APPROXIMATE METHODS OF ANALYSI OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES |S1 INTRODUCTION E It is to be clearly understood that no analytical method, however, refined it may be, gives ys ‘exact? answer. The first “approximation” is made when a physical problem is converted to @ ‘pathematical model. Examples of these approximations are: 1. Rivetted, bolted or welded joints are assumed to be frictionless pins and so cal nalytical tools are then applied. 2. A concentrated load is assumed to act through @ small area. 3. For easy analysis, | isotropic. Inspite of these limitations available analytical tools give reasonable good results not far from imental values. However, in some cases al ed exact knife edge when it is distributed over a engineering materials are usually assumed to be homogeneous and Il available analytical tools may not be used in solving a problem. cost (use of computer programs in solving a highly redundant structure). (i) Insufficient time available for a refined analysis. / (iii) Structure too complicated for exact analysis. z In the case of an indeterminate structure it is necessary to estimate the proportions of its | ‘members in order to know their relative stiffness upon which the analysis depends. These dimensions maybe obtained on the basis of approximate analysis. Also, even with the availability of computers, most engineers find it desirable to make a rou, | check of results using approximate means to detect gross errors. 4 | _In practice approximate analysis converts a highly i i i | & ly indeterminate structure to a statically | determinate one by making suitable intelligent educated assumptions. The assumption: . is are often. ; or on observations of actual behaviour of structures. ‘i i See ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE TRUSSES FF cay — trusses can be approximately analysed by considering equilibrium equaions 1. ing that the di is i Assuming the diagonals are resistant to tension only. This is acceptable as diagonals 8070.8 Fy = 7252-20 = 60-20 = 40 KN. , Fo = 50KN, 4 xembers removed, the ily indeterminate to 3rd degree with two vertical m ee ee he ould be split to (1+ 1) Le, 2 independently loaded II sero, Hence the final force in members ‘fine forees in different members by Ta tat ato Hence thet method. ‘Table 15.1 (Example 15.1) pi By Assump. 2 30.001 67.501 Ag 20¢ \ ge 15e¢ \ fe 2577 00 ai \ eh 00 J 7 25 ¢. \ APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF BEAMS AND FRAMES: The indeterminate beams and frames can be reduced to determinate forms by making assump- about (f) the location of points of zero moment (inflection points) and (if) the distribution of among several members. The location of infection points is studied first. A simply supported beam, a fixed beam and inuous beam of same span subjected to uniformly distributed load are considered. ——_ - ———_4 L —)0:12Lk=> 40:12. e— /Simply Supported beam (No inflection point) (6) Fixed End beam. Fig. 15.5. Deflected shapes for different types of beams.: ——f» ;—_ i A Fig. 18.7, Example 15.2 ‘solution: Since the beam has two loads, each load is analysed separately and the values fic eat B lies between support conditions Fig. 15.7 (d) and (¢) as end A is fixed but end B is fixed nor free but there is some negative moment, ‘Hence, the point of inflection from A lies between 0.25 Land 0.27 L say 0.26 L, Inflection point ‘end B will lie between 0 and 0.27 L say 0.15 L. o9sP op ouP oy 261-%| 0-24L fe -35PL dc hinge 15L. (a) hinge “14PL 0-06PL (6) B.M. due to concentrated load, Fig. 15.8. B.M. due to concentrated load (Ex. 15.2). w/unit run B “| ammaat a + re > (@) Beam under distributed load only. horizontal : “ASL #5, (b) Deflected shape. 0-42wL, w/unit run 0-66wL 0-42x0-89wL 094 = 0 SwL : 4 O:1SWLx81L _ 0-16wL 0-74, 0-66WL (©) Free body diagrams.LATERAL FORCES. ‘they are incorporated in bridge 1. shows a typical portal ‘diagram and the deflected — @)BM. diagram (Plotted __(¢) Defected shape on compression side) 2 11. Deflection of Portal don the relative stiffness of beam and columns. Two n with columns. In such a case the bending of ‘moment at the base of each column will be almost ‘the inflection points are at the mid height o! olumns. The point of contraflexures lie near th ‘the bending moment diagrams are shown iPiaTO VERTICAL FORCES ONLY statically indeterminate. For example the building frame as shown in jinate to the 24th degree. Points of inflection Fig. 15.15. Building frames subjected to vertical loads only: ‘This can be derived as follows: fis the number of members, r the number of independent ‘of unknowns = 36 +r. If nis the number of joints, Hence, degree of indeterminacy N =3b+r—3n. Here (Fig. 15.5)b=18, r=15, n=15 Hence, N=3 18+ 15-45=24 -] the behaviour of the girders of building frame is like that of a continuous beam with elastic restraints provided by the stiffness of the members connected at each joint. Like continuous there will be two inflection points (zero moment) near the two ends. Good correlation is ned if itis assumed that inflection points occur at 0.1 L from the ends. In addition it is observed when the structure is subjected to vertical loads only, the girders will have virtually no axial Hence, a rigid frame under vertical loads only can be approximately analysed by statics only the following assumptions. 1. Inflection points will occur at 0.1 L from two ends of the girder. 2. There is no axial force in the girder. || For the frame given in Fig, 15.15 Ist assumption gives 16 additional conditions while 2nd ption gives another eight. The frame then becomes statically determinate. The last assump- however, is violated if we want to calculate the maximum axial force in an exterior column as ‘moment when distributed in ajoint will introduce column moment which will lead to column Column shear will introduce axial load into the girder which violates the 2nd assumption used generalised reaction forces, total no, of independent equations of equilibrium available = 3 7. fe FRAMES SUBJECTED TO LATERAL FORCES vironmental effects such as wind and earthquake introduce lateral forces in frames. Th are assumed to act at the joints. Two methods il i - % " are available for analysis of frames: 2. Cantilever method methods are based on the behaviour of the frames under lateral loads. The behaviourFundamentals of Structural Anat the width of a multistorey frame on most nearly resembles shearinfhe shear comps number of portals (a) Portal S| x Bi x” [x at | | aL a (6) Sharing of Lateral load. Fig. 15.17. Derivation of Portal Method ‘This is same as assuming that each interior column takes 2X where X is the force in exterior P column as shown in Fig, 15.17. P then is equal to 8X or X= =. From the displaced shape ofthe coe itis also clear that there are inflection points in each column and girder. Portal method, therefore, is based on the following assumptions. 1. There is a point of inflection at the centre of each girder. 2. There isa point of inflection at the centre of each rigidly connected column. This does not apply to columns with pinned bases where the moment is zero. 1 3. The shear resisted by an exterior column of any storey is equal to > of the total storey shear and the shear resisted by each of the (n— 2) adjacent interior columns is 1 . = Where n is the number of bays in any storey. In Fig. 15.17 n= 4. ; 5 eee. Hence, shear resisted by exterior column = > =-y- and interior column = 2 xt = ‘ ; In the portal method the shear in column is determined first and then other forces and mo- The cantilever method uses the concept of a vertical cantilever subj st h =r method us subjected to horizontal load. le basic deformation is bending and not shear. Hence the frame can be analysed using the elastic F ity. ‘theory and using the relation 6 =: 7 which means stresses in columns will be proportional its distance from i i aera aise cane areas, The other assumptions about location of points inflection a a es Valid in this method also. In this method He: axial ‘nas ee m and then other forces and moments. The twoFig. 15.28. (Frame YOZS) foo Pyeycture is assumed to be ¢ column sections. mn ‘ne CG. of th And storey:Fundamentals of Structural Analysil sppro7'" staking moments of all forces, about 33 (Pig, 15.33) ot 130= Fy I0*H 059-9 64048, Fy 30%3=0 9 PN or Fy 30(8 +6 0,590.48» 3) "90 % am F 91 7 pit 204 Fo, 31= 525 Fae te a3 20 a a Fi, 33 = 989 Taking moments of all forces about point 20 (Fig. 15.34) Big F),26% 1+ ¥,,26%2 + Vs,30%2* Fy, 30* 1 = 0 5.30 OF 1,98 1+0,99«2+V,,30%2-8.91%1=0 vad 1 aes or ¥30= > [8.91-1.98 x2] Fig. 15.34. Frame 26-5-30-20 2475 My 30= 12,475 «2=4,95kNm. F260 fF2,27 te 26 9— Ls v2.27 V1, 26 V31,6 i Vso 5 a F16 brs, Fig. 15.35. Frame 265-3 30-3 1-6-27 Taking moments ofall forces about point 21 (Fig, 15.35) F,26%3,5+ V,,26x2— Fy 5 *3.54 Voq, 5% 24 F271 1:5 + V,,27x2 + Vy, 6*2-F,,,6 x1,5=0 E %3.5+0.99%2-8.91 X3,5+2.475 x2+ 1.17% 1.54335 x2 ate 5.26% 1.5=0 or = (1.98 or ma: Kr 6= > + 526% 1.5 73:35*2=1.17%15-2.475 x 2+8.91 x3,5—1.98— 1.98351 1 = 5 [16.76]==8.38 kN = My 31=8382=16.76 kN i1 \ppproxirna Fundamentals of Structural analyst undat 19,89 x 15-2.20% 1.51.65 *2] 412 9.475 1438+ 10.0175 + 4.12 24,9925 » 25. 36 # 4 ak . a Nie ‘37. Fu9} Fas 10) Bett \ F 57, 12 Fig. 15.38, Section through ground floor. Section is passed through 3435-36-37 and the upper part 30-31-32~33 is considered. Since stresses in columns are proportional to distance from C.G. Fy 10 =0.59 Fy,9 Fro ll =0.48 Fy,9 Fyy 12 =1.11 Fy Taking moments of all forces about 37. Fyy 9 X8+ Foy 10x 5—Fy, 11 x3-20x2-15 x 6-10 10=0 Fyy 9 (8 + 0.59 x 6-0.48 x 3)=40+90+ 100Jimato Methods of Analyaie of Indeterminate Structures tS 2x0 ot Fy 9% F5y 922.77 > V50.5 3620 Fy. 10= 0,50 «22.77 13.43 2m Fig 11=048%*22.77= 10.90 46.17 Foy 121,11 22.7725.27 ‘Taking moments of all forces about 23 (Fig. 15.39) w— in? o™ hs Fiyy) 5% 1+ Vag, 5 *2—Vayy9 £2— Fy 9 * 190 a ™ or. B91 x 142.475 x 2-22.77 * 1+ Vay 9 X2=0 [v9 or Vay, 9 X2=22.77-8.91 —4.950= 8.91 Fu ake ’ Vay 9 = 4.455 Fig, 15,39. Frame 30, 23-34. Taking moments of all forces about 24 (Fig. 15.40) Vygy5 2+ Voy) 62+ Fyy 10%2+ Viyy9*24 Voq 5 *3-5* Vou'6™ 15 Fay, 10 * 1.5—Vay,9*3.5=0 or 2A7Sx2+8.38 x24 Voy, 10*2+4455%2+891 x3.5+5.26% 15-13-43) 5 -22,77x3.5=0 $F 5 pF ans 309 — V0.5 1/Vii6 Vand Ly. ee Pe Fan9 4 Fss, 10 Fig, 15.40, Frame 30-34-35-31 1 or Vis, 10= z [22.77 3,5 + 13,43 x 1.5—2.475 x 2-8.38 x 2—4.455 x2 ~8.91 3,5-5,26 x 1,5] 1 => [30.145] =15.07.Fundamentals of Structural Analysis| nopr”"" Fan 7 3 ETO PV fet! Pua Fs, 10 Fae, 11 lg: 1541, Frame 30-24-36-32 Taking moments of all forces about hinge 25 (Fig. 15.41) Fry 5 * 6.54 Fyy, 6% 4.5—Fyy, 715 + (Vag 5+ Vays 6+ Fp T)*2— (Vays 9+ Vsgp 10) *2 4 Vygy 11 X2—Fyyy 9 £6.5~ Fag 10 X4.5 + Fag) 11 *1.5=0 or 8.91 x 6,5 +5.26 x 4.5—4.28 x 1.5 + (2.475 + 8.38 + 10, 0175) *2 + (4.455 + 15.07) x 2+ Fyg, 11 2-22.7« 6.5—13.43 x 4.5 + 10.90* 1 5=0 I Fa. 8 or Fag I= [35.675]= 17.84 KN. BIS og ‘Taking moment of forces on the right about 25 (Fig. 15.42) Yay 8 ¥2+ Voq 12X24 Foy 8 * 1.5 ~ Fay 12% 1.50 4,122 + Voy, 12% 2+9,89 x 1.5-25.27% 1.5=0 1 2 or Vay 12 = 5 [25.27% 1.5-9.89« 1.54.12 *2] 25 sm fi 2 => [14.83] =7.42 E = 4455+ 15.07 + 17.84+7.42 3184— Vy,,12 = 44,785 = 45. : 5 F5z, 12 Fig. 15.42. Frame 25-33-31. . Summary however refined it may be, is exact. A method will be called appro™ refined available tool is not used for its analysis. This may be due to ( i) time (iii) complicated analysis. Before the advent of comp’ very useful in analysis of a multi storey building frame ® ‘structure to a statically determinate one. analysed by equilibrium equations only 8833 of Indetorminate Structures ‘each resist half the sh pagent jcal members are removed and the shear at a cross-section is ¥ Atte vrioned a8 two independent component statically determinate truss tmvfeterminate beams and frames enn be reduced to determinate forms by assuming r iation OF inflection points and distribution of forces among several members. 44 Apical portal frame can be analysed approximately by making the following assu {a)_ Inflection points occur at the mid height of lef and right columns (b) The shear in each column is equal to half the applied lateral load 4s. Building frames under vertical load only can be approximately analysed by statics only with the following assumptions. 1. Inflection points will occur at 0.1 L from two ends of the girder. 2. There isno axial force in the girder. 6. Building frames subjected to lateral forces can be analysed by two approximate methods 1. Portal method 2 Cantilever method. 7. Portal method is based on the following assumptions: (@ There is a point of inflection at the centre of ‘each girder. (®) There is a point of inflection at the centre of each rigidly connected column. This does not apply to columns with pinned bases where the moment is zero. isin apanel ar, “pt esisted as though amptions, 1 (©) The shear resisted by an exterior column of any storey is equal to > of the total storey shear and the shear resisted by each of the (n—2) adjacent interior columns is + where nis the number of bays in any storey. In the portal method the shear in column is determined first and then other forces and moments. ’ 8. Inthe cantilever method the basic deformation is bending not shear. Stresses in columns are assumed to be proportional to its distance from the centroid of the column areas. The other assumptions about location of points of inflection at the middle of girders and columns remain valid in this method also. In this method axial stresses and axial fc i q eee pea : axial forces are determined