
SKT T for “Tanzo” - Japanese word for “forging” after SK
Castings

Aluminum Alloy Castings AC

Special Steels

High-speed tool steels SKH “H” for “High speed” after SK

Magnesium alloy castings MC
Heat-resistant Steel Stainless Steel

Free cutting sulphuric steels SUM “M” for “Machinability” after SU

Zinc alloy die castings ZDCx
High-carbon chromium bearing steels SUJ “J” for “Jikuuke” (“bearing” in Japanese) after SU
Aluminum Alloy Die Castings ADC
Spring steels SUP “P” for “Spring” after SU
Magnesium alloy die castings MDC
Stainless Steel SUS “S” for “Stainless Steel” after SU
White metals WJ
Heat-resistant Steel SUH “U” for “Special Usage” and “H” for “Heat”
Aluminum alloy castings for bearings AJ
Heat-resistant steel bars SUH-B “B” for “Bar” after SUH
Copper-lead alloy castings for bearings KJ
Heat-resistant steel sheets SUHP “P” for “Plate” after SUH
Forged Steels

Carbon steel forgings for general use SF “F” for “Forging”

Carbon steel booms and billets for forgings SFB “B” for “Billet” after SF
Chromium molybdenum steel forgings SFCM “C” for “Chromium” and “M” for “Molybdenum” after SF
Nickel Chromium Molybdenum steel forgings SFNCM “N” for “Nickel” in SFCM
Gray cast iron FC “F” for “Ferrous” and “C” for “Casting”
Cast Iron

Spherical graphite / Ductile cast irons FCD “D” for “Ductile” after FC
Blackheart malleable cast irons FCMB “M” for “Malleable” and “B” for “Black” after FC
Whiteheart malleable cast irons FCMW “W” for “White” after FCM
Pearlite malleable cast iron FCMP “P” for “Pearlite” after FCM
Carbon cast steels SC “C” for “Casting”
Cast Steels

Cast stainless steels SCS “S” for “Stainless Steel” after SC

Heat-resistant cast steels SCH “H” for “Heat” after SC
High-manganese cast steels SCMnH “Mn” for “Manganese” and “H” for “High” after SC

N36
References
„ Hardness Scale Comparison Chart
D Approximate corresponding values for steel hardness on the Brinell scale
Rockwell Hardness
Rockwell Hardness
A B C D A B C D

References
Brinell Tensile Brinell Tensile
Scale Scale Scale Scale Vickers Shore Scale Scale Scale Scale Vickers Shore
3,000kgf 60kgf 100kgf 150kgf 100kgf 50kgf Hardness Strength 3,000kgf 60kgf 100kgf 150kgf 100kgf 50kgf Hardness Strength
brale 1/10in brale brale (GPa) brale 1/10in brale brale (GPa)
ball ball
HB HRA HRB HRC HRD HV HS HB HRA HRB HRC HRD HV HS

̶
̶
85.6
85.3
̶
̶
68.0
67.5
76.9
76.5
940
920
97
96
̶
̶
321
311
67.5
66.9
(108.0)
(107.5)
34.3
33.1
50.1
50.0
339
328
47
46
1.06
1.03
N
̶ 85.0 ̶ 67.0 76.1 900 95 ̶ 302 66.3 (107.0) 32.1 49.3 319 45 1.01

Parts
767 84.7 ̶ 66.4 75.7 880 93 ̶ 293 65.7 (106.0) 30.9 48.3 309 43 0.97
757 84.4 ̶ 65.9 75.3 860 92 ̶ 285 65.3 (105.5) 29.9 47.6 301 ̶ 0.95
745 84.1 ̶ 65.3 74.8 840 91 ̶ 277 64.6 (104.5) 28.8 46.7 292 41 0.92

Technical Guidance
Reference
733 83.8 ̶ 64.7 74.3 820 90 ̶ 269 64.1 (104.0) 27.6 45.9 284 40 0.89
722 83.4 ̶ 64.0 73.8 800 88 ̶ 262 63.6 (103.0) 26.6 45.0 276 39 0.87
712 ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ 255 63.0 (102.0) 25.4 44.2 269 38 0.84
710 83.0 ̶ 63.3 73.3 780 87 ̶ 248 62.5 (101.0) 24.2 43.2 261 37 0.82
698 82.6 ̶ 62.5 72.6 760 86 ̶ 241 61.8 100.0 22.8 42.0 253 36 0.80
684 82.2 ̶ 61.8 72.1 740 ̶ ̶ 235 61.4 99.0 21.7 41.4 247 35 0.78
682 82.2 ̶ 61.7 72.0 737 84 ̶ 229 60.8 98.2 20.5 40.5 241 34 0.76
670 81.8 ̶ 61.0 71.5 720 83 ̶ 223 ̶ 97.3 (18.8) ̶ 234 ̶ ̶
656 81.3 ̶ 60.1 70.8 700 ̶ ̶ 217 ̶ 96.4 (17.5) ̶ 228 33 0.73
653 81.2 ̶ 60.0 70.7 697 81 ̶ 212 ̶ 95.5 (16.0) ̶ 222 ̶ 0.71
647 81.1 ̶ 59.7 70.5 690 ̶ ̶ 207 ̶ 94.6 (15.2) ̶ 218 32 0.69
638 80.8 ̶ 59.2 70.1 680 80 ̶ 201 ̶ 93.8 (13.8) ̶ 212 31 0.68
630 80.6 ̶ 58.8 69.8 670 ̶ ̶ 197 ̶ 92.8 (12.7) ̶ 207 30 0.66
627 80.5 ̶ 58.7 69.7 667 79 ̶ 192 ̶ 91.9 (11.5) ̶ 202 29 0.64
601 79.8 ̶ 57.3 68.7 640 77 ̶ 187 ̶ 90.7 (10.0) ̶ 196 ̶ 0.62
578 79.1 ̶ 56.0 67.7 615 75 ̶ 183 ̶ 90.0 (9.0) ̶ 192 28 0.62
555 78.4 ̶ 54.7 66.7 591 73 2.06 179 ̶ 89.0 (8.0) ̶ 188 27 0.60
534 77.8 ̶ 53.5 65.8 569 71 1.98 174 ̶ 87.8 (6.4) ̶ 182 ̶ 0.59
514 76.9 ̶ 52.1 64.7 547 70 1.89 170 ̶ 86.8 (5.4) ̶ 178 26 0.57
495 76.3 ̶ 51.0 63.8 528 68 1.82 167 ̶ 86.0 (4.4) ̶ 175 ̶ 0.56
477 75.6 ̶ 49.6 62.7 508 66 1.73 163 ̶ 85.0 (3.3) ̶ 171 25 0.55
461 74.9 ̶ 48.5 61.7 491 65 1.67 156 ̶ 82.9 (0.9) ̶ 163 ̶ 0.52
444 74.2 ̶ 47.1 60.8 472 63 1.59 149 ̶ 80.8 ̶ ̶ 156 23 0.50
429 73.4 ̶ 45.7 59.7 455 61 1.51 143 ̶ 78.7 ̶ ̶ 150 22 0.49
415 72.8 ̶ 44.5 58.8 440 59 1.46 137 ̶ 76.4 ̶ ̶ 143 21 0.46
401 72.0 ̶ 43.1 57.8 425 58 1.39 131 ̶ 74.0 ̶ ̶ 137 ̶ 0.45
388 71.4 ̶ 41.8 56.8 410 56 1.33 126 ̶ 72.0 ̶ ̶ 132 20 0.43
375 70.6 ̶ 40.4 55.7 396 54 1.26 121 ̶ 69.8 ̶ ̶ 127 19 0.41
363 70.0 ̶ 39.1 54.6 383 52 1.22 116 ̶ 67.6 ̶ ̶ 122 18 0.40
352 69.3 (110.0) 37.9 53.8 372 51 1.18 111 ̶ 65.7 ̶ ̶ 117 15 0.38
1) Figures within the ( ) are not commonly used.
341 68.7 (109.0) 36.6 52.8 360 50 1.13
2) Rockwell A, C and D scales utilise a diamond brale.
331 68.1 (108.5) 35.5 51.9 350 48 1.10 3) This chart was taken from the JIS Iron and Steel Handbook (1980).

N37
 References

„ Dimensional Tolerance of Standard Fittings [Excerpt from JIS B 0401 (1999)]

D Dimensional Tolerance Used for Shafts of Standard Fittings
References

Classification
of Reference Shaft Tolerance Class Unit: μm
Dimensions
(mm)

N or greater or less b9 c9 d8 d9 e7 e8 e9 f6 f7 f8 g5 g6 h5 h6 h7 h8 h9 js5 js6 js7 k5 k6 m5 m6 n6 p6 r6 s6 t6 u6 x6

-140 -60 -20 -20 -14 -14 -14 -6 -6 -8 -2 -2 0 0 0 0 0 +4 +6 +6 +8 +10 +12 +16 +20 +24 +26
̶ 3
-165 -85 -34 -45 -24 -28 -39 -12 -16 -20 -6 -8 -4 -6 -10 -14 -25
±2 ±3 ±5
0 0 +2 +2 +4 +6 +10 +14 ̶ +18 +20

-140 -70 -30 -30 -20 -20 -20 -10 -10 -10 -4 -4 0 0 0 0 0 +6 +9 +9 +12 +16 +20 +23 +27 +31 +36
3 6
-170 -100 -48 -60 -32 -38 -50 -18 -22 -28 -9 -12 -5 -8 -12 -18 -30
±2.5 ±4 ±6
+1 +1 +4 +4 +8 +12 +15 +19 ̶ +23 +28
Parts

-150 -80 -40 -40 -25 -25 -25 -13 -13 -13 -5 -5 0 0 0 0 0 +7 +10 +12 +15 +19 +24 +28 +32 +37 +43
6 10
-186 -116 -62 -76 -40 -47 -61 -22 -28 -35 -11 -14 -6 -9 -15 -22 -36
±3 ±4.5 ±7.5
+1 +1 +6 +6 +10 +15 +19 +23 ̶ +28 +34

+51
10 14
+40
Technical Guidance

-150 -95 -50 -50 -32 -32 -32 -16 -16 -16 -6 -6 0 0 0 0 0 +9 +12 +15 +18 +23 +29 +34 +39 +44
-193 -138 -77 -93 -50 -59 -75 -27 -34 -43 -14 -17 -8 -11 -18 -27 -43
±4 ±5.5 ±9
+1 +1 +7 +7 +12 +18 +23 +28 ̶ +33
Reference

+56
14 18
+45

+54 +67
18 24 ̶ +41 +54
-160 -110 -65 -65 -40 -40 -40 -20 -20 -20 -7 -7 0 0 0 0 0 +11 +15 +17 +21 +28 +35 +41 +48
±4.5 ±6.5±10.5
-212 -162 -98 -117 -61 -73 -92 -33 -41 -53 -16 -20 -9 -13 -21 -33 -52 +2 +2 +8 +8 +15 +22 +28 +35
+54 +61 +77
24 30
+41 +48 +64

-170 -120 +64 +76

30 40
-232 -182 +48 +60
-80 -80 -50 -50 -50 -25 -25 -25 -9 -9 0 0 0 0 0 +13 +18 +20 +25 +33 +42 +50 +59
-119 -142 -75 -89 -112 -41 -50 -64 -20 -25 -11 -16 -25 -39 -62
±5.5 ±8 ±12.5
+2 +2 +9 +9 +17 +26 +34 +43 ̶
-180 -130 +70 +86
40 50
-242 -192 +54 +70

-190 -140 +60 +72 +85 +106

50 65
-264 -214 +41 +53 +66 +87
-100 -100 -60 -60 -60 -30 -30 -30 -10 -10 0 0 0 0 0 +15 +21 +24 +30 +39 +51
-146 -174 -90 -106 -134 -49 -60 -76 -23 -29 -13 -19 -30 -46 -74
±6.5 ±9.5±15
+2 +2 +11 +11 +20 +32 ̶
-200 -150 +62 +78 +94 +121
65 80
-274 -224 +43 +59 +75 +102

-220 -170 +73 +93 +113 +146

80 100
-307 -257 +51 +71 +91 +124
-120 -120 -72 -72 -72 -36 -36 -36 -12 -12 0 0 0 0 0 +18 +25 +28 +35 +45 +59
-174 -207 -107 -126 -159 -58 -71 -90 -27 -34 -15 -22 -35 -54 -87
±7.5±11 ±17.5
+3 +3 +13 +13 +23 +37 ̶
-240 -180 +76 +101 +126 +166
100 120
-327 -267 +54 +79 +104 +144

-260 -200 +88 +117 +147

120 140
-360 -300 +63 +92 +122

-280 -210 -145 -145 -85 -85 -85 -43 -43 -43 -14 -14 0 0 0 0 0 +21 +28 +33 +40 +52 +68 +90 +125 +159
140 160
-380 -310 -208 -245 -125 -148 -185 -68 -83 -106 -32 -39 -18 -25 -40 -63 -100
±9 ±12.5±20
+3 +3 +15 +15 +27 +43 +65 +100 +134 ̶ ̶

-310 -230 +93 +133 +171

160 180
-410 -330 +68 +108 +146

-340 -240 +106 +151

180 200
-455 -355 +77 +122

-380 -260 -170 -170 -100 -100 -100 -50 -50 -50 -15 -15 0 0 0 0 0 +24 +33 +37 +46 +60 +79 +109 +159
200 225
-495 -375 -242 -285 -146 -172 -215 -79 -96 -122 -35 -44 -20 -29 -46 -72 -115
±10 ±14.5±23
+4 +4 +17 +17 +31 +50 +80 +130 ̶ ̶ ̶

-420 -280 +113 +169

225 250
-535 -395 +84 +140

-480 -300 +126

250 280
-610 -430 +94
-190 -190 -110 -110 -110 -56 -56 -56 -17 -17 0 0 0 0 0 +27 +36 +43 +52 +66 +88
-271 -320 -162 -191 -240 -88 -108 -137 -40 -49 -23 -32 -52 -81 -130
±11.5±16 ±26
+4 +4 +20 +20 +34 +56 ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶
-540 -330 +130
280 315
-670 -460 +98

-600 -360 +144

315 355
-740 -500 +108
-210 -210 -125 -125 -125 -62 -62 -62 -18 -18 0 0 0 0 0 +29 +40 +46 +57 +73 +98
-299 -350 -182 -214 -265 -98 -119 -151 -43 -54 -25 -36 -57 -89 -140
±12.5±18 ±28.5
+4 +4 +21 +21 +37 +62 ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶
-680 -400 +150
355 400
-820 -540 +114

-760 -440 +166

400 450
-915 -595 +126
-230 -230 -135 -135 -135 -68 -68 -68 -20 -20 0 0 0 0 0 +32 +45 +50 +63 +80 +108
-327 -385 -198 -232 -290 -108 -131 -165 -47 -60 -27 -40 -63 -97 -155
±13.5±20 ±31.5
+5 +5 +23 +23 +40 +68 ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶
-840 -480 +172
450 500
-995 -635 +132

N38
References

„ Dimensional Tolerance of Standard Fittings [Excerpt from JIS B 0401 (1999)]

D Dimensional Tolerance Used for Holes of Standard Fittings

References
Classification
of Reference Hole Tolerance Class Unit: μm
Dimensions
(mm)
or greater or less B10 C9 C10 D8 D9 D10 E7 E8 E9 F6 F7 F8 G6 G7 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10JS6 JS7 K6 K7 M6M7 N6 N7 P6 P7 R7 S7 T7 U7 X7

̶ 3
+180 +85 +100 +34 +45 +60 +24 +28 +39 +12 +16 +20 +8 +12 +6 +10 +14 +25 +40
+140 +60 +60 +20 +20 +20 +14 +14 +14 +6 +6 +6 +2 +2 0 0 0 0 0
±3 ±5
0 0
-6 -10
-2 -2 -4 -4 -6 -6 -10 -14
-8 -12 -10 -14 -12 -16 -20 -24 ̶
-18 -20
-28 -30 N
+188 +100 +118 +48 +60 +78 +32 +38 +50 +18 +22 +28 +12 +16 +8 +12 +18 +30 +48 +2 +3 -1 0 -5 -4 -9 -8 -11 -15 -19 -24
3 6
+140 +70 +70 +30 +30 +30 +20 +20 +20 +10 +10 +10 +4 +4 0 0 0 0 0
±4 ±6
-6 -9 -9 -12 -13 -16 -17 -20 -23 -27 ̶ -31 -36

Parts
+208 +116 +138 +62 +76 +98 +40 +47 +61 +22 +28 +35 +14 +20 +9 +15 +22 +36 +58 +2 +5 -3 0 -7 -4 -12 -9 -13 -17 -22 -28
6 10
+150 +80 +80 +40 +40 +40 +25 +25 +25 +13 +13 +13 +5 +5 0 0 0 0 0
±4.5±7.5
-7 -10 -12 -15 -16 -19 -21 -24 -28 -32 ̶ -37 -43

-33
10 14
-51

Technical Guidance
+220 +138 +165 +77 +93 +120 +50 +59 +75 +27 +34 +43 +17 +24 +11 +18 +27 +43 +70 +2 +6 -4 0 -9 -5 -15 -11 -16 -21 -26
+150 +95 +95 +50 +50 +50 +32 +32 +32 +16 +16 +16 +6 +6 0 0 0 0 0
±5.5±9
-9 -12 -15 -18 -20 -23 -26 -29 -34 -39 ̶ -44

Reference
-38
14 18
-56

-33 -46
18 24 ̶ -54 -67
+244 +162 +194 +98 +117 +149 +61 +73 +92 +33 +41 +53 +20 +28 +13 +21 +33 +52 +84 +2 +6 -4 0 -11 -7 -18 -14 -20 -27
±6.5±10.5
+160 +110 +110 +65 +65 +65 +40 +40 +40 +20 +20 +20 +7 +7 0 0 0 0 0 -11 -15 -17 -21 -24 -28 -31 -35 -41 -48
-33 -40 -56
24 30
-54 -61 -77

+270 +182 +220 -39 -51

30 40
+170 +120 +120 -64 -76
+119 +142 +180 +75 +89 +112 +41 +50 +64 +25 +34 +16 +25 +39 +62 +100 +3 +7 -4 0 -12 -8 -21 -17 -25 -34
+80 +80 +80 +50 +50 +50 +25 +25 +25 +9 +9 0 0 0 0 0
±8 ±12.5
-13 -18 -20 -25 -28 -33 -37 -42 -50 -59 ̶
+280 +192 +230 -45 -61
40 50
+180 +130 +130 -70 -86

+310 +214 +260 -30 -42 -55 -76

50 65
+190 +140 +140 -60 -72 -85 -106
+146 +174 +220 +90 +106 +134 +49 +60 +76 +29 +40 +19 +30 +46 +74 +120 +4 +9 -5 0 -14 -9 -26 -21
+100 +100 +100 +60 +60 +60 +30 +30 +30 +10 +10 0 0 0 0 0
±9.5±15
-15 -21 -24 -30 -33 -39 -45 -51 ̶
+320 +224 +270 -32 -48 -64 -91
65 80
+200 +150 +150 -62 -78 -94 -121

+360 +257 +310 -38 -58 -78 -111

80 100
+220 +170 +170 -73 -93 -113 -146
+174 +207 +260 +107 +126 +159 +58 +71 +90 +34 +47 +22 +35 +54 +87 +140 +4 +10 -6 0 -16 -10 -30 -24
+120 +120 +120 +72 +72 +72 +36 +36 +36 +12 +12 0 0 0 0 0
±11 ±17.5
-18 -25 -28 -35 -38 -45 -52 -59 ̶
+380 +267 +320 -41 -66 -91 -131
100 120
+240 +180 +180 -76 -101 -126 -166

+420 +300 +360 -48 -77 -107

120 140
+260 +200 +200 -88 -117 -147

+440 +310 +370 +208 +245 +305 +125 +148 +185 +68 +83 +106 +39 +54 +25 +40 +63 +100 +160 +4 +12 -8 0 -20 -12 -36 -28 -50 -85 -119
140 160
+280 +210 +210 +145 +145 +145 +85 +85 +85 +43 +43 +43 +14 +14 0 0 0 0 0
±12.5±20
-21 -28 -33 -40 -45 -52 -61 -68 -90 -125 -159 ̶ ̶

+470 +330 +390 -53 -93 -131

160 180
+310 +230 +230 -93 -133 -171

+525 +355 +425 -60 -105

180 200
+340 +240 +240 -106 -151

+565 +375 +445 +242 +285 +355 +146 +172 +215 +79 +96 +122 +44 +61 +29 +46 +72 +115 +185 +5 +13 -8 0 -22 -14 -41 -33 -63 -113
200 225
+380 +260 +260 +170 +170 +170 +100 +100 +100 +50 +50 +50 +15 +15 0 0 0 0 0
±14.5±23
-24 -33 -37 -46 -51 -60 -70 -79 -109 -159 ̶ ̶ ̶

+605 +395 +465 -67 -123

225 250
+420 +280 +280 -113 -169

+690 +430 +510 -74

250 280
+480 +300 +300 -126
+271 +320 +400 +162 +191 +240 +88 +108 +137 +49 +69 +32 +52 +81 +130 +210 +5 +16 -9 0 -25 -14 -47 -36
+190 +190 +190 +110 +110 +110 +56 +56 +56 +17 +17 0 0 0 0 0
±16 ±26
-27 -36 -41 -52 -57 -66 -79 -88 ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶
+750 +460 +540 -78
280 315
+540 +330 +330 -130

+830 +500 +590 -87

315 355
+600 +360 +360 -144
+299 +350 +440 +182 +214 +265 +98 +119 +151 +54 +75 +36 +57 +89 +140 +230 +7 +17 -10 0 -26 -16 -51 -41
+210 +210 +210 +125 +125 +125 +62 +62 +62 +18 +18 0 0 0 0 0
±18 ±28.5
-29 -40 -46 -57 -62 -73 -87 -98 ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶
+910 +540 +630 -93
355 400
+680 +400 +400 -150

+1010 +595 +690 -103

400 450
+760 +440 +440 -166
+327 +385 +480 +198 +232 +290 +108 +131 +165 +60 +83 +40 +63 +97 +155 +250 +8 +18 -10 0 -27 -17 -55 -45
+230 +230 +230 +135 +135 +135 +68 +68 +68 +20 +20 0 0 0 0 0
±20 ±31.5
-32 -45 -50 -63 -67 -80 -95 -108 ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶
+1090 +635 +730 -109
450 500
+840 +480 +480 -172

N39
 References
„ Dimensional Tolerance and Fittings [Excerpt from JIS B 0401 (1999)]
D Standard Fittings for Holes D Standard Fittings for Shafts
Reference Shaft Tolerance Class Reference Hole Tolerance Class
Hole Shaft
References

Gap fitting Intermediate fitting Tight fitting Gap fitting Intermediate fitting Tight fitting
g5 h5 js5 k5 m5 h5 H6 JS6 K6 M6 N6* P6
H6
f6 g6 h6 js6 k6 m6 n6* p6* F6 G6 H6 JS6 K6 M6 N6 P6*
h6
f6 g6 h6 js6 k6 m6 n6 p6* r6* s6 t6 u6 x6 F7 G7 H7 JS7 K7 M7 N7 P7* R7 S7 T7 U7 X7
N H7
e7 f7 h7 js7 E7 F7 H7
h7
f7 h7 F8 H8
H8 e8 f8 h8 D8 E8 F8 H8
h8
d9 e9 D9 E9 H9
d8 e8 h8 D8 E8 H8
Parts

H9
c9 d9 e9 h9 h9 C9 D9 E9 H9
H10 b9 c9 d9 B10 C10 D10
Note: *Exceptions may arise with these fittings depending on the dimension category. Note: *Exceptions may arise with these fittings depending on the dimension category.
Technical Guidance
Reference

D Correlation of Tolerance Zones in Standard Hole Fittings D Correlation of Tolerance Zones in Standard Shaft Fittings
Reference Hole H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 Reference Shaft h5 h6 h7 h8 h9

Intermediate fitting
Intermediate fitting
Intermediate fitting

Gap fitting Intermediate fitting Tight fitting Gap fitting

Tight fitting

Tight fitting

Tight fitting
Gap fitting

Gap fitting

Gap fitting

Gap fitting

Gap fitting

Gap fitting

Gap fitting

Gap fitting
Press fitting

Loose rotary fitting

Light rotary fitting
Reinforced press fitting

Shrinkage fitting

Rotary fitting
Driving
Sliding

Fitting Fitting

Shaft Tolerance Class f6 g5 g6 h5 h6 js5 js6k5 k6 m5m6 n6 p6 e7 f6 f7 g6 h6 h7 js6 js7k6m6n6 p6 r6 s6 t6 u6 x6 d9 e8 e9 f7 f8 h7 h8 c9 d8 d9g8 e9h8 h9 b9 c9 d9 Hole Tolerance Class M6 JS6 K5 M6 N6 P6 F6 F7 G6 G7 H6 H7 JS6 JS7 K6 K7 M6 M7 N6 N7 P6 P7 R7 S7 T7 U7 X7 E7 F7 F8 H7 H8 D8 D9 E8 E9 F8 H8 H9 B10 C9 C10 D8 D9 D10 E8 E9 H8 H9

50 200
H10

H9

H8
H6 H7

0 150
Dimensional tolerance (μm)

Dimensional tolerance (μm)

-50 100

-100 50

-150 0 h5
h6 h6
h7
h8
h9

-200 -50

Note: The above table is for reference dimensions greater than 18mm up to 30mm. Note: The above table is for reference dimensions greater than 18mm up to 30mm.

N40
References
„ Standard of Tapers
D Morse Taper
Fig 1 With Tang Fig 2 Drawing Thread Type
C
K

References
8°18' r
R

ød1

øD

60°
ød3
øD

ød2
ød1
ød2
b

øD1
øD1

E
E

e r N t
N a B
a
B

(Unit: mm) N
Morse Taper Taper Tang
Taper Taper (1) Angle D1(2) d1(2) N B d2 C e Fig
D a b R r
Number (D) (approx.) (approx.) (Max) (Max) (Max) (Max) (Max)

Parts
1
0 19.212 0.05205 1°29’27” 9.045 3 9.2 6.1 56.5 59.5 6.0 3.9 6.5 10.5 4 1
1
1 20.047 0.04988 1°25’43” 12.065 3.5 12.2 9.0 62.0 65.5 8.7 5.2 8.5 13.5 5 1.2
1
2 20.020 0.04995 1°25’50” 17.780 5 18.0 14.0 75.0 80.0 13.5 6.3 10 16 6 1.6

Technical Guidance
1
3 19.922 0.05020 1°26’16” 23.825 5 24.1 19.1 94.0 99.0 18.5 7.9 13 20 7 2
1

Reference
1
4 19.245 0.05194 1°29’15” 31.267 6.5 31.6 25.2 117.5 124.0 24.5 11.9 16 24 8 2.5
1
5 19.002 0.05263 1°30’26” 44.399 6.5 44.7 36.5 149.5 156.0 35.7 15.9 19 29 10 3
1
6 19.180 0.05214 1°29’36” 63.348 8 63.8 52.4 210.0 218.0 51.0 19.0 27 40 13 4
1
7 19.231 0.05200 1°29’22” 83.058 10 83.6 68.2 286.0 296.0 66.8 28.6 35 54 19 5

Morse Taper Taper Screw Part

Taper Taper (1) Angle D1(2) d1(2) N B d2 K t Fig
D a d3 r
Number (D) (approx.) (approx.) (Max) (Max) (Max) (Min) (Max)
1
0 19.212 0.05205 1°29’27” 9.045 3 9.2 6.4 50 53 6 Q Q 4 0.2
1
1 20.047 0.04988 1°25’43” 12.065 3.5 12.2 9.4 53.5 57 9 M 6 16 5 0.2
1
2 20.020 0.04995 1°25’50” 17.780 5 18.0 14.6 64 69 14 M10 24 5 0.2
1
3 19.922 0.05020 1°26’16” 23.825 5 24.1 19.8 81 86 19 M12 28 7 0.6
1 2
4 19.254 0.05194 1°29’15” 31.267 6.5 31.6 25.9 102.5 109 25 M16 32 9 1
1
5 19.002 0.05263 1°30’26” 44.399 6.5 44.7 37.6 129.5 136 35.7 M20 40 9 2.5
1
6 19.180 0.05214 1°29’36” 63.348 8 63.8 53.9 182 190 51 M24 50 12 4
1
7 19.231 0.05200 1°29’22” 83.058 10 83.6 70.0 250 260 65 M33 80 18.5 5
Note (1) The fractional values are the taper standards.
(2) Diameters D1 and d1 are calculated from the diameter D value, the taper, a, and M1 and rounded up to one decimal place.
Remark 1. Tapers are measured using JIS B 3301 ring gauges. At least 75% must be correct.
2. Screws must have metric coarse screw thread as per JIS B 0205 and Class 3 precision as per JIS B 0209.

D Bottle Grip Taper D American Standard Taper (National Taper)

Fig 3 L t1 Fig 4 t
t7 t5 L a
t4 t2 N
t3
L3 B
øD

b
60°
ød1
øg
60°
b1

D2
D1

øD
d2
d3

B
7/24 Taper b1 L3
7/24 Taper
L4

D Bottle Grip Taper (Units: mm)

D
Taper No. D1 D2 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 d2 d3 L B L3 L4 g b1 t7 Fig
(Standard Dimensions)
BT30 31.75 46 38 20 8 13.6 2 2 14 12.5 48.4 24 7 17 M12 16.1 16.3
BT35 38.10 53 43 22 10 14.6 2 2 14 12.5 56.4 24 7 20 M12 16.1 19.6
BT40 44.45 63 53 25 10 16.6 2 2 19 17 65.4 30 8 21 M16 16.1 22.6
3
BT45 57.15 85 73 30 12 21.2 3 3 23 21 82.8 36 9 26 M20 19.3 29.1
BT50 69.85 100 85 35 15 23.2 3 3 27 25 101.8 45 11 31 M24 25.7 35.4
BT60 107.95 155 135 45 20 28.2 3 3 33 31 161.8 56 12 34 M30 25.7 60.1
D American Standard Taper (National Taper) (Units: mm)
Taper No. Nominal Size D d1 L N(Min) B(Min) L3 (Min) g a t b Fig
-0.29
30 11/4” 31.750 17.4 -0.36 68.4 48.4 24 34 1
/2” 1.6 15.9 16
-0.30
40 13/4” 44.450 25.3 -0.384 93.4 65.4 32 43 5
/8” 1.6 15.9 22.5
4
-0.31
50 23/4” 69.850 39.6 -0.41 126.8 101.8 47 62 1” 3.2 25.4 35
-0.34
60 41/4” 107.950 60.2 -0.46 206.8 161.8 59 76 11/4” 3.2 25.4 60

N41
 References

„ Surface Roughness
D Types and Definitions of Typical Surface Roughness D Relationship with triangular symbol display
References

Type Symbol Method of Determination Descriptive Figure Designated

Designated Designated values for
This value is found by extracting the values for values for Standard
10-point Triangular *
reference length in the mean line
maximum calculated average reference L
direction from the surface roughness Symbols
N curve, measuring the intervals
height average roughness length value
*1) *2)
between the peaks and valleys in roughness (mm)
the extracted area in the longitudinal (Rz) (Ra) (RzJIS)
magnification direction of the surface m
R Max.

Rp

Rz
*1) roughness curve, and expressing this (0.05) (0.012) (0.05)

Rv
Rz value in micrometres (μm).
L 0.1 0.025 0.1
Parts

Remarks: When finding Rz, any

Rz=Rp+Rv 0.2 0.05 0.2
areas deemed to be 0.25
JJJJ
scratches are removed 0.4 0.10 0.4
before extracting the
reference length from 0.8 0.20 0.8
Technical Guidance

an area with no high

Reference

peaks or low valleys.

1.6 0.40 1.6
JJJ
This value is found by extracting the 3.2 0.80 3.2 0.8
Calculated Roughness

reference length in the mean line 6.3 1.6 6.3

direction from the roughness curve, m
taking the average line direction of the 12.5 12.5
Ra

extracted area as the X-axis and the 3.2 JJ

Ra (18) (18) 2.5
longitudinal magnification direction 6.3
L 25 25
as the Y-axis and expressing the
L
1
value found by the equation below in
micrometres (μm) with the roughness
Ra=
L ∫{f(x)}dx
0 (35) (35)
curve expressed by y=f(x). 50 12.5 50 J
8
(70) 25 (70)
This value is found by extracting
10-point Average Roughness

the reference length in the mean 100 100

line direction from the roughness
curve, finding the sum of the mean (140) (140)
Yp4
Yp1

m
Yp3

Yp5
Yp2

absolute peak height taken from the 200 200

Yv3
Yv2

(50)
Yv1

Yv5
Yv4

*2)
five highest peaks (Yp) and the mean (280) (280) ̶ ̶
Rz JIS absolute valley height taken from L (100)
400 400
the five lowest valleys (Yv) measured (Yp1+Yp2+Yp3+Yp4+Yp5)+(Yv1+Yv2+Yv3+Yv4+Yv5)
RzJIS=
in the longitudinal magnification 5 (560) (560)
direction from the mean line direction Remarks: The designated values in ( ) do not apply unless
of the extracted area and expressing
otherwise stated.
this value in micrometres (μm).
* Finish symbols (triangular symbol (V) and tilde (~))
Designated values for the above types of maximum height (Rz)*1), 10-point average roughness
(Rz JIS*2), calculated average roughness (Ra) classifications, and reference length Mare shown on were removed from JIS in the 1994 revision.
the table at right with triangular symbols.

*1) The maximum height symbol (Rz) is calculated according to the new JIS B 0601:2001 standard.
(This value was Ry under the old standard.)
*2) The 10-point average roughness (Rz JIS) is calculated according to the new JIS B 0601:2001
standard. (This value was Rz under the old standard.)

N42