SECTION - I

1. (a) Digital transformation is creating new or modifying existing process.

Explain how digital transformation can bring revolution in teaching learning
process. (10 MARKS)

ANSWER : Digital transformation has the potential to revolutionize the teaching

and learning process in several ways. By leveraging technology and digital tools,
educators can create more engaging, personalized, and effective learning
experiences for students. Here are some key ways in which digital transformation
can bring about a revolution in the teaching and learning process:
1. Access to Information: The internet provides vast amounts of information and
resources that can be easily accessed by students and teachers. Digital
transformation allows educators to curate and share relevant content, including e-
books, online courses, videos, and interactive simulations, thereby expanding the
scope of learning beyond traditional textbooks.

2. Personalized Learning: Digital tools enable personalized learning experiences

tailored to individual student needs. Adaptive learning platforms can assess
students' strengths and weaknesses and provide targeted instruction and practice
activities. This approach helps students learn at their own pace, filling knowledge
gaps and challenging them appropriately.

3. Collaboration and Communication: Digital transformation facilitates

collaboration and communication among students and educators. Online
platforms and tools allow for real-time interaction, discussion forums, and virtual
classrooms where students can engage with their peers and teachers, regardless of
geographical barriers. This fosters collaborative learning, enhances social skills,
and enables the exchange of diverse perspectives.

4. Interactive and Engaging Content: Digital transformation brings interactive and

multimedia elements to educational content. Students can access engaging
learning materials such as videos, simulations, virtual reality (VR), and
augmented reality (AR) applications. These technologies make abstract concepts
more tangible and facilitate immersive learning experiences that capture students'
attention and deepen their understanding.

5. Assessment and Feedback: Digital tools provide efficient ways to assess

student learning and provide timely feedback. Online quizzes, automated grading
systems, and data analytics help educators track individual progress, identify
areas of improvement, and adjust teaching strategies accordingly. This data-
driven approach enhances the effectiveness of instruction and supports evidence-
based decision-making.

6. Remote and Blended Learning: Digital transformation enables remote and

blended learning models, which have become even more important during times
of crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Online learning platforms, video
conferencing tools, and cloud-based collaboration tools allow educators to deliver
instruction and engage with students in virtual environments. This flexibility
expands educational opportunities and overcomes limitations of physical distance
or time constraints.

7. Lifelong Learning and Professional Development: Digital transformation

extends beyond the classroom, providing opportunities for lifelong learning and
professional development for educators. Online courses, webinars, educational
podcasts, and social media networks enable teachers to stay updated with the
latest pedagogical practices, collaborate with peers globally, and continuously
enhance their teaching skills.

Overall, digital transformation revolutionizes the teaching and learning process by

enabling access to vast information, personalized learning experiences,
collaboration, interactive content, efficient assessment, remote learning
possibilities, and ongoing professional development. By embracing these digital
advancements, educators can create more engaging, inclusive, and effective
educational experiences for students, preparing them for the demands of the
digital age.

(b) Digital payments are transactions like GPay, PhonePe ete. that takes
place via digital or online modes, with no physical exchange of money
involved. Explain how design thinking has brought revolution in digital
payment.(10 MARKS)

ANSWER : Design thinking has indeed played a significant role in

revolutionizing digital payments. Design thinking is an iterative process that
emphasizes understanding the needs and desires of users, and it places them at the
center of the design and development process. By applying design thinking
principles to digital payments, companies have been able to create innovative,
user-centric solutions that have transformed the way we make transactions.
Here are some ways in which design thinking has brought a revolution in digital
payments:
1. User-Centric Approach: Design thinking puts users at the forefront,
encouraging companies to deeply understand their needs, pain points, and
behaviors when it comes to payments. By empathizing with users and conducting
user research, companies can gain valuable insights and identify opportunities for
improvement. This user-centric approach has led to the development of more
intuitive, seamless, and personalized digital payment experiences.

2. Simplified User Interfaces: Design thinking advocates for simplicity and ease
of use. In the context of digital payments, this means creating interfaces that are
intuitive and require minimal effort from users. Designers focus on reducing
friction, eliminating unnecessary steps, and providing clear instructions to
facilitate a smooth payment process. As a result, digital payment interfaces have
become more streamlined, user-friendly, and accessible to a wider audience.

3. Enhanced Security and Trust: Design thinking also addresses the issue of
security in digital payments. By understanding users' concerns and designing with
trust in mind, companies have implemented robust security measures while
maintaining a seamless user experience. Biometric authentication methods, such
as fingerprint or facial recognition, have been integrated into payment systems to
provide secure yet convenient transactions. Additionally, design thinking has led
to the development of transparent and easy-to-understand security features that
help users feel more confident in adopting digital payment solutions.

4. Integration of Multiple Channels: Digital payments have expanded beyond

traditional methods like credit cards and bank transfers. Design thinking has
enabled the integration of various payment channels, including mobile wallets,
contactless payments, peer-to-peer transfers, and even cryptocurrency
transactions. Designers have focused on creating cohesive, omnichannel
experiences that allow users to make payments seamlessly across different
platforms and devices.

5. Continuous Iteration and Improvement: Design thinking is an iterative process

that encourages experimentation and learning from user feedback. Companies
regularly gather user insights and data to evaluate the effectiveness of their
payment solutions. By analyzing user behaviors and pain points, companies can
identify areas for improvement and iterate on their designs. This iterative
approach ensures that digital payment solutions evolve to meet the changing
needs and expectations of users, driving further innovation in the industry.
Overall, design thinking has revolutionized digital payments by prioritizing user
needs, simplifying interfaces, enhancing security, integrating multiple channels,
and promoting continuous improvement. Through this human-centered approach,
companies have been able to create seamless, secure, and intuitive payment
experiences that have transformed the way we conduct transactions in the digital
era.

2. (a) Discuss the different steps involved in creating a project plan in an

organization.

ANSWER : Creating a project plan is a crucial step in effectively managing and

executing projects within an organization. It helps define project objectives,
establish a roadmap, allocate resources, and set timelines. Here are the different
steps involved in creating a project plan:
1. Define the project scope: Clearly articulate the project's objectives,
deliverables, and boundaries. Identify the problem or opportunity that the project
aims to address and determine the desired outcomes.

2. Conduct a feasibility analysis: Assess the project's feasibility in terms of

technical, economic, operational, and scheduling aspects. Evaluate the resources,
constraints, risks, and dependencies associated with the project.

3. Identify project stakeholders: Identify all the individuals, groups, or

organizations that have an interest or involvement in the project. Determine their
roles, responsibilities, and expectations to ensure effective communication and
collaboration throughout the project lifecycle.

4. Define project deliverables: Break down the project scope into tangible
deliverables or work packages. These should be specific, measurable, achievable,
relevant, and time-bound (SMART). Each deliverable should contribute to
achieving the project objectives.

5. Develop a work breakdown structure (WBS): Create a hierarchical

decomposition of the project deliverables into smaller, manageable components.
This helps organize and structure the project work, enabling better estimation,
resource allocation, and scheduling.

6. Sequence activities: Determine the order of tasks and activities required to

complete the project. Identify dependencies between tasks, where one task may
need to be completed before another can start.
7. Estimate resources: Identify and estimate the resources (such as human,
material, and equipment) required to complete each activity. This includes
considering the availability, skills, and costs associated with the resources.

8. Develop a project schedule: Create a timeline or schedule that outlines the start
and end dates for each activity. Determine the critical path, which represents the
sequence of activities with the longest duration and determines the overall project
duration.

9. Allocate resources: Assign the identified resources to each activity based on

availability and requirements. Ensure that resources are adequately distributed to
meet project needs and consider potential resource conflicts or constraints.

10. Identify and manage risks: Identify potential risks and uncertainties that may
affect the project's success. Assess their impact and likelihood, and develop
strategies to mitigate or respond to these risks. Continuously monitor and manage
risks throughout the project lifecycle.

11. Define project milestones: Establish key milestones to track progress and
evaluate the completion of major project phases or deliverables. Milestones serve
as markers for important achievements and can help measure project success.

12. Develop a communication plan: Define a communication strategy to ensure

effective and timely communication among project team members, stakeholders,
and other relevant parties. Determine the frequency, channels, and methods of
communication.

13. Create a project budget: Estimate the costs associated with the project,
including resources, materials, equipment, and any other relevant expenses.
Develop a budget plan that aligns with the project scope and ensure proper
financial management throughout the project.

14. Obtain project approval: Present the project plan to relevant stakeholders,
sponsors, or decision-makers for approval. Address any concerns or feedback and
make necessary revisions based on the inputs received.

15. Monitor and control: Once the project plan is approved, regularly monitor and
track project progress against the defined schedule, milestones, and budget.
Implement change control processes to manage any deviations or scope changes
effectively.
16. Review and update: Continuously review and update the project plan as the
project progresses. Adjust timelines, resources, or strategies as needed to keep the
project on track and aligned with the changing requirements or circumstances.
By following these steps, organizations can develop a comprehensive project plan
that provides a roadmap for successful project execution, monitoring, and control.

(b) Identify the following cloud service types and list their characteristics and
advantages.
Cisco Web Ex. Google App Engine, Amazon EC2. (10
MARKS)

ANSWER : Sure! Here are the identified cloud service types, along with their
characteristics and advantages:
1. Cisco Webex:
- Cloud Service Type: Communication and Collaboration
- Characteristics:
- Cisco Webex is a cloud-based collaboration platform that provides video
conferencing, online meetings, messaging, and file sharing.
- It allows real-time collaboration among team members, whether they are in
the same location or spread across different geographical locations.
- Webex offers features like screen sharing, whiteboarding, recording
meetings, and integrations with other productivity tools.
- Advantages:
- Enables remote collaboration, allowing teams to work together from
anywhere.
- Reduces the need for travel and enables cost-effective meetings.
- Provides a secure and reliable platform for communication and collaboration.
- Supports large-scale virtual events and webinars.
- Integrates with various business applications, enhancing productivity and
workflow.

2. Google App Engine:

- Cloud Service Type: Platform as a Service (PaaS)
- Characteristics:
- Google App Engine is a fully managed platform that allows developers to
build and host web applications in the cloud.
- It provides a serverless environment, abstracting away the underlying
infrastructure and enabling developers to focus on writing code.
- App Engine supports multiple programming languages and frameworks,
including Python, Java, Go, and more.
 - It automatically scales applications based on demand, handling traffic spikes
without manual intervention.
- Advantages:
- Simplifies application development by providing a ready-to-use platform
with built-in services, such as database, storage, and authentication.
- Offers automatic scaling, ensuring that applications can handle increased
traffic without worrying about infrastructure management.
- Provides high availability and reliability, as Google manages the underlying
infrastructure.
- Enables seamless integration with other Google Cloud services and APIs.
- Pay-as-you-go pricing model, allowing cost optimization by only paying for
the resources used.

3. Amazon EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud):

- Cloud Service Type: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
- Characteristics:
- Amazon EC2 is a scalable virtual server service that provides resizable
compute capacity in the cloud.
- It allows users to launch virtual machines (instances) with a choice of
operating systems and configurations.
- EC2 instances can be customized with different CPU, memory, storage, and
networking options.
- Users have full control over the virtual machines, including installing
software, configuring applications, and managing security.
- Advantages:
- Offers flexible and scalable computing resources, allowing users to provision
instances as needed and adjust capacity based on demand.
- Provides a wide range of instance types optimized for different workloads,
such as general-purpose, compute-optimized, memory-optimized, etc.
- Enables easy integration with other Amazon Web Services (AWS), allowing
users to build comprehensive cloud solutions.
- Supports high availability and fault tolerance through features like auto-
scaling, load balancing, and automated backups.
- Offers pay-as-you-go pricing, providing cost efficiency by only paying for
the utilized compute resources.

These are just a few cloud service types, each with its own characteristics and
advantages. There are many more cloud services available, catering to various
needs and requirements in the cloud computing space.
 SECTION - II
3. (a) Hotel Booking is an online Hotel Room Booking Application that
helps the users to book a room for staying at particular place across
Kamataka. This application allows users to log in for booking a room. Users
can search for the room at a hotel for a specific location. Once found, user
can check the availability of a room for specific dates. User can book hotel
for required date. Once booked, user can get the booking details. Identify
and write the user stories for this application. (12 MARKS)

(b) Write test cases for the above application. (8 MARKS)

ANSWER : (a) User Stories:

1. As a user, I want to create an account and log in to the Hotel Booking

application.
2. As a user, I want to search for hotels in a specific location in Karnataka.
3. As a user, I want to view the available rooms at a selected hotel for specific
dates.
4. As a user, I want to book a room at a hotel for the desired dates.
5. As a user, I want to receive a confirmation of my booking with all the
necessary details.
6. As a user, I want to view my booking history and check the status of my
previous bookings.
7. As a user, I want to modify or cancel my existing bookings.
8. As a user, I want to provide feedback and rating for the hotel and my overall
experience.

(b) Test Cases:

1. Verify that the user is able to create a new account successfully.

2. Verify that the user is able to log in with valid credentials.
3. Verify that the user is unable to log in with invalid credentials.
4. Verify that the user is able to search for hotels in a specific location in
Karnataka.
5. Verify that the user is able to view the available rooms at a selected hotel for
specific dates.
6. Verify that the user is able to book a room at a hotel for the desired dates.
7. Verify that the user receives a confirmation of the booking with all the
necessary details.
8. Verify that the user is able to view their booking history and check the status of
previous bookings.
9. Verify that the user is able to modify or cancel an existing booking.
10. Verify that the user is able to provide feedback and rating for the hotel and
their overall experience.
11. Verify that the system displays appropriate error messages when there are any
failures or invalid inputs.
12. Verify that the system prevents double booking of the same room for the same
dates.
13. Verify that the system handles concurrent bookings and updates the room
availability correctly.
14. Verify that the system accurately calculates the total cost of the booking,
including any additional charges or taxes.
15. Verify that the system sends appropriate notifications or reminders to the user
regarding their bookings.

4. (a) Flipkat is an online shopping application that helps its users to buy
variety of authentic products. This application allows users to log in for
buying products. User's can search for product, short the product list based
on rating or price. Users can select the items and add them to the cart. Once
the sclection is done,users can go to the cart page for payment. Identify and
write the user stories for this application. (12
MARKS)

(b) White test cases for the above application. (8

MARKS)

ANSWER : User Stories:

1. As a user, I want to create an account and log in to the Flipkart application.

2. As a user, I want to search for a specific product or browse through different
categories.
3. As a user, I want to filter and sort the product list based on ratings or price to
find the best options.
4. As a user, I want to view detailed information about a product, including
images, descriptions, and specifications.
5. As a user, I want to add selected items to my cart for purchase.
6. As a user, I want to view and manage the items in my cart, including updating
quantities or removing items.
7. As a user, I want to proceed to the payment page to complete my purchase.
8. As a user, I want to choose a payment method and provide the necessary details
for payment.
9. As a user, I want to receive a confirmation of my order with order details and
estimated delivery information.
10. As a user, I want to track the status of my order and receive updates on the
delivery progress.
11. As a user, I want to provide feedback and ratings for the products and overall
shopping experience.

Test Cases:

1. Verify that the user is able to create a new account successfully.

2. Verify that the user is able to log in with valid credentials.
3. Verify that the user is unable to log in with invalid credentials.
4. Verify that the user is able to search for a specific product and view the search
results.
5. Verify that the user is able to browse different categories and view the products
within each category.
6. Verify that the user is able to filter and sort the product list based on ratings or
price.
7. Verify that the user is able to view detailed information about a product,
including images, descriptions, and specifications.
8. Verify that the user is able to add selected items to the cart.
9. Verify that the user is able to view the items in the cart and make changes such
as updating quantities or removing items.
10. Verify that the user is able to proceed to the payment page and choose a
payment method.
11. Verify that the user is able to provide the necessary payment details and
complete the purchase.
12. Verify that the user receives a confirmation of the order with all the necessary
details.
13. Verify that the user is able to track the status of their order and receive
updates on the delivery progress.
14. Verify that the user is able to provide feedback and ratings for the products
and their overall shopping experience.
15. Verify that the system displays appropriate error messages when there are any
failures or invalid inputs.
16. Verify that the system accurately calculates the total cost of the order,
including any applicable taxes or discounts.
17. Verify that the system handles inventory correctly, updating product
availability after purchases.
18. Verify that the system sends appropriate notifications or alerts to the user
regarding their order and delivery updates.

SECTION - III
5. Assume customer .java file has already been created with code. Design :
(a) customer. dto file (10 MARKS)
(b) customer.dao file for (10 MARKS)
inserting and deleting customer details.

ANSWER : Sure! Here's an example of how you could design the customer DTO
(Data Transfer Object) file and the customer DAO (Data Access Object) file in
Java based on the provided requirements:

(a) customer.dto file:

```java
public class CustomerDTO {
private String firstName;
private String lastName;
private String email;
// Add other relevant fields

// Default constructor
public CustomerDTO() {
}

// Parameterized constructor
public CustomerDTO(String firstName, String lastName, String email) {
this.firstName = firstName;
this.lastName = lastName;
this.email = email;
}

// Getters and Setters for the fields

 public String getFirstName() {
return firstName;
}

public void setFirstName(String firstName) {

this.firstName = firstName;
}

public String getLastName() {

return lastName;
}

public void setLastName(String lastName) {

this.lastName = lastName;
}

public String getEmail() {

return email;
}

public void setEmail(String email) {

this.email = email;
}
}
```

The customer DTO file (`CustomerDTO.java`) represents the data transfer object
that holds customer details. It has private fields for firstName, lastName, and
email, along with their respective getters and setters.

(b) customer.dao file:

```java
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class CustomerDAO {

private List<CustomerDTO> customers;

public CustomerDAO() {
 customers = new ArrayList<>();
}

public void insertCustomer(CustomerDTO customer) {

customers.add(customer);
// Add database insertion logic here
}

public void deleteCustomer(CustomerDTO customer) {

customers.remove(customer);
// Add database deletion logic here
}
}
```

The customer DAO file (`CustomerDAO.java`) provides methods for inserting

and deleting customer details. It maintains a list of `CustomerDTO` objects
(`customers`) and performs the respective operations on this list. In this example,
the `insertCustomer` method adds a customer to the list, and the `deleteCustomer`
method removes a customer from the list. You can add the necessary database
logic within these methods to perform the actual database insertion and deletion
operations.

Please note that this is a simplified example, and in a real-world scenario, you
would typically integrate with a database using frameworks like JDBC or an
ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) tool such as Hibernate for performing
database operations.

6. (a) CRUD operation describe the conventions of a user-interface that let

users view, search and modify parts of the database. Explain how the create
operation is used to insert new documents in the Mongo DB database. (10)

(b) Discuss state and props with an example in React JS. (10)

ANSWER : (a) CRUD operations refer to the basic functions performed on a

database: Create, Read, Update, and Delete. When it comes to designing a user
interface for interacting with a database, there are conventions that help users
view, search, and modify the data effectively.
1. View: The user interface should provide a way to display data from the
database in a readable format. This could be in the form of tables, lists, or cards,
depending on the nature of the data.

2. Search: Users should be able to search for specific data within the database.
This can be achieved through search bars or filters that allow users to input search
terms or select specific criteria to narrow down the results.

3. Modify: The user interface should allow users to modify existing data. This
typically involves providing input fields, check boxes, or drop downs to update
the values of specific fields within a document.

Regarding the "Create" operation in MongoDB, it is used to insert new documents

into the database. Here's how it works:

1. User Interface: The user interface should include input fields or forms where
users can enter the necessary data for creating a new document.
2. Data Validation: Before inserting the new document into the database, it's
essential to validate the data entered by the user. This can involve checking for
required fields, data types, or any other constraints specified by the database
schema.
3. Insertion: Once the data is validated, the "Create" operation in MongoDB is
typically performed using the `insertOne()` or `insertMany()` methods. The
`insertOne()` method is used to insert a single document, while the `insertMany()`
method is used to insert multiple documents at once.
4. Feedback: After the document(s) are inserted, appropriate feedback should be
provided to the user, indicating the success or failure of the operation. This could
be in the form of a confirmation message or an error notification.

(b) In ReactJS, "state" and "props" are important concepts used to manage and
share data within components.

State: State represents the internal data of a component that can change over time.
It is managed within the component itself and can be modified using the
`setState()` method. State is typically used for managing user input, component-
specific data, or any dynamic data that affects the component's rendering.

Example:

```jsx
import React, { useState } from 'react';

function Counter() {
const [count, setCount] = useState(0);

const increment = () => {

setCount(count + 1);
};

return (
<div>
<p>Count: {count}</p>
<button onClick={increment}>Increment</button>
</div>
);
}

export default Counter;

```

In this example, the `Counter` component has an internal state called `count`,
initialized with a value of 0 using the `useState` hook. The `increment` function is
used to update the state by incrementing the `count` value when the button is
clicked. The updated state triggers a re-render, and the new count value is
displayed.

Props: Props (short for properties) are used to pass data from a parent component
to its child components. Props are read-only and cannot be modified within the
child component. They are commonly used to share data or behavior between
components.

Example:

```jsx
import React from 'react';

function Greeting(props) {
return <h1>Hello, {props.name}!</h1>;
}
function App() {
return <Greeting name="John" />;
}

export default App;

```

In this example, the `App` component renders the `Greeting` component and
passes the `name` prop with a value of "John". The `G

SECTION - IV

6. (a) Compare Spring and Spring Boot.

(10)

(b) Ilustrate how react class components and functional camponent play
major role in front-end U1 design.
(10)

ANSWER : (a) Comparison between Spring and Spring Boot:

Spring and Spring Boot are both Java frameworks that are widely used for
building enterprise-level applications. While Spring is a comprehensive
framework that provides various modules and features for building Java
applications, Spring Boot is a specialized framework built on top of Spring that
aims to simplify and accelerate the development process. Here are some key
differences between the two:

1. Configuration: Spring requires explicit configuration for each module or

component, which can be done using XML-based configuration files or Java
annotations. Spring Boot, on the other hand, follows the convention-over-
configuration principle, which means it provides sensible defaults and automatic
configuration, minimizing the need for explicit configuration.

2. Dependency Management: In Spring, managing dependencies can be a

complex task, requiring manual configuration of dependency injection and
dependency resolution. Spring Boot simplifies this process by providing a set of
starter dependencies that automatically manage and resolve dependencies based
on the application's needs.
3. Embedded Server: Spring does not provide an embedded server by default, so
developers need to configure and deploy their applications to external servers like
Apache Tomcat or Jetty. Spring Boot, on the other hand, includes an embedded
server (e.g., Tomcat, Jetty, or Undertow) by default, allowing developers to run
applications as standalone executables without the need for separate server setup.
4. Opinionated vs. Non-opinionated: Spring follows a non-opinionated approach,
allowing developers to make their own choices and customize the framework
according to their requirements. Spring Boot, on the other hand, follows an
opinionated approach, providing predefined conventions and configurations that
simplify the development process but may limit flexibility in certain cases.

In summary, while Spring provides a wide range of features and flexibility for
building Java applications, Spring Boot focuses on simplicity, convention-over-
configuration, and rapid application development by providing defaults and auto-
configuration. Spring Boot is particularly suitable for building microservices and
standalone applications.

(b) Role of React Class Components and Functional Components in Front-End UI

Design:
In React, class components and functional components are two ways to define and
create user interface elements. They play distinct roles in front-end UI design:

1. Class Components:
- Class components are defined using ES6 classes and extend the base
`React.Component` class. They have a more traditional approach to state
management and lifecycle methods.
- Class components have access to features like local state, lifecycle methods
(e.g., `componentDidMount`, `componentDidUpdate`), and the ability to define
custom methods.
- Class components are suitable for more complex components that require
internal state management, event handling, or lifecycle management.

2. Functional Components:
- Functional components are defined as JavaScript functions. They were the
primary way to create components before the introduction of hooks in React 16.8.
- Functional components are simpler and more lightweight compared to class
components. They accept props as input and return JSX elements as output.
 - With the introduction of React hooks, functional components can now also
manage state, handle side effects, and use lifecycle methods through hooks like
`useState`, `useEffect`, `useContext`, etc.
- Functional components are recommended for simpler, stateless, and reusable
UI components that do not require complex internal state management or lifecycle
methods.

The introduction of hooks in React has made functional components more

powerful and expressive, allowing them to handle most use cases that previously
required class components. Functional components with hooks are now the
preferred approach for writing components in React due to their simplicity,
reusability, and improved performance.

It's important to note that as of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021, React

class components were widely used, but since then, the React community has
increasingly embraced functional components with hooks for new projects.

8. (a) Implement programmatical navigation between different components

using react router.
(10)

(b) Discuss the rules to follow for an API to the RESTful.

(10)

ANSWER : (a) Implementing programmatic navigation between different

components using React Router is fairly straightforward. Here's a step-by-step
guide:

1. Install React Router: Start by installing React Router using npm or yarn. Run
the following command in your project directory:

```shell
npm install react-router-dom
```

2. Set up Routes: In your main component (typically App.js), import the

necessary components from React Router and define the routes using the
`<Route>` component. For example:

```jsx
 import React from 'react';
import { BrowserRouter as Router, Route, Switch } from 'react-router-dom';
import Home from './components/Home';
import About from './components/About';
import Contact from './components/Contact';

function App() {
return (
<Router>
<Switch>
<Route exact path="/" component={Home} />
<Route path="/about" component={About} />
<Route path="/contact" component={Contact} />
</Switch>
</Router>
);
}

export default App;

```

3. Set up Navigation: In your navigation component or any component where you

want to navigate between routes, use the `<Link>` component from React Router.
For example:

```jsx
import React from 'react';
import { Link } from 'react-router-dom';

function Navigation() {
return (
<nav>
<ul>
<li>
<Link to="/">Home</Link>
</li>
<li>
<Link to="/about">About</Link>
</li>
<li>
 <Link to="/contact">Contact</Link>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
);
}

export default Navigation;

```

4. Use Navigation: Finally, render the navigation component where you want it to
appear in your application. For example, in your main component:

```jsx
import React from 'react';
import Navigation from './components/Navigation';

function App() {
return (
<div>
<Navigation />
{/* Other components and content */}
</div>
);
}

export default App;

```

With these steps, you've set up programmatic navigation between different

components using React Router. Clicking on the links in the navigation
component will update the URL and render the corresponding component.

(b) To design a RESTful API, there are several principles and best practices
commonly followed. Here are some key rules to follow:

1. Use HTTP Methods: RESTful APIs utilize the HTTP methods (GET, POST,
PUT, DELETE) to perform specific actions on resources. Each method should
correspond to a specific action and should not have side effects. For example:
- GET: Retrieve a resource or a collection of resources.
 - POST: Create a new resource.
- PUT: Update an existing resource.
- DELETE: Remove a resource.

2. Use Descriptive and Resource-Oriented URLs: URLs should be meaningful

and represent resources rather than actions. Use nouns instead of verbs. For
example:
- Good: /users/123
- Avoid: /getUserById/123

3. Use HTTP Status Codes: Return appropriate HTTP status codes to indicate the
success or failure of the API request. Some commonly used status codes include:
- 200 OK: Successful GET request.
- 201 Created: Successful POST request resulting in a new resource.
- 400 Bad Request: Invalid request or missing required parameters.
- 404 Not Found: Resource not found.
- 500 Internal Server Error: Server-side error occurred.

4. Use Request and Response Formats: API endpoints should support different

formats for requests and responses, such as JSON or XML. JSON is widely used
due to its simplicity and ease of parsing.

5. Implement Authentication and Authorization: If your API requires

authentication, use standards like OAuth 2.0 or JWT (JSON Web Tokens) for
securing access to protected resources. Implement proper authorization
mechanisms to control access to specific endpoints based on user roles and
permissions.

6. Use Pagination and Filtering: For large collections of resources, provide

pagination options to limit the number of results returned. Allow filtering based
on specific criteria to retrieve relevant subsets of data.

7. Versioning: Consider versioning your API to provide backward compatibility

and avoid breaking changes. You can include the version number in the URL or
using request headers.

8. Error Handling: Return meaningful error messages in response to invalid

requests or errors. Include error codes, error descriptions, and potential solutions
to help developers understand and debug issues.
9. Documentation: Provide comprehensive documentation for your API, including
endpoint descriptions, request/response examples, and any required authentication
details. Consider using tools like Swagger or OpenAPI to generate interactive API
documentation.

By following these rules and best practices, you can design a well-structured and
RESTful API that is easy to understand, use, and maintain.

SECTION -V

9. (a) Discuss components of Application Performance Management (APM).

(10 MARKS)

(b) Demonstrate CRUD operations in MongoDB.

(10)

ANSWER : (a) Application Performance Management (APM) is a practice that

involves monitoring and managing the performance and availability of software
applications. It helps organizations ensure that their applications perform
optimally, deliver a good user experience, and meet business objectives. Here are
the main components of APM:

1. Application Monitoring: APM tools collect and analyze data about the
performance of the application, including response times, error rates, and resource
utilization. Monitoring can be done at different levels, such as infrastructure,
database, middleware, and code.

2. End User Experience Monitoring: This component focuses on monitoring the

application's performance from the end user's perspective. It captures metrics like
page load times, transaction times, and user interactions to understand the user
experience and identify areas for improvement.

3. Application Dependency Mapping: APM tools map the dependencies between

various components of an application, such as web servers, application servers,
databases, and external services. This mapping helps identify bottlenecks and
troubleshoot performance issues.
4. Performance Analytics: APM solutions provide analytics and reporting
capabilities to analyze performance data and identify trends, patterns, and
anomalies. This helps in proactive performance management, capacity planning,
and optimizing resource allocation.

5. Alerting and Notifications: APM tools generate alerts and notifications based
on predefined thresholds and performance anomalies. This enables quick
identification and resolution of issues before they impact end users.

6. Root Cause Analysis: APM tools assist in identifying the root causes of
performance problems by correlating data from different sources and providing
insights into the application's behavior. This helps in faster troubleshooting and
resolution.

7. Application Diagnostics: APM tools provide deep-dive diagnostics capabilities

to analyze the application's code and infrastructure. This helps in pinpointing
performance bottlenecks and optimizing the application for better performance.

(b) MongoDB is a popular NoSQL document-oriented database. It supports

CRUD operations, which stand for Create, Read, Update, and Delete. These
operations allow you to manage data within a MongoDB database. Here's a
demonstration of how to perform CRUD operations in MongoDB using the
MongoDB shell:

1. Create: To create a new document in a collection, you can use the `insertOne()`
or `insertMany()` methods.

```javascript
// Insert a single document
db.collection.insertOne({ name: "John Doe", age: 30, email:
"[email protected]" });

// Insert multiple documents

db.collection.insertMany([
{ name: "Jane Smith", age: 25, email: "[email protected]" },
{ name: "Bob Johnson", age: 35, email: "[email protected]" }
]);
```
2. Read: To retrieve documents from a collection, you can use the `find()` method
with optional query parameters.

```javascript
// Find all documents in a collection
db.collection.find();

// Find documents that match specific criteria

db.collection.find({ age: { $gte: 30 } });

// Find a single document

db.collection.findOne({ name: "John Doe" });
```

3. Update: To update documents in a collection, you can use the `updateOne()` or

`updateMany()` methods.

```javascript
// Update a single document
db.collection.updateOne(
{ name: "John Doe" },
{ $set: { age: 31 } }
);

// Update multiple documents

db.collection.updateMany(
{ age: { $gte: 30 } },
{ $inc: { age: 1 } }
);
```

4. Delete: To remove documents from a collection, you can use the `deleteOne()`
or `deleteMany()` methods.

```javascript
// Delete a single document
db.collection.deleteOne({ name: "John Doe" });

// Delete multiple documents

db.collection
10. (a) Discuss the components of Docker Container.
(10)

(b) Illustrate the working Blue-Green and Canary deployment strategies

with neat diagram.
(10)

ANSWER : (a) Docker Container Components:

1. Docker Image: A Docker image is a lightweight, standalone, and executable

software package that contains everything needed to run a piece of software,
including the code, runtime, libraries, and dependencies. It is built from a set of
instructions called a Dockerfile. Images are stored in a Docker registry and can be
shared and distributed.

2. Docker Container: A Docker container is an instance of a Docker image that

can be run and executed on a Docker engine. It provides an isolated and self-
contained environment for running applications. Each container shares the host
system's OS kernel but has its own isolated filesystem, processes, and network
interfaces.

3. Docker Engine: The Docker engine is the runtime that runs and manages
Docker containers. It consists of three main components:

- Docker Daemon: The Docker daemon is a background process running on the

host machine. It is responsible for building, running, and managing Docker
containers. It listens for Docker API requests and manages container lifecycles.

- Docker CLI: The Docker command-line interface (CLI) is a tool used to

interact with the Docker daemon. It allows users to build, run, and manage
containers using simple commands.

- Docker Registry: The Docker registry is a central repository for storing

Docker images. It can be either public or private. Docker Hub is a popular public
registry, while private registries like Docker Trusted Registry (DTR) offer
additional security and control.

4. Docker Volumes: Docker volumes are used to persist and share data between
containers and the host machine. They provide a way to store and manage data
separately from the container's lifecycle. Volumes can be mounted to containers,
allowing data to be stored and accessed even after the container is stopped or
deleted.

5. Docker Network: Docker networks enable containers to communicate with

each other and with external networks. Docker provides a default bridge network,
but users can also create their own custom networks to isolate and control
communication between containers.

(b) Blue-Green and Canary Deployment Strategies:

1. Blue-Green Deployment:
Blue-Green deployment strategy involves running two identical environments,
referred to as Blue and Green. The Blue environment represents the current live
production system, while the Green environment is a clone of the Blue
environment with the updated version of the application.

The deployment process involves the following steps:

1. Initially, user traffic is directed to the Blue environment.
2. The updated application version is deployed and tested on the Green
environment.
3. Once the Green environment is deemed stable and tested successfully, the
router or load balancer switches the traffic from the Blue environment to the
Green environment.
4. The Blue environment is kept as a backup and can be easily switched back in
case of any issues or rollbacks.

Diagram:

+--------------+
| |
| Router |
| |
+------+-------+
|
+-------v--------+
| |
| Blue Env |
| |
+-------+--------+
 |
+-------v--------+
| |
| Green Env |
| |
+-------+--------+
|
+------v-------+
| |
| Users |
| |
+--------------+
```

2. Canary Deployment:
Canary deployment is a strategy that involves gradually rolling out a new
version of an application to a subset of users or servers, allowing for testing and
validation before rolling out to the entire infrastructure.

The deployment process involves the following steps:

1. A small percentage of user traffic is routed to the new version or canary
servers, while the majority of traffic still goes to the stable version.
2. The canary servers collect feedback and monitor the behavior and
performance of the new version in a production-like environment.
3. If the canary servers perform well and show no issues, the percentage of
traffic going to the new version is gradually increased.
4. If any issues are detected, the canary servers can be easily rolled back without
affecting the stable version.

Diagram:
```
+--------------+
| |
| Router |
| |
+------+-------+
|
+-------v--------+
| |
| Stable Env |
 | |
+-------+--------+
|
+-------v--------+
| |
| Canary Env |
| |
+-------+--------+
|
+------v-------+
| |
| Users |
| |
+--------------+
```

In both strategies, the use of a router or load balancer enables traffic redirection
between different environments based on predefined rules. These strategies help
mitigate risks by providing controlled and monitored deployment processes,
ensuring the stability and reliability of the application during updates or new
releases.