AQA Science Revision Tasks

• There are over 300 revision tasks you can complete for your Science GCSE
• Your teacher may ask you to complete some of these as homework but they are
mainly for your own personal revision
• Not all tasks are for your course depending on whether you are doing
Foundation, Higher or Triple Science – please ask if unsure
• If you want your responses checking please ask your Science teacher
• Biology slides are 3-99
• Chemistry slides are 100-215
• Physics slides are 216-334

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growth

thilgs
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an information sheet on cells & organelles
Things to include:
Produce a list of the following
organelles & their functions
• Nucleus
• Cell membrane
• Cell wall
• Ribosomes
• Mitochondria
• Chloroplasts
• Vacuole
3
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce flash cards on bacteria & yeast cells
Things to include:
For the two types of cells include
the following:
• A diagram of each
• Label the organelles they have
• Give examples of each
• Describe their relative sizes

4
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce flash cards on specialised cells
Things to include:
Diagrams & descriptions of the
following cells:
• Blood
• Root hair
• Palisade
• Fat
• Cone
• Sperm
• Nerve
5
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a concept map on the digestive system
Things to include:
Adiagramofthe digestive
system
A description of what each part
does
Theenzymespresentateach part

6
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a concept map on photosynthesis
Things to include:
Adefinition of what
photosynthesis is
A word equation
A chemical equation
Graphsshowingtheeffectsof
different factors on it

7
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on how green houses
increase photosynthesis
Things to include:
Listthefactors that effect
photosynthesis
Describehoweachfactorcan be
controlled
Explainhowthisrelatesto
greenhouse design

8
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on diffusion
Things to include:

• A definition of what diffusion is

• What factors effect diffusion
• Diffusion in living organisms

9
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a summary sheet on how the distribution
of organisms can be measured

Things to include:
• How quadrats are used
• What is a line transect
• What are belt transects

10
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on how plants use glucose

Things to include:
• How plants use cellulose
• How glucose is used in
respiration
• How glucose is used to
produce proteins
11
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on how enzymes work

Things to include:
• What enzymes are
• The structure of enzymes
• Lock & Key mechanism
• What happens when
enzymes are denatured
12
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a summary sheet on
the enzymes found in digestion

Things to include:
• How carbohydrase work
• How protease works
• How lipase works

13
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a mind map on the use of enzymes

Things to include:
• How enzymes are used in
industry
• How enzymes are used in
washing
• How enzymes are used in
medicine
14
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on the structure of the leaf

Things to include:

• A diagram of the leaf

• A description of what different
cells do
• How the leaf is adapted to carry
out photosynthesis
15
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on the immune system

Things to include:
• What the purpose of the
immune system is
• What the roles of white blood
cells are
• What the role of antibodies are

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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on growing bacteria

Things to include:

• A method for growing

bacteria
The conditions needed

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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on nerves & reflexes

Things to include:
• What the 3 types of
nerve cells are
• Examples of
effectors &
responses
• A diagram showing
a reflex arch
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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on the menstrual cycle

Things to include:

A diagram showing
how the hormones
involved work together

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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on animal adaptations

Things to include:
• How predators are adapted
• How prey are adapted
• How camels are adapted
• How Polar bears are adapted
• How sharks are adapted

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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on plant adaptations

Things to include:
• General plant adaptations
• Cactus adaptations
• Pitcher plant adaptations

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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on energy transfers in animals

Things to include:
• Explain how energy is lost
• A diagram showing this
• How this relates to pyramids of
biomass

22
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on the recycling organic waste

Things to include:
• What decay is
• What conditions are the best for
decay
• How organic waste can be
recycled

23
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on genetic engineering

Things to include:

Chemical reactions can only occur

when reacting particles collide with
each other and with sufficient
energy. The minimum amount of
energy particles must have to react
is called the activation energy.
24
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on cloning

Things to include:
• Explain what cloning is
• Describe ow plants can be
cloned
• Draw a diagram showing how
animals can be cloned

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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on the theories of evolution

Things to include:
• A description of what evolution
is
• Lamark’s theory
• Darwin’s theory

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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on natural selection

Things to include:
Thatthisisthe process whereby
organisms
better adapted to their
environmenttendtosurvive and
producemoreoffspring.Thetheoryof
its action was first fully expounded by
Charles Darwin, and it is now regarded
as be the main process that brings about
evolution.
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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on limiting factors in photosynthesis

Things to include:
• What a limiting factor is
• The effect of light on
photosynthesis
• The effect of water on
photosynthesis
• The effect of carbon
dioxide on photosynthesis
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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on respiration

Things to include:
• What respiration is
• The equation for aerobic
respiration
• The equation for
anaerobic respiration

29
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on mitosis

Things to include:
Explain that mitosis is a type of
cell division that results in two
daughter cells each having the
same number and kind of
chromosomes as theparent
nucleus,typical ofordinary
tissue growth.
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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on meiosis

Things to include:

Explain that meiosis is a type of cell

division that results in four
daughter cells each with half the
number of chromosomes of the
parent cell, as in the production of
gametes and plant spores.
31
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on stem cells

Things to include:
Explainthatastemcellis an
undifferentiatedcellof a
multicellularorganismwhich is
capable of giving rise to indefinitely
more cells of the same type, and
from which certain other kinds of
cell arise by differentiation.
32
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on how fossils form

Things to include:
Explain that the process of
fossilizing a plant or animal that
existed in some earlier age; the
process of being turned to stone.

33
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on extinction
Things to include:
Explain that living organisms are
dependent on the environment and other
species for their survival. When the
environment changes, organisms are not as
well adapted to it. Individuals that are
poorly adapted to their environment are
less likely to survive and reproduce than
those that are well adapted.
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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on speciation
Things to include:
New species can also arise as a result of:

• Genetic variation - where each population has

a wide range of alleles that control their
characteristics
• Natural selection - where the alleles which help
an organism to survive are selected in each
population
• Speciation - where the populations become
so different that successful interbreeding
cannot happen anymore 35
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on different types of pathogens
Things to include:
Pathogens are microorganisms - such as bacteria
and viruses - that cause disease. Bacteria release
toxins, and viruses damage our cells. White blood
cells can ingest and destroy pathogens. They can
produce antibodies to destroy pathogens, and
antitoxins to neutralise toxins. Pathogens are
microorganisms - such as bacteria and viruses -
that cause disease. Bacteria release toxins, and
viruses damage our cells. White blood cells can
ingest and destroy pathogens. They can produce
antibodies to destroy pathogens, and antitoxins to
neutralise toxins. 36
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on how antibiotic resistant bacteria
develop

Things to include:
Bacterialstrains can
develop resistance to antibiotics. This happens
because of natural selection. In a large
population of bacteria, there may be some cells
that are not affected by the antibiotic. These
cells survive and reproduce, producing even
more bacteria that are not affected by
the antibiotic.
37
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the menstrual cycle
Things to include:
Therolehormones play.
The menstrual cycle is controlled by
the hormones oestrogen and
progesterone. Oestrogen is produced
by the ovaries and makes the lining of
the uterus repair itself and grow
againaftermenstruation.
Progesterone is produced by the
empty follicle in the ovary after the
egg has been released.
38
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on IVF treatment
Things to include:
An egg (ovum) is removed from the woman (or a
donor egg is used), and sperm is introduced to it
outside of the body. The fertilised egg is then
returned to the woman's uterus. ... IVF - In vitro
fertilisation.

39
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on geotropism
Things to include:
In a root placed horizontally, the bottom side
contains more auxin than the top side. This
makes the bottom side grow less than the top
side, causing the root to bend in the direction of
the force of gravity.
In a shoot placed horizontally, the bottom side
contains more auxin than the top side. This
makes the bottom side grow more than the top
side, causing the shoot to bend and grow against
the force of gravity.
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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on phototropism
Things to include:
Auxins are plant hormones that make some parts of a
plant stem grow faster than others. The result is that the
plant stem bends towards the light.
You may have noticed that a houseplant grows towards
the window and turns its leaves towards the light. It does
this because light coming from the window side of the
plant destroys the auxin in that side of the stem. So
growth on that side slows down.
On the shaded side of the plant there is more auxin. So
growth on this side speeds up. The result is that the
shoots and leaves are turned towards the light
for photosynthesis.
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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card
on developing new medicines

Things to include:
Drug development is the process of
bringing a new pharmaceutical drug to
the market once a lead compound has
been identified through the process of
drug discovery.

42
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card
on animal cloning

Things to include:
Clonesaregenetically identical
individuals.Bacteria,plants,andsome
animals, can reproduce asexually to form
clones that are genetically identical to
their parent. ... As a result, the offspring
are genetically identical to the parent,
and to each other. They are clones.

43
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on plant cloning
Things to include:
Cuttings
The simplest way to clone a plant involves taking a cutting. A
branch from the parent plant is cut off, its lower leaves
removed and the stem planted in damp compost.
Plant hormones are often used to encourage new roots to
develop. The cutting is usually covered in a clear plastic bag
at this stage to keep it moist and warm. After a few weeks,
new roots develop and a new plant is produced. The
method is easy enough for most gardeners to do
successfully.
Tissue culture
Another way of cloning plants is by tissue culture, which
works not with cuttings but with tiny pieces from the parent
plant. Sterile agar jelly with plant hormones and lots of
nutrients is needed. This makes tissue culture more
expensive and difficult to do than taking cuttings. 44
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card
on genetic engineering

Things to include:
Geneticengineering,or genetic
modification, is a faster way to produce
new varieties than selective breeding. It
involves the artificial transfer of selected
genes from one living organism to
another living organism, which need not
be of the same species.

45
GCSE Science Daily Revision
TaskProduce an information sheet on Cancers (malignant tumours)
Task:
result from uncontrolled cell division.
Things to include:
A cancer happens when cells begin to divide
out of control. They form tumours that can
sometimes be felt as an unusual lump in the
body.
Diet and lifestyle can increase the risk of
developing certain cancers. For example:
• smoking increases the risk of lung cancer
• using sunscreen reduces the risk of skin
cancer
• eating more fruit and vegetables reduces
the risk of bowel cancer. 46
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an information sheet on Blood
Things to include:
Produce a list of & explain the
component’s
• Red blood cells
• White blood cells
• Platelets
• Plasma

47
GCSE Science Daily Revision Task
Task: Produce an information sheet on Structure and function of
arteries, veins and capillaries
Things to include:
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart (always oxygenated
apart from the pulmonary artery which goes to the
lungs)
Have thick muscular walls
Have small passageways for blood (internal lumen)
Contain blood under high pressure
Veins
Carry blood to the heart (always de-oxygenated apart Capillaries
from the pulmonary vein which goes from the lungs to Found in the muscles and lungs
the heart) Microscopic – one cell thick
Have thin walls Very low blood pressure
Have larger internal lumen Where gas exchange takes place. Oxygen passes through the
Contain blood under low pressure capillary wall and into the tissues, carbon dioxide passes from
Have valves to prevent blood flowing backwards the tissues into the blood 48
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an information sheet on The heart and blood vessels

Things to include:

Thecirculatorysystem.Bloodis
pumpedawayfromtheheartat
highpressureinarteries, and
returnstotheheartat low
pressurein veins. The human
circulatory system is a double
circulatory system.
49
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an information sheet on Plant defence responses
Things to include:
Many plants produce powerful
chemicals that either repel the
insect vectors of disease or kill
invading pathogens. Some of
these chemicals are so powerful
that we extract and use them or
synthesise them to help us control
insects, fungi and bacteria. Some
have strong flavours and are used
as herbs and spices 50
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an information sheet on Plant disease
Things to include:
1. Dutch elm disease
2. TMV
3. Black spot

51
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an information sheet on Vaccination
Things to include:
Vaccination causes the body to produce
enough white blood cells to protect
itself against a pathogen. Antibiotics are
effective against bacteria, but not
against viruses. Some strains of bacteria
are resistant to antibiotics. So people
can be immunised against a pathogen
through vaccination. Different vaccines
are needed for different pathogens.
52
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an information sheet on Protist diseases – malaria
Things to include:
Malariais a disease causedbya
protozoan, a type of single-celled
organism. The malaria parasite is spread
from person to person by mosquitoes.
These insects feed on blood and the
malaria parasite is passed on when the
mosquito takes a meal. Organisms that
spread disease, rather than causing it
themselves, are called vectors. The
mosquito is the vector for malaria.
53
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an information sheet on Active transport
Things to include:
Active transport is the process by
which dissolved molecules move
across a cell membrane from a
lower to a higher concentration.
In active transport, particles
move against the concentration
gradient - and therefore require
an input of energy from the cell. 54
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an information sheet on Osmosis
Things to include:

Osmosis is the movement of

waterfromalessconcentrated
solution to a more concentrated
solution through a partially
permeable membrane.

55
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an information sheet on Microscopy
Things to include:
• Clip your slide onto the mount
• Set your microscope to the lowest
magnification by changing the
objective lenses
• Roughly focus in on your slide using
the coarse focusing knob
• Focus in properly using the fine focus
• Set your microscope to the highest
magnification objective lenses
• Refocus using the fine focus knob
56
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on nerves & reflexes

Things to include:
• What the 3 types of
nerve cells are
• Examples of
effectors &
responses
• A diagram showing
a reflex arch
57
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an information sheet on limiting factors
Things to include:
Three factors can limit the speed
of photosynthesis - light intensity,
carbon dioxide concentration and
temperature. Without enough
light,a plant cannot
photosynthesise very quickly, even
ifthereisplentyofwaterand
carbon dioxide.
58
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an information sheet on chromosomes
Things to include:
Chromosomesaremadefrom DNA.
Genesareshortsectionsof DNA.
Genetically identical cells are produced
by a type of cell division called mitosis. In
sexual reproduction, a male gamete
fuses with a female gamete to produce a
new cell. This is called fertilisation.
Gametes are produced by a type of cell
division called meiosis. They contain a
single set ofchromosomes,whereas
body cells contain two sets of
chromosomes.
59
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on Mitosis and the cell cycle

Things to include:
The cell cycle or cell-division cycle
is the series of events that take
place in a cell leading to its division
and duplication of its DNA to
produce two daughter cells.

60
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the structure and function of the
nervous system
Things to include:
The nervous system is divided into two
parts: the central nervous system
consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
These structures are protected by bone
and cushioned from injury by the
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) the peripheral
system which connects the central
nervous system to the rest of the body.
61
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on reflexes
Things to include:
A reflex, or reflex action, is an
involuntary and nearly
instantaneous movement in
response to a stimulus. A reflex is
made possible by neural pathways
called reflex arcs which can act on
an impulse before that impulse
reaches the brain 62
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the structure of the brain
Things to include:
The brain is made of three main parts:
the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
The forebrain consists of the cerebrum,
thalamus, and hypothalamus (part of
the limbic system). The midbrain
consists of the tectum and tegmentum.
The hindbrain is made of the
cerebellum, pons and medulla.
63
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the structure of the eye
Things to include:
Lens: The transparent structure
suspended behind the iris that
helps to focus light on the retina; it
primarly provides a fine-tuning
adjustment to the primary focusing
structure of the eye, which is the
cornea. ... Sclera: The tough outer
coat that protects the entire
eyeball. 64
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the control of body temperature
Things to include:
The hypothalamus is the processing
centre in the brain that controls
body temperature. It does this by
triggering changes to effectors,
such as sweat glands and muscles
controlling body hair. Heat stroke
can happen when the body
becomes too hot; and hypothermia
when the body becomes too cold. 65
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the endocrine system

Things to include:
Theendocrinesystem is the
collection of glands of an organism
that secrete hormones directly into
the circulatory system to be carried
towards distant target organs

66
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the control of
blood glucose
Things to include:
Insulin and glucagon are hormones
secreted by islet cells within the
pancreas. They are both secreted in
response to blood sugar levels, but
in opposite fashion! Insulin is
normally secreted by the beta cells
(a type of islet cell) of the pancreas
67
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the control of body water

Things to include:
The urine passes from the kidneys
to the bladder, where it is stored
prior to being excreted from the
body. The kidneys do more than
just control the body's water
balance

68
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on kidney function
Things to include:
The kidneys are part of the urinary
system, together with the ureter,
urethra and bladder. Humans have
two kidneys. They are bean-shaped
organs - approximately 11.5 cm
long – which are found just below
our ribcage, one on either side of
our spine. 69
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the
menstrual cycle
Things to include:
The menstrual cycle is the regular
natural change that occurs in the
female reproductive system that
makes pregnancy possible. The
cycle is required for the production
of ovocytes, and for the
preparation of the uterus for
pregnancy 70
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on contraception
Things to include:
The deliberate use of artificial methods or other
techniques to prevent pregnancy as a
consequence of sexual intercourse. The major
forms of artificial contraception are: barrier
methods, of which the commonest is the condom
or sheath; the contraceptive pill, which contains
synthetic sex hormones which prevent ovulation
in the female; intrauterine devices, such as the
coil, which prevent the fertilized ovum from
implanting in the uterus; and male or female
sterilization. 71
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on control & coordination
Things to include:
Hormones are chemical substances that
regulate processes in the body.
Hormones are secreted by glands and
travel to their target organs in the
bloodstream. Several hormones are
involved in the female menstrual cycle.
Hormones can be used to control human
fertility and have advantages and
disadvantages. 72
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on negative feedback

Things to include:
Negative feedback is a reaction that
causes a decrease in function. It occurs
in response to some kind of stimulus.
Often it causes the output of a system to
be lessened; so, the feedback tends to
stabilize the system. This can be referred
to as homeostatis, as in biology, or
equilibrium, as in mechanics.
73
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the use of plant hormones
Things to include:
Selective weedkillers kill some plants
but not others. This can be useful for
getting rid of dandelions in a lawn
without killing the grass, or getting rid of
thistles in a field without killing the
wheat plants. The selective
weedkiller contains growth hormone
that causes the weeds to grow too
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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
quickly.

75
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on sexual & asexual reproduction
Things to include:
Asexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction only needs
one parent. All the offspring are
genetically identical to each other,
and their parent. They are clones.
Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction needs two
parents. Each parent produces sex
cells, called gametes
76
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on meiosis

Things to include:
Meiosis is a specialized type of cell
divisionthatreduces chromosome the
numberby half,
creatingfour haploidcells, each
genetically distinct from the parent
cell that gave rise to them
77
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on sex determination

Things to include:
Asex-determination system is a
biologicalsystemthatdeterminesthe
development of sexual characteristics in
an organism. Most organisms that create
their offspring using sexual reproduction
have two sexes. Occasionally, there are
hermaphrodites in place of one or both
sexes.
78
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on DNA
Things to include:
deoxyribonucleic acid: an extremely long
macromolecule that is the main component of
chromosomes and is the material that transfers
genetic characteristics in all life forms,
constructed of two nucleotide strands coiled
around each other in a ladderlike arrangement
with the sidepieces composed of alternating
phosphate and deoxyribose units and the rungs
composed of the purine and pyrimidine bases
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine:
78
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on protein synthesis

Things to include:
The process by which individual amino
acids are connected to each other in a
specific order dictated by the nucleotide
sequence in DNA, which also involves
the processes of transcription and
translation. Protein synthesis is process
by which the genetic code puts together
proteins in the cell.
79
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on inherited disorders

Things to include:

Some disorders are inherited, such

as: red-green colour blindness.
sickle cell anaemia. cystic fibrosis.

80
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on
genetic engineering
Things to include:
Certain enzymes can cut pieces of DNA from
one organism, and join them into a gap in the
DNA of another organism. This means that the
new organism with the inserted genes has the
genetic information for one or more new
characteristics. For example, the organism
might produce a useful substance, or be able to
carry out a new function. We say that the
organism has been genetically modified.
81
GCSE Science Daily Revision
TaskProduce a flash card on cloning
Task:
Things to include:
Clones are genetically identical individuals.
Bacteria, plants, and some animals, can reproduce
asexually to form clones that are genetically
identical to their parent. Identical human twins are
also clones. Any differences between them are due
to environmental factors.
Asexual reproduction only requires one parent,
unlike sexual reproduction, which needs two. Since
there is only one parent, there is no fusion of
gametes, and no mixing of genetic information. As a
result, the offspring are genetically identical to the
parent, and to each other.
82
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on selective breeding
Things to include:
These are the steps in selective breeding:
• Decide which characteristics are
important
• Choose parents that show these
characteristics
• Select the best offspring from parents
to breed the next generation
• Repeat the process continuously
83
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on evolution

Things to include:
Changeinthegeneticcompositionofa
population during successive
generations, often resulting in the
development of new species. The
mechanisms of evolution include natural
selection acting on the genetic variation
among individuals, mutation, migration,
and genetic drift.
84
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on aerobic respiration
Things to include:
Respiration is a series of reactions
in which energy is released
from glucose. Aerobic respiration is
the form of respiration which uses
oxygen. It can be summarised by
this equation:
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide
+ water (+ energy) 85
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the distribution of organisms

Things to include:
The distribution of organisms in a
habitat may be affected by physical
factors, such as temperature and
light. Transects and quadrats are
used to collect quantitative data.

86
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on adaptations
Things to include:
Organisms are adapted to survive in
different conditions. Over many
generations, these adaptations have
come about through variation.
Variation involves small changes
between organisms which may allow
that organism to compete better for
survival. Variation can have
environmental or genetic causes. 87
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on producers, consumers and
decomposers.
Things to include:
A food chain shows what eats what in a particular habitat. It
shows the flow of energy and materials from one organism to
the next, beginning with a producer. The Sun is the ultimate
source of energy for most communities of living things. Green
plants are usually the producers in a food chain.

Producers are organisms that make their own organic nutrients

(food) - usually using energy from sunlight. Green plants make
their food by photosynthesis. The other organisms in a food
chain are consumers, because they all get their energy by
consuming other organisms.

88
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on trophic levels
and pyramids of biomass
Things to include:
A pyramid of biomass is a more
accurate indication of how much
energy is passed on at each trophic
level. Biomass is the mass of living
material in each organism
multiplied by the total number of
organisms in that trophic level.
89
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on how materials are cycled
Things to include:
Carbon enters the living world as
carbon dioxide gas, which is “fixed”
(made useful to life) into sugar
molecules. Carbon is recycled to
the nonliving world as carbon
dioxide gas; oxygen is recycled as
oxygen gas. ... Plants, animals, and
most other life forms cannot use
nitrogen gas. 90
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task:
Task Produce a flash card on biodiversity
Things to include:
Biodiversity means having as wide a range of
different species as possible. Maintaining
biodiversity is an important part of using the
environment in a sustainable way.
Indiscriminate use of the environment, for
example cutting down large areas of the rain
forest to grow crops such as soya, results in
a large number of species becoming extinct
and reduces biodiversity. 91
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on waste management
Things to include:
Most rubbish is buried in landfill sites and not
all of it comprises safe materials. Even common
household items can contain toxic
chemicals such as poisonous metals. Many
smoke alarms contain radioactive
americium. Industrial waste is also discharged
onto the land. Many farmers
apply pesticides to improve their crops, but
these can damage living things. Toxic chemicals
can be washed from the land into rivers, lakes
and seas. 92
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on global warming

Things to include:
1. Sun’s rays enter the Earth’s
atmosphere
2. Heat is reflected back from the Earth’s
surface
3. Heat is absorbed by carbon
dioxide (greenhouse gas) and as a
result becomes trapped in the
Earth’s atmosphere
4. The Earth becomes hotter as a result 93
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on farming techniques
Things to include:
One such initiative is sustainable
farming. It simply means
production of food, plants and
animal products using farming
techniques that prove to be
beneficial for public health and
promote economic profitability. It
draws and learns from organic
farming. 94
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on role of biotechnology

Things to include:
Agricultural biotechnology is a collection
of scientific techniques, including
genetic engineering, that are used to
modify and improve plants, animals and
micro-organisms for human benefit. It is
not a substitute for conventional plant
and animal breeding but can be a
powerful complement.
95
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on speciation

Things to include:
New species can arise as a result of
isolation. This is where two
populations of a species become
geographically separated. For
example, Charles Darwin described
speciation of finches this way.

96
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the theory of evolution
Things to include:
The theory of evolution states that evolution happens
by natural selection. The key points are that:
• individuals in a species show a wide range of
variation
• this variation is because of differences in their genes
• individuals with characteristics most suited to
the environment are more likely to survive and
reproduce
• the genes that allow these individuals to
be successful are passed to their offspring
97
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the evidence for evolution
Things to include:
Most of the evidence for evolution
comes from the fossil record. Fossils
show how much, or how little,
organisms have changed over time. One
of the problems with the fossil record is
that it contains gaps. Not all organisms
fossilize well, and there will be many
fossils that have been destroyed by the
movements of the Earth, or simply not
yet been discovered. 98
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on extinction
Things to include:
Individuals that are poorly adapted
to their environment are less likely
to survive and reproduce than
those that are well adapted.
Similarly, it is possible that a
species that is poorly adapted to its
environment will not survive at all,
and will become extinct.
99
100
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on how temperature effects rate of
reaction

Things to include:

Increasing the temperature

increases the speed of the reacting
particles so that they collide more
frequently and more energetically.
This increases the rate of reaction.
101
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on how pressure effects rate of reaction

Things to include:

Increasing the pressure of reacting

gases increases the frequency of
collisions and so increases the rate
of reaction.

102
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on how surface area effects rate of
reaction

Things to include:

Increasing the surface area of solid

reactants increases the frequency
of collisions and so increases the
rate of reaction

103
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on catalysts

Things to include:

Catalysts change the rate of

chemical reactions but are not used
upduringthereaction.Different
reactions need different catalysts.

104
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on making copper sulphate
Things to include:

Insoluble salts can be made by mixing

appropriate solutions of ions so that a
precipitate is formed. Precipitation
can be used to remove unwanted
ions from solutions, for example in
treating water for drinking or in
treating effluent.
105
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a concept map on electrolysis
Things to include:
Passing an electric current through
ionic substances that are molten,
for example lead bromide, or in
solution breaks them down into
elements. This process is called
electrolysis and the substance that
is broken down is called the
electrolyte.
106
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Task
Task: Produce an information sheet on the production of aluminium
Things to include:
Aluminium is manufactured by the
electrolysis of a molten mixture of
aluminium oxide and cryolite.
Aluminium forms at the negative
electrode and oxygen at the
positive electrode.The positive
electrode is made of carbon,
whichreactswiththeoxygento
produce carbon dioxide. 107
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on ionic bonding

Things to include:
• How ionic bonds form
• How the charge of the
molecules effects the
molecule that forms
• Examples of ionic
compounds
108
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on covalent bonding

Things to include:
• What covalent bonds are
• How covalent bonds form
• Examples of covalent
molecules

109
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on metallic bonding

Things to include:
• What metallic bonds are
• How metallic bonds form
• Diagrams showing metallic
bonding

110
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Task
Task: Produce a concept map on different types of bonding

Things to include:
• Metallic bonding
• Covalent bonding
• Ionic bonding

111
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Task
Task: Produce a summary sheet on nano science

Things to include:
• What nano science is
• The size of nano particles
• Some of the uses of nano
science

112
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Task
Task: Produce a summary sheet on the calculations used
in chemistry

Things to include:
• Mr equation
• Moles equation
• Yield equation
• Working out empirical
formula
113
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on chromatography

Things to include:
• What chromatography is
• How it’s carried out
• When it is used

114
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on instrumental analysis

Things to include:
• What instrumental analysis
is
• How gas chromatography
is carried out
• What it is used for
115
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the structure of the atom
Things to include:

Atoms consist of electrons surrounding

a nucleus that contains protons and
neutrons. Neutrons are neutral, but
protons and electrons are electrically
charged. Protons have a relative charge
of +1, while electrons have a relative
charge of -1. The number of protons in
an atom is called its atomic number. 116
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the arrangement of electrons

Things to include:

The number of electrons in an atom is

the same as the number of protons.
These electrons are arranged in shells or
'energy levels' around the nucleus.
The arrangement of electrons determin
es the chemical properties of an
element.
117
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the limestone cycle

Things to include:

Limestone is mainly calcium carbonate, CaCO3.

When it is heated, it breaks down to form
calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. Calcium
oxide reacts with water to produce calcium
hydroxide. Limestone and its products have
many uses, including being used to make
mortar, cement, concrete and glass.

118
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on extracting iron

Things to include:

Extractingironfromironoreusinga
BlastFurnace.Introduction. The
common ores ofironarebothiron
oxides, and these can be reduced
toironbyheatingthemwithcarbonin
theformofcoke.Cokeisproducedby
heating coal in the absence of air.
119
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on steel
Things to include:

Carbon is removed by blowing oxygen

into the molten metal. It reacts with the
carbon producing carbon monoxide and
carbon dioxide. These escape from the
molten metal. Enough oxygen is used to
achieve steel with the desired carbon
content. Other metals are often added,
such as vanadium and chromium. 120
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on titanium
Things to include:

Unlike iron, aluminium and titanium cannot be extracted

from their oxides by reduction with carbon:
• Aluminium is more reactive than carbon, so
the reaction does not work.
• Titanium forms titanium carbide with carbon, which
makes the metal brittle.
Aluminium extraction is expensive because the process
needs a lot of electrical energy. Titanium extraction is
expensive because the process involves several
stages and a lot of energy. This especially limits the uses
of titanium. 121
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on smelting copper

Things to include:

Smelting is a form of extractive

metallurgy; its main use is to produce a
base metal from its ore. This includes
production of silver, iron, copper and
other base metals from their ores.

122
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the structure of alkanes
Things to include:

Alkanes. Hydrocarbons which contain

only single bonds are called alkanes.
They are called saturated hydrocarbons
because there is a hydrogen in every
possible location. This gives them a
general formula CnH2n+2. The first
four alkanes are methane, ethane,
propane, and butane 123
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on fractional distillation
Things to include:

Fractional distillation is the

separation of a mixture into its
component parts, or fractions,
separating chemical compounds by
their boiling point by heating them
to a temperature at which one or
more fractions of the compound will
vaporize. 124
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on burning fuels
Things to include:

We burn fuels to produce energy. When these fuels

burn, the atoms in the fuels combine with oxygen
from the air to make new molecules.
Coal is made mainly of carbon. This burns to
produce carbon dioxide.
Petrol, diesel fuel and fuel oil are hydrocarbons.
Their molecules are made of carbon and hydrogen
atoms. When these fuels burn, the carbon and
hydrogen atoms combine with oxygen atoms to
produce carbon dioxide and water vapour. 125
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on producing ethanol
Things to include:

Ethanol can be manufactured by reacting ethene

(from cracking crude oil fractions) with steam.
A catalyst of phosphoric acid is used to ensure a fast
reaction.
he process is continuous – as long as ethene and steam
are fed into one end of the reaction vessel, ethanol will
be produced. These features make it an efficient process,
but there is a problem. Ethene is made from crude oil,
which is a non-renewable resource. It cannot be
replaced once it is used up and it will run out one day.
126
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on cracking
Things to include:

Cracking allows large hydrocarbon

molecules to be broken down into smaller,
more useful hydrocarbon molecules.
Fractions containing large hydrocarbon
molecules are vaporised and passed over a
hot catalyst. This breaks chemical bonds in
the molecules, and forms smaller
hydrocarbon molecules. 127
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on polymerisation
Things to include:

Some small molecules can join together to

make very long molecules called polymers.
This process is called polymerisation.
Many polymers are made from chemicals
that are obtained from crude oil. For
example, molecules of ethene join together
to make poly(ethene), commonly known as
polythene. 128
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on producing vegetable oil
Things to include:

The plant materials are crushed and pressed to

squeeze the oil out. Olive oil is obtained this
way. Sometimes the oil is more difficult to
extract and has to be dissolved in a solvent.
Once the oil is dissolved, the solvent is
removed by distillation, and impurities such as
water are also removed, to leave pure
vegetable oil. Sunflower oil is obtained in this
way.
129
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on emulations
Things to include:

Emulsifier molecules have two different

ends:
• a hydrophilic end - 'water-loving' - that
forms chemical bonds with water but
not with oils
• a hydrophobic end - 'water-hating' -
that forms chemical bonds with oils
but not with water. 130
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the structure of the Earth

Things to include:

The Earth is almost a sphere. These are its main

layers, starting with the outermost:
• crust - relatively thin and rocky
• mantle - has the properties of a solid, but
can flow very slowly
• outer core - made from liquid nickel and iron
• inner core - made from solid nickel and iron

131
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on fractional distillation of air

Things to include:

The liquid nitrogen and oxygen are then

separated by fractional distillation. The
liquefied air is passed into the bottom of
a fractionating column. Just as in the
columns used to separate oil fractions,
the column is warmer at the bottom
than it is at the top.
132
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the elements in the periodic table
Things to include:
The vertical columns in the periodic
table are called groups. Each group
contains elements that have similar
properties. The periodic table has eight
main groups. For example, group 1
contains very reactive metals such as
sodium - Na - while group 7 contains
very reactive non-metals such as
chlorine - Cl. 133
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the development of the
periodic table.
Things to include:

Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev

produced a periodic table based on
atomic weights but arranged
'periodically'.Elementswith similar
propertiesappearedundereachother.
Gapswereleftfor yettobediscovered
elements. 134
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card to explain the differences between
metals and non-metals
Things to include:
Metals, except mercury & gallium are solids
at room temperature while non-metals ,
except bromine are solids or gases at room
temperature. ... Metals are good conductors
of heat & electricity. Exception: Lead &
mercury are poor conductors of heat. Non-
metals are poor conductors of heat and
electricity.
135
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the elements in Group 0

Things to include:
The group 0 elements are found on the
right hand side of the periodic table.
They are called the noble gases because
they are very unreactive. The highest
occupied energy levels (outermost
shells) of their atoms are full: helium
atoms have two electrons in their outer
energy level.
136
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the elements in Group 1

Things to include:

The alkali metals are a group (column) in

the periodic table consisting of the
chemical elements lithium (Li), sodium
(Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb),
caesium (Cs), and francium (Fr).

137
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the elements in Group 7

Things to include:

The group 7 elements are also known as

the halogens. They include fluorine,
chlorine, bromine and iodine, which all
have seven electrons in their outer shell.
In a displacement reaction, a less
reactive element is displaced by a more
reactive element.
138
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the transition elements

Things to include:

The elements in the middle section of

the Periodic Table are the transition
elements. They're all metals with typical
metallic properties eg conducting heat
and electricity. They often form coloured
compounds.
139
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on Oil Rig

Things to include:

Redox reactions involve both reduction

and oxidation:
• reduction is the removal of oxygen
from a substance in a reaction
• oxidation is the addition of oxygen to
a substance in a reaction, or the
reaction of a substance with oxygen
140
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on reactions with metals

Things to include:

Acids will react with reactive metals,

such as magnesium and zinc, to make a
salt and hydrogen. The hydrogen causes
bubbling during the reaction. It can be
detected using a lighted splint, which
causes the gas to burn with a squeaky
pop.
141
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on Oxidation

Things to include:

Oxidationisthegainofoxygenbya
substance. For example, magnesium is
oxidised when it reacts with oxygen to
form magnesium oxide:

magnesium + oxygen → magnesium

oxide 142
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on reactions of metals with acids

Things to include:

Acids react with metals, metal oxides,

metal hydroxides and metal carbonates.
During each of these reactions a salt is
made.

143
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on neutralisation
Things to include:
When the H+(aq) ions from an acid react with the OH–(aq) ions
from an alkali, a neutralisation reaction occurs to form water.
This is the equation for the reaction:
H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l)

For example, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution

react together to form water and sodium chloride solution. The
acid contains H+ ions and Cl– ions, and the alkali contains
Na+ ions and OH– ions. The H+ ions and OH– ions produce the
water, and the Na+ ions and Cl– ions produce the sodium
chloride, NaCl(aq).
144
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on Acids & alkalis
Things to include:

Bases are substances that can react with

acids and neutralise them. Alkalis are
bases that are soluble in water. The pH
scale measures how acidic or alkaline a
substance is. Substances with a pH lower
than 7 are acidic, those with a pH of 7
are neutral and those with a pH greater
than 7 are alkaline. 145
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on titrations
Things to include:

For some synthesised chemical compounds -

pharmaceuticals, for example - it is very important that
they have a high level of purity. Just a tiny amount of an
impurity in a drug could cause a great deal of harm to a
patient.

Samples of chemicals that are synthesised must be

checked for purity. This is often done by carrying out
a titration. A titration is used to measure the volume of
one solution that exactly reacts with another solution.
146
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on acid strength
Things to include:

Acid solutions contain hydrogen ions. The

higher the concentration of hydrogen ions, the
lower the pH. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid
and ethanoic acid is a weak acid. Strong acids
are fully ionised but weak acids are only partly
ionised in solution. At the same concentration,
strong acids have a higher concentration of
hydrogen ions than weak acids.
147
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on exothermic & endothermic reactions
Things to include:

Exothermic reactions transfer energy to

the surroundings. Endothermic reactions
take in energy from the surroundings.
Reversible reactions are where the
products can react to remake the
original reactants. If the forward
reaction is exothermic, the reverse
reaction is endothermic. 148
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on reaction Profiles
Things to include:

For a chemical reaction or process an

energy profile (or reaction coordinate
diagram) is a theoretical representation
of a single energetic pathway, along the
reaction coordinate, as the reactants are
transformed into products.

149
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on calculating energy change in reactions
Things to include:

Data from a calorimetry experiment can

be used to calculate the molar enthalpy
change of a reaction. You need to know
the mass – or volume of the water that
was heated, the temperature change of
the water, and the mass or number of
moles of the limiting reactant (eg the
fuel burned or the solute added). 150
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on cells & batteries
Things to include:

Ordinary 'dry-cell' batteries are non-

rechargeable. As the reactants inside
them become used up in chemical
reactions, the output from these
batteries gradually falls. Once all the
reactants have been used up, these
batteries go 'flat' and cannot supply
electrical energy anymore. 151
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on fuel cells
Things to include:

The use of hydrogen-oxygen fuels cells in

cars has benefits, including zero
emissions of carbon dioxide from the
car, and less reliance on fossil fuels. The
Earth has vast amounts of water, which
can be decomposed - using electricity -
to produce hydrogen (and oxygen).
152
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on elements & compounds
Things to include:
Substance Types of atom So it is...
chemically
All matter is made of atoms. There are over a hundred combined
different types of atom, called elements, and each one
hydrogen hydrogen an element
has a symbol. The atoms of a particular element are
sodium chloride sodium and a compound
identical to each other.
chlorine

When atoms of different elements join together they carbon carbon an element
make a compound. Compounds are represented by carbon dioxide carbon and a compound
formulae that show how many atoms of each element oxygen
are in the compound. Formulae can be worked out from
the charge of the ions that make up the compound.
153
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on mixtures
Things to include:
• An impure substance made from different
elements or compounds.
Mixturescanusuallybeseparatedby
physicaltechniquessuchasfilteringand
distillation.
Air is a mixture that contains the elements
nitrogen, oxygen and argon, and also the
compound carbon dioxide.
154
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on testing for hydrogen
Things to include:

A lighted wooden splint makes a

popping sound in a test tube of
hydrogen.

155
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on testing for oxygen
Things to include:

A glowing wooden splint

relights in a test tube of
oxygen.

156
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on testing for carbon dioxide
Things to include:

Alightedwoodensplintgoesoutina
testtubeofcarbon dioxidebutthis
happens withother gases, too. It is
bettertobubblethetestgasthrough
limewater - calcium hydroxide solution.
Carbon dioxide turns limewater cloudy
white.
157
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on testing for chlorine
Things to include:

Chlorine has a characteristic sharp,

choking smell. It also makesdampblue
litmus paper turn red, and then bleaches
it white. Chlorine makes damp starch-
iodide paper turn blue-black.

158
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on finite & renewable resources
Things to include:
Renewable resources are commodities
such as solar energy, oxygen, biomass,
fish stocks or forestry that is
inexhaustible or replaceable over time
providing that the rate of extraction of
the resource is less than the natural rate
at which the resource renews itself. ...
Finite resources cannot be renewed.
159
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on potable water
Things to include:

Drinking water, also known as potable

water or improved drinking water, is
water that is safe to drink or to use for
food preparation, without risk of health
problems.

160
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on water treatment
Things to include:

When we turn our taps on, we naturally

assume the water is safe to drink. This is
because it is treated before it is supplied to our
homes. In some parts of the country, fluoride is
added to the water supply but this is
controversial. Water can also be filtered at
home – to help improve its taste and quality. In
parts of the world where water is more scarce,
sea water is distilled to provide drinking water. 161
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on sewage treatment
Things to include:

Bacteria is added to the sewage, and

oxygen is forced through the mixture.
The bacteria consume all the food and
nutrients in the sewage. The mixture is
then left in still tanks where the bacteria
settle to form sludge. The remaining
water is almost pure and can be
returned to a river. 162
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on obtaining copper
Things to include:

Copper can be extracted from its ore by

heating it with carbon. Impure copper is
purified by electrolysis in which the
anode is impure copper, the cathode is
pure copper, and the electrolyte is
copper sulphate solution. An alloy is a
mixture of two elements, one of which is
a metal. 163
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on life cycle assessments
Things to include:
The key features of a life cycle assessment
include the following factors:
• the main requirements for energy input
• the environmental impact and sustainability
of making the materials from natural
resources
• the environmental impact of making the
product from the material
• the environmental impact of using the
product
• the environmental impact of disposing of the
product by incineration, landfill or recycling 164
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on recycling
Things to include:

Recycling is an important way to help

us achieve sustainable development.
We can recycle many resources,
including:
• glass
• metal
• paper
165
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on corrosion
Things to include:

When metals are exposed to the open

air and bad weather, you might have
noticed that they rust. Chemists call
rusting corrosion. In this topic we will
look at what happens to metal atoms
over this time to change them from a
“shiny metal” appearance to a dirty,
brown powder.
166
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on alloys
Things to include:

An alloy is a mixture of two elements,

one of which is a metal. Alloys often
have properties that are different to the
metals they contain. This makes them
more useful than the pure metals alone.
For example, alloys are often harder
than the metal they contain.
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on polymers
Things to include:
Alkenes can be used to make polymers.
Polymers are very large molecules made
when many smaller molecules join
together, end-to-end. The smaller
molecules are called monomers. In
general:

lots of monomer molecules → a

polymer molecule 168
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on ceramic's
Things to include:
Ceramic materials:
• are solids made by baking a starting
material in a very hot oven or kiln
• are hard and tough
• have very many different uses
• You will have seen ceramic materials
coated in a tough glaze in bathrooms.
They are hard and tough, and
waterproof. 169
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on ionic bonds
Things to include:
Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of
valence electron(s) between atoms. It is
a type of chemical bondthat generates
two oppositely charged ions. In ionic
bonds, the metal loses electrons to
become a positively charged cation,
whereas the nonmetal accepts those
electrons to become a negatively
charged anion 170
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on covalent bonds
Things to include:
A covalent bond is formed
between non metal atoms,
which combine together by
sharing electrons. Covalent
compounds have no free
electrons and no ions so they
don't conduct electricity. 171
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on polymers

Things to include:
A polymer is a large molecule, or
macromolecule, composed of many
repeated subunits. Because of their
broad range of properties, both
synthetic and natural polymers play
essential and ubiquitous roles in
everyday life.
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on metallic bonding

Things to include:
Metallicbonding is a type of
chemicalbondingthatarisesfrom
the electrostatic attractive force
between conduction electrons and
positively charged metal ions

173
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on states of matter

Things to include:
Statesofmatter. Almost all
substancescanbeclassifiedinto
three states of matter – solids,
liquids and gases. ... Heating and
cooling a substance can cause it to
change state. 174
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on diamond
Things to include:
Diamond is one allotrope of carbon. Its
properties include:
• Lustrous (shiny)
• Colourless and clear (transparent)
• Hard
• High melting point
• Insoluble in water (does not dissolve)
• Does not conduct electricity
• Diamond is used in jewellery because, when
cut by experts, it will sparkle and reflect
light in an attractive way.
175
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on graphite
Things to include:
• Like diamond, graphite has a giant molecular structure. As
its covalent bonds are very strong, and there are many of
them, a lot of energy would be needed to separate atoms.
This makes graphite's melting point and boiling point very
high.
• However, each carbon atom is only covalently bonded to
three other carbon atoms, rather than to four as in
diamond. Graphite contains layers of carbon atoms. The
layers slide over each other easily because there are only
weak forces between them, making graphite slippery.
• Graphite contains delocalised electrons (free electrons).
These electrons can move through the graphite, carrying
charge from place to place and allowing graphite to conduct
electricity.
176
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on graphine
Things to include:
Graphene is an allotrope of carbon
consisting of a single layer of
carbon atoms arranged in an
hexagonal lattice. It is the basic
structural element of many other
allotropes of carbon, such as
graphite, charcoal, carbon
nanotubes and fullerenes
177
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on fullerenes

Things to include:
A fullerene is a molecule of carbon in
the form of a hollow sphere,
ellipsoid, tube, and many other
shapes. Spherical fullerenes, also
referred to as Buckminsterfullerenes
or buckyballs, resemble the balls
used in association football
178
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on nanoscience

Things to include:
A nanometre, 1 nm, is one billionth of a
metre (or a millionth of a millimetre).
Nanoparticles range in size from about
100 nm down to about 1 nm. They are
typically the size of small molecules, and
far too small to see with a microscope.

179
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on electrolysis

Things to include:
Electrolysis is the process by which
ionic substances are broken down
into simpler substances using
electricity. During electrolysis,
metals and gases may form at the
electrodes.

180
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on electrolysis of aluminium

Things to include:
First the aluminium oxide must be
made molten so that electricity can pass
through it. Aluminium oxide has a very high
melting point (over 2,000°C), so it would be
expensive to melt it. Instead, it
is dissolved in molten cryolite, an aluminium
compound with a lower melting point than
aluminium oxide. The use of cryolite reduces
some of the energy costs involved in extracting
aluminium. 181
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the electrolysis of brine

Things to include:
Brine is a solution of sodium chloride (NaCl)
and water (H2O). The process of electrolysis
involves using an electric current to bring about
a chemical change and make new chemicals.
The electrolysis of brine is a large-scale process
used to manufacture chlorine from salt. Two
other useful chemicals are obtained during the
process, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and
hydrogen (H2).
182
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the electrolysis of water

Things to include:
Electrolysisofwater is the
decomposition of water into oxygen and
hydrogen gas due to an electric current
being passed through the water. The
reaction has a standard potential of
−1.23 V, meaning it ideally requires a
potential difference of 1.23 volts to split
water.
183
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on factors affecting rate of reaction

Things to include:
The factors that affect reaction rates
are:
• surface area of a solid reactant.
• concentration or pressure of a
reactant.
• temperature.
• nature of the reactants.
• presence/absence of a catalyst.
184
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on collision theory
Things to include:
When a catalyst is involved in
the collision between the reactant
molecules, less energy is required for
the chemical change to take place, and
hence more collisions have sufficient
energy for reaction to occur. The
reaction rate
therefore increases.
Collision theory is closely related to
185
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Task
chemical kinetics

186
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on reversible reactions
Things to include:
Areversiblereaction is a
chemical reaction where the
reactants form productsthat,
in togivethe
turn,reacttogether Reversible
reactantsback.
reactions will reach an equilibrium
point where the concentrations of
the reactants and products will no
longer change 187
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on Le Chatellier’s Principle

Things to include:
LeChatelier'sprinciple applied to
changesinconcentrationorpressure
can be understood by having K have a
constant value. The effect of
temperature on equilibria, however,
involves a changeintheequilibrium
constant.
188
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the Haber process

Things to include:
TheHaberProcess combines
nitrogen from the air with
hydrogen derived mainly from
natural gas (methane) into
ammonia. The reaction is reversible
andtheproductionofammoniais
exothermic.
188
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on oil & alkanes

Things to include:
Most of the compounds in crude oil
are hydrocarbons. These are compounds
that contain hydrogen and carbon
atoms only, joined together by chemical
bonds called covalent bonds. There are
different types of hydrocarbon, but most
of the ones in crude oil are alkanes.

189
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on fractional distillation

Things to include:
Fractionaldistillation is the
separationofamixtureintoits
component parts, or fractions.
Chemical compounds are
separatedbyheatingthemtoa
temperature at which one or
more fractions of the compound
will vaporize.
190
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on combustion

Things to include:
Combustion or burning is a high-
temperature exothermic redox
chemical reaction between a fuel
and an oxidant, usually
atmospheric oxygen, that produces
oxidized, often gaseous products,
in a mixture termed as smoke.
191
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on cracking
Things to include:
Fuels made from oil mixtures containing
large hydrocarbon molecules are not
efficient: they do not flow easily and are
difficult to ignite. Crude oil often
contains too many large hydrocarbon
molecules and not enough small
hydrocarbon molecules to meet
demand. This is where cracking comes
in. 192
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on Alkenes

Things to include:
Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain a
carbon-carbon double bond. The
number of hydrogen atoms in an alkene
is double the number of carbon atoms.
For example, the molecular formula of
ethene is C2H4, while for propene it is
C3H6

193
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on Alcohols
Things to include:
Alcohols all contain the –OH group
and this is generally responsible for
their chemical properties and
reactions.
They are named after their ‘parent’
alkanes, for example: methanol
(alcohol) and methane (‘parent’
alkane); ethanol (alcohol) and
ethane (‘parent’ alkane). 194
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on Carboxylic acids
Things to include:
Carboxylic acids are a group of
important organic chemicals.
Vinegar contains ethanoic acid,
which is a carboxylic acid. All
carboxylic acids have a –COOH
functional group, and have similar
reactions as a result. They are weak
acids because this functional group
is only partly ionised in solution. 195
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on Polymers

Things to include:
Alkenes can be used to make polymers.
Polymers are very large molecules made
when many smaller molecules join
together, end-to-end. The smaller
molecules are called monomers. In
general:
lotsofmonomermolecules → a
polymer molecule
196
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on condensation polymerisation
Things to include:
Condensation polymers are any
kind of polymers formed through a
condensation reaction—where
molecules join together—losing
small molecules as byproducts such
as water or methanol, as opposed
to addition polymers which involve
the reaction of unsaturated
monomers. 197
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on Amino acids
Things to include:
Amino acids and proteins. Each
gene acts as a code, or set of
instructions, for making a particular
protein. Finally, the amino acid
molecules join together in a long
chain to make a protein molecule.
The number and sequence of
amino acids determines which
protein results. 198
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on Haber process
Things to include:
The flow chart shows the main
stages in the Haber process. The
reaction is reversible, and some
nitrogen and hydrogen remain
mixed with the ammonia. The
reaction mixture is cooled so that
the ammonia liquefies and can be
removed. The remaining nitrogen
and hydrogen are recycled 199
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the law of conservation of mass
Things to include:
The Law of Conservation of Mass
dates from Antoine Lavoisier's 1789
discovery that mass is neither
created nor destroyed in chemical
reactions. In other words, the mass
of any one element at the
beginning of a reaction will equal
the mass of that element at the
end of the reaction. 200
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on relative formula mass
Things to include:
The relative atomic mass of an
element shows its mass compared
with the mass of atoms of other
elements. The relative atomic mass
of carbon is 12, while the relative
atomic mass of magnesium is 24.
This means that each magnesium
atom is twice the mass of a carbon
atom. 201
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on Moles
Things to include:
The mole is the unit for amount of
substance. The molar mass is the
relative formula mass of a substance
in grams (measured in g/mol). Mass is
conserved in chemical reactions,
allowing the mass of a reactant or
product to be calculated if the masses
of the other substances in the
reaction are known. 202
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on concentration
Things to include:
In chemistry, concentration is the
abundance of a constituent divided
by the total volume of a mixture.
Several types of mathematical
description can be distinguished:
mass concentration, molar
concentration, number
concentration, and volume
concentration. 203
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on yield
Things to include:
Inchemistry,yield, also
referred to as reaction yield, is
theamount of product
obtainedin a chemical
reaction.Theabsoluteyield
can be given as the weight in
grams or in moles (molar
yield). 204
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on gas volume

Things to include:
Molarvolumeofgases.Onemole
of any gas has a volume of 24 dm3
or24,000 cm3 at rtp (room
temperature and pressure). This
volumeiscalledthemolarvolume
ofagas.Calculatethevolumeof
0.5 mol of carbon dioxide at rtp.
205
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on chromatography

Things to include:
Chromatographyis a laboratory
techniquefortheseparationofa
mixture. The mixture is dissolved in
a fluid called the mobile phase,
which carries it through a structure
holding another material called the
stationary phase
206
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on flame tests
Things to include:
A flame test is an analytic
procedure used in chemistry to
detect the presence of certain
elements, primarily metal ions,
based on each element's
characteristic emission spectrum.
The color of flames in general also
depends on temperature; see
flame colour. 207
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on testing for cations
Things to include:
This test uses sodium hydroxide or
aqueous ammonia to test and
identify metal ions by the
precipitation formed. Sodium
Hydroxide or Aqueous Ammonia is
added to the solution being tested
and the color of precipitation
formed allows for identification of
the compound. 208
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on testing for carbonates
Things to include:
An acid, such as dilute hydrochloric
acid, is added to the test
compound. Carbon dioxide gas
bubbles if carbonate ions are
present. Limewater is used to
confirm that the gas is carbon
dioxide. It turns from clear to milky
when carbon dioxide is bubbled
through. 209
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Task
Task: Produce
sulphates
a flash card on testing for

Things to include:
You can test to see if a solution
contains sulfate ions by using
barium chloride. If barium chloride
solution is added to a sample of
water containing sulfate ions,
barium sulfate is formed. Barium
sulfate is insoluble in water, and
will be seen as a white precipitate..
219
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Task:
Task Produce a flash card on instrumental analysis
Things to include:
Instrumental methods of analysis rely on
machines. There are several different types of
instrumental analysis. Some are suitable for
detecting and identifying elements, while
others are better suited to compounds. In
general, instrumental methods of analysis are:
• Fast
• Accurate (they reliably identify elements
and compounds)
• Sensitive (they can detect very small
amounts of a substance in a small amount
of sample) 211
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Task:
Task Produce a flash card on gases in the atmosphere
Things to include:
According to NASA, the gases in
Earth's atmosphere include:
Nitrogen — 78 percent.
Oxygen — 21 percent.
Argon — 0.93 percent.
Carbon dioxide — 0.04 percent.
Trace amounts of neon, helium,
methane, krypton and hydrogen, as
well as water vapor. 212
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the development of the atmosphere
Things to include:
Scientists believe that the Earth
was formed about 4.5 billion years
ago. Its early atmosphere was
probably formed from the gases
given out by volcanoes. As the
Earth cooled down, most of the
water vapour condensed and
formed the oceans.
213
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on carbon footprint

Things to include:
A carbon footprint is historically
defined as the total set of
greenhouse gas emissions caused
by an individual, event,
organization, or product, expressed
as carbon dioxide equivalent

214
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Task:
Task Produce a flash card on the combustion of fuels
Things to include:
Fuels burn when they react with oxygen
in the air. The hydrogen in hydrocarbons
is oxidised to water (remember that
water, H2O, is an oxide of hydrogen). If
there is plenty of air, we get complete
combustion and the carbon in
hydrocarbons is oxidised to carbon
dioxide:
hydrocarbon + oxygen → water +
carbon dioxide
215
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on Hooke’s Law.

Things to include:
When an elastic object - such as a spring - is
stretched, the increased length is called its
extension. The extension of an elastic object is
directly proportional to the force applied to it:
F=k×e
F is the force in newtons, N
k is the 'spring constant' in newtons per metre, N/m
e is the extension in metres, m

217
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on work done in stretching a spring
Things to include:
Elastic potential energy is Potential
energy stored as a result of
deformation of an elastic object,
such as the stretching of a spring. It
is equal to the work done to stretch
the spring, which depends upon
the spring constant k as well as the
distance stretched. 218
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on turning forces
Things to include:
The moment of a force is the turning
effect of a force. A worker applies a
force to a spanner to turn a nut. A
force that is applied to an object away
from the object's centre makes the
object rotate about a fixed point. The
point of an object that does not
change position when it experiences a
moment is the pivot. 219
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on simple lever and
gear systems
Things to include:
You need to know how to calculate
the mechanical advantage obtained
by using levers, the velocity ratio in
levers and pulley systems, and gear
ratio and output speed when using
gears.

220
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on pressure in a fluid

Things to include:
Pressure in fluids. Liquids and gases
are fluids. A fluid is able to change
shape and flow from place to place.
Fluids exert pressure on surfaces,
and this pressure acts at 90° to
those surfaces – we say that it acts
normal to the surface.
221
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on how atmospheric pressure varies with
height
Things to include:
Pressure with Height: pressure decreases
with increasing altitude. The pressure at
any level in the atmosphere may be
interpreted as the total weight of the air
above a unit area at any elevation. At
higher elevations, there are fewer air
molecules above a given surface than a
similar surface at lower levels. 222
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on distance-time graphs
Things to include:
The gradient of a distance-time
graph represents the speed of an
object. The velocity of an object is
its speed in a particular direction.
The slope on a velocity-time graph
represents the acceleration of an
object. The distance travelled is
equal to the area under a velocity-
time graph. 223
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on acceleration
Things to include:
Acceleration is the rate at which an
object changes its speed. It's calculated
using the equation: acceleration =
change in speed / time taken.
Speed-time graphs illustrate how the
speed of an object changes over time.
The steeper the gradient of the line, the
greater the acceleration.
224
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on falling under gravity.
Things to include:
When an object is dropped, we can identify
three stages before it hits the ground:
• At the start, the object accelerates
downwards because of its weight. There is
no air resistance. There is a resultant force
acting downwards.
• As it gains speed, the object's weight stays
the same, but the air resistance on it
increases. There is a resultant force acting
downwards.
• Eventually, the object's weight is balanced
by the air resistance. There is no resultant
force and the object reaches a steady
speed, called the terminal velocity.
225
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on Newton’s First Law and the
consequences of it.

Things to include:
Newton'sfirstlaw of motion -
sometimes referred to as the law of
inertia. An object at rest stays at
rest and an object in motion stays
in motion with the same speed and
in the same direction unless acted
upon by an unbalanced force.
226
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on Newton’s Second Law.
Things to include:
Newton's second law of motion can
be formally stated as follows: The
acceleration of an object as
produced by a net force is directly
proportional to the magnitude of
the net force, in the same direction
as the net force, and inversely
proportional to the mass of the
object. 227
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on inertial mass.
Things to include:
Inertial mass is a mass parameter
giving the inertial resistance to
acceleration of the body when
responding to all types of force.
Gravitational mass is determined
by the strength of the gravitational
force experienced by the body
when in the gravitational field g.
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
228
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on Newton’s Third Law.
Things to include:
A force is a push or a pull that acts
upon an object as a results of its
interaction with another object. ...
These two forces are called action
and reaction forces and are the
subject of Newton's third law of
motion. Formally stated, Newton's
third law is: For every action, there
is an equal and opposite reaction. 229
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the classification of objects within our
solar system.
Things to include:
The objects that make up our solar
system can be classified into three
main groups: planets, dwarf
planets and small solar system
bodies. Planets are spherical, orbit
around the Sun and have cleared
the neighbourhood around their
orbits of other smaller bodies. 230
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the birth of a star from its beginnings
as a nebula to how it reaches main
Things to include:
A star is born when atoms of light
elements are squeezed under
enough pressure for their nuclei to
undergo fusion. All stars are the
result of a balance of forces: the
force of gravity compresses atoms
in interstellar gas until the fusion
reactions begin. 231
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on how elements other than hydrogen
are formed.
Things to include:
The elements formed in these stages range
from oxygen through to iron. During a
supernova, the star releases very large
amounts of energy as well as neutrons,
which allows elements heavier than iron,
such as uranium and gold, to be produced. In
the supernova explosion, all of these
elements are expelled out into space.
232
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Task: Produce a flash card on how red shift of light provides
evidence for the Big Bang model
Things to include:
'Red shift' is a key concept for
astronomers. The term can be
understood literally - the wavelength
of the light is stretched, so the light is
seen as 'shifted' towards the red part
of the spectrum. Something similar
happens to sound waves when a
source of sound moves relative to an
observer
233
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on how the universe began according to
the Big Bang theory.
Things to include:
Scientists have gathered a lot of evidence and
information about the Universe. They have used
their observations to develop a theory called the
Big Bang. The theory states that about 13.7
billion years ago all the matter in the Universe
was concentrated into a single incredibly tiny
point. This began to enlarge rapidly in a hot
234
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Task
explosion, and it is still expanding today.

235
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on how to draw circuit symbols.
Things to include:
The whole point is to make it easier
to see what is connected to what.
Here you can see how the symbols
for a cell (not a battery!) and a
lamp look in a circuit diagram. If
you have to draw a circuit diagram
from scratch, it is usually easier to
draw the circuit symbols first, and
236
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
then add all the wires.

237
GCSE Science Daily Revision
TaskProduce a flash card on the equation for electric current as
Task:
the rate of flow of charge
Things to include:
The size of an electric current is the rate
of flow of electric charge. You can
calculate the size of a current using this
equation:
I=Q÷t
I is the current in amperes (amps), A
Q is the charge in coulombs, C
t is the time in seconds, s
238
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Task:
Task Produce a flash card on the current in a series circuit.
Things to include:
In a series circuit, the current through
each of the components is the same,
and the voltage across the circuit is the
sum of the voltages across each
component. In a parallel circuit, the
voltage across each of the components
is the same, and the total current is the
sum of the currents through each
component.
239
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on resistance
Things to include:
Resistance is measured in ohms. It
can be calculated from the
potential difference across a
component and the current flowing
through it. The total resistance of a
series circuit is the sum of the
resistances of the components in
the circuit.
240
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Task:
Task Produce a flash card on series and parallel circuits.
Things to include:
Components that are connected one after
another on the same loop of the circuit are
connected in series. The current that flows
across each component connected in series is
the same.
Components that are connected on separate
loops are connected in parallel. The current is
shared between each component connected in
parallel. The total amount of current flowing
into the junction, or split, is equal to the total
current flowing out. The current is described as
being conserved. 239
GCSE Science Daily Revision Task

Task: Produce a flash card on AC/DC

Things to include:
There are two types of electric current - direct current
(DC) and alternating current (AC). An electric current can
be produced by moving a magnet inside a coil of wire.
The size of this induced current can be increased by
moving the magnet faster, by using a stronger magnet, or
by increasing the number of turns on the coil and
increasing its area. A dynamo is a type of electricity
generator. There are two types of electric current - direct
current (DC) and alternating current (AC). An electric
current can be produced by moving a magnet inside a
coil of wire. The size of this induced current can be
increased by moving the magnet faster, by using a
stronger magnet, or by increasing the number of turns
on the coil and increasing its area. A dynamo is a type of
electricity generator. 240
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on mains electricity supply.
Things to include:
Electrical supplies can be direct
current (DC) or alternating current
(AC).The UK mains electricity
supply is about 230V at 50 Hz. It
can kill if not used safely. Electrical
circuits, cables, plugs and
appliances are designed to reduce
the chances of receiving an electric
shock. 241
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the name, colour and function of each
wire in a three core electrical cable.

Things to include:
A mains electricity cable contains
two or three inner wires. Each has
a core of copper, because copper is
a good conductor of electricity. The
outer layers are flexible plastic,
because plastic is a good electrical
insulator.
242
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Task:
Task Produce a flash card on the National Grid.

Things to include:
Electricity is transferred from power
stations to consumers through the wires
and cables of the National Grid. When a
current flows through a wire some
energy is lost as heat. The higher the
current, the more heat is lost. To reduce
these losses, the National Grid transmits
electricity at a low current. This needs a
high voltage.
243
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on static charges.
Things to include:
Staticelectricity is an
imbalanceofelectric
charges within or on the
surface of a material. The
charge remains until it is
able to move away by
means of an electric
current or electrical
discharge. 244
GCSE Science Daily Revision
TaskProduce a flash card on the differences between permanent
Task:
and induced magnets.
Things to include:
Permanent magnet strength depends
upon the material used in its
creation. The strength of an
electromagnet can be adjusted by the
amount of electric current allowed to
flow into it. As a result, the same
electromagnet can be adjusted for
different strength levels 245
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on how magnets exert forces on
magnetic materials due to their magnetic fields.

Things to include:
Magnets exert forces on magnetic
materials due to their magnetic
fields. The region around a magnet
where a force acts on another
magnet or on a magnetic material
(iron, steel, cobalt, and nickel) is
called the magnetic field.
246
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the difference between magnets and
magnetic materials.
Things to include:
Magnets are made from magnetic materials. These are metals that can be magnetised or
will be attracted to a magnet. Most materials are not magnetic, but iron, cobalt and nickel
are magnetic. Steel is mostly iron, so steel is magnetic too.

247
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on how magnetic compasses point to the
Earth’s poles due to the Earth’s magnetic field.

Things to include:
The Earth is a magnet that can interact
with other magnets in this way, so the
north end of a compass magnet is drawn
to align with the Earth's magnetic field.
Because the Earth's magnetic North Pole
attracts the"north" ends ofother
magnets, it is technically the "South
Pole" of our planet's magnetic field
248
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on
interaction of magnetic fields.
how motors rotate due to the

Things to include:
Electric motors use the motor effect.
A simple electric motor can be built
using a coil of wire that is free to
rotate between two opposite
magnetic poles.
When an electric current flows
through the coil, the coil experiences
a force and moves. One side moves
up and the other side moves down
249
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the factors that affect the size of the
force on a conductor.
Things to include:
The size of the force on a wire carrying a
current in a magnetic field can be increased
by:
• increasing the size of the current
• increasing the strength of the magnetic
field
The speed of a motor can be increased by
either increasing the size of the current or
by increasing the strength of the magnetic
field. 250
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the applications of the motor effect
including headphones and loudspeakers.

Things to include:
Loudspeakers transform electrical
signals into sound. Inside a
loudspeaker there is a permanent
magnet. An electromagnet
tothespeakerconeis
attached
inside the magnet field of the
permanent magnet
251
GCSE Science Daily Revision
TaskProduce a flash card on how a generator generates electricity.
Task:
Things to include:
Making AC electricity. When a wire is
moved in the magnetic field of a
generator, the movement, magnetic
field and current are all at right
angles to each other. If the wire is
moved in the opposite direction, the
induced current also moves in the
opposite direction. having more
turns of wire in the coil.
252
GCSE Science Daily Revision
TaskProduce a flash card on the construction of a simple transformer
Task:
Things to include:
A transformer needs an alternating current that
will create a changing magnetic field. A
changing magnetic field also induces a changing
voltage in a coil. This is the basis of how a
transformer works:
• The primary coil is connected to an AC supply.
• An alternating current passes through a
primary coil wrapped around a soft iron core.
• The changing current produces a changing
magnetic field.
• This induces an alternating voltage in the
secondary coil.
• This induces an alternating current (AC) in the
circuit connected to the secondary coil. 253
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the transformer equation
Things to include:
The ratio between the voltages in
the coils is the same as the ratio of
the number of turns in the coils.
primary voltage / secondary
voltage = turns on primary / turns
on secondary

This can also be written as:

Vp/Vs = Np/Ns 254
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on conduction
Things to include:

• Heat conduction (or thermal

conduction) is the movement of
heat from one solid to another one
that has different temperature when
they are touching each other. For
example, we can warm our hands by
touching hot-water bottles 255
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on convection

Things to include:
Convectiveheat transfer often
referred to simply as, convection, is
the transfer of heat from one place
to another by the movement of
fluids. Convection is usually the
dominant form of heat transfer in
liquids and gases.
256
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on thermal radiation
Things to include:
Radiation is a method of heat transfer
that does not rely upon any contact
between the heat source and
the heated object as is the case with
conduction and convection. Heat can be
transmitted through empty space
by thermal radiation often called infrared
radiation. This is a type electromagnetic
radiation . 257
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on evaporation & condensation
Things to include:
Evaporation
The particles in a liquid have different energies. Some will have enough energy
to escape from the liquid and become a gas. The remaining particles in the
liquid have a lower average kinetic energy than before, so the liquid cools
down as evaporation happens. This is why sweating cools you down. The
sweat absorbs energy from your skin so that it can continue to evaporate.

Condensation
The particles in a gas have different energies. Some may not have enough
energy to remain as separate particles, particularly if the gas is cooled down.
They come close together and bonds form between them. Energy is released
when this happens. This is why steam touching your skin can cause scalds: not
only is the steam hot, but energy is released into your skin as the steam
condenses.
258
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on the thermos flask

Things to include:
Vacuum (or thermos) flasks are used to
prevent heat loss by preventing heat from
travelling (It keeps things hot or cold). A
vacuum flask holds the liquid in the middle
of the flask and surrounds it with a vacuum
(this means there is no air in it, which is a
great insulator)
259
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on insulation
Things to include:
Ways to reduce heat loss
There are some simple ways to reduce heat loss, including fitting carpets,
curtains and draught excluders.
Heat loss through windows can be reduced using double glazing. There
may be air or a vacuum between the two panes of glass. Air is a poor
conductor of heat, while a vacuum can only transfer heat energy by
radiation.
Heat loss through walls can be reduced using cavity wall insulation. This
involves blowing insulating material into the gap between the brick and
the inside wall, which reduces the heat loss by conduction. The material
also prevents air circulating inside the cavity, therefore reducing heat loss
by convection.
Heat loss through the roof can be reduced by laying loft insulation. This
works in a similar way to cavity wall insulation
260
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on forms of energy & conservation

Things to include:

You should be able to recognise the

main types of energy. One way to
remember the different types of energy
is to learn this sentence:
Most Kids Hate Learning GCSE Energy
Names
261
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on power stations

Things to include:
There are four main stages:
• fuel is burned to boil water to make
steam
• steam makes a turbine spin
• spinning turbine turns a generator
which produces electricity
• electricity goes to the transformers to
produce the correct voltage.
262
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on wind power

Things to include:

Wind power. Wind is produced as a

result of giant convection currents in the
Earth's atmosphere, which are driven by
heat energy from the Sun.
This means the kinetic energy in wind is
a renewable energy resource - so long as
the Sun exists, wind will too.
263
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on hydroelectricity

Things to include:

Hydroelectricity is the term referring to

electricity generated by hydropower;
the production of electrical power
through the use of the gravitational
force of falling or flowing water.

264
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on tidal power
Things to include:

Tidalpowerortidalenergyisaformof
hydropower that converts the energy obtained
from tides intouseful forms ofpower,
mainly electricity. Although not yet widely
used, tidal power has potential for
futureelectricitygeneration.Tidesaremore
predictable than wind energy and solar power.

265
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on solar power
Things to include:

Solar panels do not generate electricity, but rather they

heat up water. They are often located on the roofs of
buildings where they can receive heat energy from the
sun. The diagram outlines how they work.
Cold water is pumped up to the solar panel, there it
heats up and is transferred to a storage tank.
A pump pushes cold water from the storage tank
through pipes in the solar panel. The water is heated by
heat energy from the sun and returns to the tank. In
some systems, a conventional boiler may be used to
increase the temperature of the water.
266
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on acid rain

Things to include:
Rainfall made so acidic by atmospheric
pollution that it causes environmental
harm, chiefly to forests and lakes. The
main cause is the industrial burning of
coal and other fossil fuels, the waste
gases from which contain sulphur and
nitrogen oxides which combine with
atmospheric water to form acids.
267
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on the national grid

Things to include:

Electricity is distributed from power

stations to consumers through
theNationalGrid,whichallowsdistant
power stations to be used. It also allows
a mix of different energy resources to be
used efficiently to supply the country's
electricity, whatever the local demand.
268
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on reflection

Things to include:

Sound waves and light

waves reflect from surfaces. Remember
that they behave just like water waves in
a ripple tank. The angle of incidence
equals the angle of reflection

269
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on refraction

Things to include:

• A diagram of the leaf

• A description of what different
cells do
• How the leaf is adapted to carry
out photosynthesis
270
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on diffraction

Things to include:
When waves meet a gap in a barrier, they carry on
through the gap. However, the waves spread out to some
extent into the area beyond the gap. This is diffraction.
You should know that the amount of diffraction depends
on the wavelength and the size of the gap.
The extent of the spreading depends on the width of the
gap compared with the wavelength of the waves. The
smaller the width of the gap compared with the
wavelength of the wave, the stronger the diffraction. For
example, when waves spread into a harbour, they spread
out more if the harbour mouth is narrow.
271
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on the EM spectrum
Things to include:
Electromagnetic waves form a
spectrum of different
wavelengths. This spectrum
includes visible light, X-rays and
radio waves. Electromagnetic
radiation can be useful as well
as hazardous. 272
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on the expanding universe
Things to include:
You may have noticed that when an
ambulance or police car goes past, its
siren is high-pitched as it comes towards
you, then becomes low-pitched as it
goes away. This effect, where there is a
change in frequency and wavelength, is
called the Doppler effect. It happens
with any wave source that moves
relative to an observer. 273
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on the Big Bang

Things to include:
Scientists have gathered a lot of
evidence and information about the
Universe. They have used their
observations to develop a theory called
the Big Bang. The theory states that
about 13.7 billion years ago all the
matter in the Universe was concentrated
into a single incredibly tiny point.
274
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on distance time graphs

Things to include:
Thegradientof a distance-time
graph represents the speed of an object.
The velocity of an object is its speed in a
particulardirection.Theslopeona
velocity-time graph represents the
acceleration of an object.
Thedistancetravelledisequaltothe
area under a velocity-time graph.
275
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on velocity time graphs

Things to include:
Whenanobjectis moving witha
constantvelocity,thelineon
the graph is horizontal. When the
horizontal line is at zero velocity, the
object is at rest. ... The diagram shows
some typical lines on a velocity-time
graph. The steeper the line, the greater
the acceleration of the object.
276
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on forces

Things to include:
Forces are pushes or pulls. They are measured
in newtons. Unbalanced forces change the way
something is moving. The mass of an object is
how much matter it contains. The weight of an
object is the force caused by gravity pulling
down on the mass.

277
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on stopping distance
Things to include:
The stopping distance depends on two factors: Thinking distance - It takes time for a driver to
react to a situation. During this reaction time the car carries on moving. The
thinking distance is the distance travelled in between the driver realising he needs to brake
and actually braking.

278
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on terminal velocity
Things to include:
When an object is dropped, we can identify three stages
before it hits the ground:
1. At the start, the object accelerates downwards
because of its weight. There is no air resistance.
There is a resultant force acting downwards.
2. As it gains speed, the object’s weight stays the same,
but the air resistance on it increases. There is a
resultant force acting downwards.
3. Eventually, the object’s weight is balanced by the air
resistance. There is no resultant force and the
object
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
reaches a steady speed, called the terminal velocity. 279
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on stretching

Things to include:
The spring constant k is different for different
objects and materials. It is found by carrying
out an experiment. For example, the unloaded
length of a spring is measured. Different
numbers of slotted masses are added to the
spring and its new length measured each
time. The extension is the new length minus
the unloaded length
280
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on energy & work
Things to include:
Whenever 'work' is done energy is
transferred from one place to another.
The amount of work done is expressed
in the equation: work done = force x
distance.
Power is a measure of how quickly work
is being done. Power is expressed in the
equation: power = work done / time
taken.
281
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on gravitational potential energy

Things to include:
OnEarthwealways have the force
of gravity acting on us. When we're above the
Earth’s surface we have potential (stored)
energy. This is called gravitational potential
energy. The amount of gravitational potential
energy an object on Earth has depends on its:
mass
height above the ground

282
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on kinetic energy

Things to include:
In physics, the kinetic energy of an object is
the energy that it possesses due to its
motion. It is defined as the work needed to
accelerate a body of a given mass from rest
to its stated velocity. Having gained
this energy during its acceleration, the body
maintains this kinetic energy unless its
speed changes.
283
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on momentum
Things to include:
Momentum. A change
in momentum happens when a
force is applied to an object
that is moving or is able to
move. The total momentum in
an explosion or collision stays
the same. 284
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on static electricity
Things to include:
Objects can be positively charged, negatively
charged or neutral (no charge).
A substance that gains electrons
becomes negatively charged, while a substance
that loses electrons becomes positively charged.
When a charged object comes near to another
object they will either attract or repel each other.
• If the charges are the same - they repel
• If the charges are opposite - they attract
• If one is charged and the other is not -
they attract 285
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce an flash card on electric circuits

Things to include:
Electrical circuits can be represented by
circuit diagrams. The various electrical
components in the circuit are shown by
using standard symbols. Components
can be connected in series, or in parallel.
The current and potential difference
(voltage) are different in series and
parallel circuits.
286
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on resistance
Things to include:
An electric current flows when charged
particles called electrons move through
a conductor. The moving electrons can
collide with the atoms of the conductor.
This is called resistance and it makes it
harder for current to flow. These
collisions make the conductor hot. It is
this that makes a lamp filament hot
enough to glow.
287
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on alternating & direct current
Things to include:
• If the current flows in only one direction it is called
direct current, or DC. Batteries and solar cells supply
DC electricity. A typical battery may supply 1.5V. The
diagram shows an oscilloscope screen displaying the
signal from a DC supply.
• If the current constantly changes direction it is called
alternating current, or AC. Mains electricity is an AC
supply. The UK mains supply is about 230V. It has a
frequency of 50Hz (50 hertz), which means that it
changes direction and back again 50 times a second.
The diagram shows an oscilloscope screen displaying
the signal from an AC supply.
288
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on cables & plugs
Things to include:
The features of a plug are:
• The case is made from tough plastic or rubber, because
these materials are good electrical insulators.
• The three pins are made from brass, which is a good
conductor of electricity.
• There is a fuse between the live terminal and the live
pin.
• The fuse breaks the circuit if too much current flows.
• The cable is secured in the plug by a cable grip. This
should grip the cable itself, and not the individual
wires inside it. 289
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on fuses

Things to include:
The fuse breaks the circuit if a fault in an
appliance causes too much current flow.
This protects the wiring and the
appliance if something goes wrong.
The fuse contains a piece of wire which
melts easily.

299
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on alpha radiation

291
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on beta radiation

292
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on gamma radiation

293
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on the discovery of the nucleus
Things to include:
A beam of alpha particles was aimed at very thin gold
foil and their passage through the foil detected. The
scientists expected the alpha particles to pass straight
through the foil, but something else also happened.
Some of the alpha particles emerged from the foil at
different angles, and some even came straight back.
The scientists realised that the positively charged
alpha particles were being repelled and deflected by
a tiny concentration of positive charge in the atom. As
a result of this experiment, the plum pudding model
was replaced by the nuclear model of the atom.
294
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on half life

Things to include:
There are two definitions of half-life, but they
mean essentially the same thing:
• the time it takes for the number of nuclei of
the isotope in a sample to halve
• the time it takes for the count rate from a
sample containing the isotope to fall to half
its starting level
Different radioactive isotopes have different
half-lives.
295
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Task
Task: Produce an flash card on fission
Things to include:
The process of splitting a nucleus is
called nuclear fission. Uranium or
plutonium isotopes are normally used as
the fuel in nuclear reactors, because
their atoms have relatively large nuclei
that are easy to split, especially when hit
by neutrons. ... the nucleus splits into
two smaller nuclei, which are
radioactive. 296
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the size and structure of an atom.

Things to include:
An atom is a million times
smaller than the thickest
human hair. The diameter
of an atomranges from
about 0.1to 0.5
nanometers (1 × 10−10 m to
5 × 10−10 m).
297
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on how scientific models of the atom and
how these models have changed
Things to include:
The first model of the atom was
developed by JJ Thomson in 1904, who
thought that atoms were composed
purely of negatively charged electrons.
This model was known as the 'plum
pudding' model. ... However the model
used today is closest to the Bohr model
of the atom, using the quantized shells
to contain the electrons
298
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the nature of different types of
nuclear radiation.
Things to include:
Therearethreetypes of nuclear
radiation: alpha, beta and gamma. Alpha
is the least penetrating, while gamma is
the most penetrating. ... The uses of
radiation include smoke detectors,
paper-thickness gauges, treating cancer
and sterilising medical equipment.
299
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on safety precautions taken when dealing
with radioactive sources.

Things to include:
Youcannotdomuch to
reduce your exposure to
natural background
radiation,butgreatcareis
neededwhenhandling
radioactive materials.
300
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on background radiation and sources of
it.
Things to include:

Natural sources of background radiation

include:
Cosmic rays - radiation that reaches the Earth
from space
Rocks and soil - some rocks are radioactive and
give off radioactive radon gas
Living things - plants absorb radioactive
materials from the soil and these pass up the
food chain 301
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on uses of nuclear radiation.

Things to include:
Uses of beta radiation. Beta radiation is
used for tracers and monitoring the
thickness of materials. Doctors may use
radioactive chemicals called tracers for
medical imaging. ... Radiation is used in
industry in detectors that monitor and
control the thickness of materials such
as paper, plastic and aluminium.
302
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the changes involved in the way
energy is stored when a system changes.
Things to include:
Differenttypesof energy can be
transferredfromonetypetoanother.
Energy transfer diagrams show each
type of energy, whether it is stored or
not, and the processes taking place as it
is transferred. Sankey diagrams also
show the relative amounts of each type
of energy.
303
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on calculations to include work done by
forces and when a current flows.

Things to include:
Work done = force × distance Work
done is measured in joules, J Force is
measured in newtons, N Distance is
measured in metres, m

304
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on calculations to include kinetic energy,
elastic potential energy and gravitational potential energy.

Things to include:
The amount of 'kinetic energy' that all
moving objects have depends on their
speed and mass. When a car brakes the
kinetic energy is changed into heat
energy
.
305
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the specific heat capacity of a
substance is the amount of energy required to change the
temperature of one kilogram of the substance by one degree Celsius.

Things to include:
The specific heat capacity of a substance
is the amount of energy needed to
change the temperature of 1 kg of the
substance by 1°C. Different substances
have different specific heat capacities
306
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on energy transfers
Things to include:
Sankey diagrams summarise all
the energy transfers taking place in a
process. The thicker the line or arrow,
the greater the amount
of energy involved. The Sankey diagram
for an electric lamp below shows that
most of the
electrical energy is transferred as heat
rather than light. 307
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on calculating efficiency.
Things to include:
The efficiency of a device such as a lamp can be calculated
using this equation:
efficiency = ( useful energy transferred ÷ energy supplied ) ×
100
The efficiency of the filament lamp is (10 ÷ 100) × 100 = 10%.
This means that 10% of the electrical energy supplied is
transferred as light energy (90% is transferred as heat energy).
The efficiency of the energy-saving lamp is (75 ÷ 100) × 100 =
75%. This means that 75% of the electrical energy supplied is
transferred as light energy (25% is transferred as heat energy).
Note that the efficiency of a device will always be less than
100%.
308
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Task
Task: Produce
material.
a flash card on how to determine the density of a

Density is the mass per unit volume. It can be

measured in several ways.
The most accurate way to calculate the density
of any solid, liquid or gas is to divide its mass in
kilograms by its volume (length × width ×
height) in cubic metres.
The unit for density is kg/m3. The density of
water is approximately 1000 kg/m3 and the
density of air is approximately 1.2 kg/m3.
If solid objects are placed in water and they
sink, they have a density greater than water
(1000 kg/m3). The reverse is also true. 309
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the equation for density
Things to include:

Density is the mass per unit volume. This

means that the density of any solid,
liquid or gas can be found by dividing its
mass in kilograms by its volume in cubic
metres.

310
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the particle model of matter.
Things to include:
The kinetic particle theory explains the properties of the different states of
matter. The particles in solids, liquids and gases have different amounts of
energy. They are arranged differently and move in different ways.

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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on the particle model of matter to
explain density of materials.
Solids

Properties Why they are like this

They have a fixed shape The particles cannot move
and cannot flow Gases
from place to place
They cannot be The particles are close Properties Why they are like this
compressed or together and have no space
They flow and completely The particles can move
squashed to move into
fill their container quickly in all directions
Liquids
The particles are far
Properties Why they are like this They can be compressed
apart and have space to
or squashed
They flow and take the The particles are free to move move into
shape of their container around each other

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Task
They cannot be
compressed or
squashed
The particles are close
together and have no space
to move into

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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on changing the state of a substance.
Things to include:
A substance must absorb heat energy so that it
can melt or boil. The temperature of the
substance does not change during melting,
boiling or freezing, even though energy is still
being transferred.
A heating curve is a graph showing the
temperature of a substance plotted against the
amount of energy it has absorbed. You may
also see a cooling curve, which is obtained
when a substance cools down and changes
state. 313
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on chemical and physical changes.
Things to include:

This type of change means

that no new substances are
made, but there is a change in
the appearance of a chemical.
Examples of physical change
include state changes and
dissolving.
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Task
Task: Produce a flash card on internal energy of a system.
Things to include:
All objects contain internal energy. Some
of this is due to the movement of the
particles in the object. When an object is
heated, its particles movemore
vigorously and its internal energy
increases. Unless the object changes
state (eg melts or boils), its temperature
will increase.
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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on specific latent heat.
Things to include:
The heat energy that is taken in or given
out by a substance when it changes
state is called latent heat. When a
substance changes from solid to liquid,
the latent heat involved is called the
latent heat of fusion. When the
substance changes from a liquid to a
vapour, latent heat of vaporisation is
involved. 316
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on using the particle model of matter
explain motion of particles in a gas.
Things to include:
Heat energy is the product of the
movement of particles such as, atoms,
ions and molecules. It is also known as
thermal energy. ... particle theory The
scientific theory used to explain the
properties of solids, liquids and gases. It
involves the arrangement and
movement of the particles in a
substance. 317
GCSE Science Daily Revision Task
Task: Produce a flash card on how gases exert forces on the walls of
their containers.
Things to include:
The particles in a gas move quickly in all
directions, but they don't get far before
they bump into each other or the walls
of their container. When gas particles hit
the walls of their container they cause
pressure. The more particles that hit the
walls, the higher the pressure.
This is why the pressure in a tyre or
balloon goes up mor air is
when pumped e 318
GCSE Science Daily Revision Task
Task: Produce a flash card on how changing the temperature of a
gas affects the pressure exerted.
Things to include:
If a gas is heated up, its particles move around
more quickly. They hit the walls of their
container harder and more often. This increases
the pressure. Sometimes the pressure gets so
great that the container bursts.
This is why balloons and tyres burst if you blow
them up too much. It's also why deodorant
spray cans carry warning signs to tell you not to
leave them in the sunshine. If they get too hot
they explode.
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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on features of transverse and
longitudinal waves.
Things to include:
Light and other types of electromagnetic radiation
are transverse waves. Water waves and S waves (a
type of seismic wave) are also transverse waves. In
transverse waves, the vibrations are at right angles
to the direction of travel.
Sound waves and waves in a stretched spring are
longitudinal waves. P waves (relatively fast moving
longitudinal seismic waves that travel through
liquids and solids) are also longitudinal waves. In
longitudinal waves, the vibrations are along the
same direction as the direction of travel. 320
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on properties of waves.
Things to include:
Waves can be described by their amplitude, wavelength and frequency. The
speed of a wave can be calculated from its frequency and wavelength.

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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on how we hear sound.
Things to include:
Soundwaves are
longitudinal. Humans
hear sounds from 20 - 20
000Hz. Higher
frequencies are called
ultrasound.

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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on properties of electromagnetic waves.
Things to include:
Themaintypesof electromagnetic
radiation.Radiowaveshavethelowest
frequencies and longest wavelengths,
while gamma waves have highest
frequencies and shortest wavelengths.
The wavelengths vary acrossthe
electromagneticspectrum fromabout
10–15 m to more than 104 m.
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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on how we see the colour of an object.
Things to include:

There are three primary colours in

light: red, green and blue. Light in
these colours can be added
together to make the secondary
colours magenta, cyan and yellow.
All three primary colours add
together make white light.
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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on calculating efficiency.
Things to include:
The efficiency of a device such as a lamp can be calculated using this equation:
efficiency = ( useful energy transferred ÷ energy supplied ) × 100
The efficiency of the filament lamp is (10 ÷ 100) × 100 = 10%.
This means that 10% of the electrical energy supplied is transferred as light
energy (90% is transferred as heat energy).
The efficiency of the energy-saving lamp is (75 ÷ 100) × 100 = 75%. This means
that 75% of the electrical energy supplied is transferred as light energy (25% is
transferred as heat energy).
Note that the efficiency of a device will always be less than 100%.
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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on heating and temperature.
Things to include:
Temperature and heat
are not the same thing
because: temperature is a
measure of how hot
something is. heat is a
measure of the thermal
energy contained inan
object.
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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on how changing the temperature of a
gas affects the pressure exerted.
Things to include:
Decreasing the volume of a gas increases the pressure of the
gas. An example of this is when a gas is trapped in a cylinder
by a piston. If the piston is pushed in, the gas particles will
have less room to move as the volume the gas occupies has
been decreased.
Because the volume has decreased, the particles will collide
more frequently with the walls of the container. Each time
they collide with the walls they exert a force on them. More
collisions mean more force, so the pressure will increase.
When the volume decreases, the pressure increases. This
shows that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to
its volume.
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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on concave and convex lenses.
Things to include:
A lens is transparent block that
causes light to refract (changes
the direction the light travels
in). A converging lens (or
convex lens) is curved on both
sides. This means the light rays
coming out of it come
together at a point –they
converge. 328
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on emission and absorption of infra-red
radiation.

Things to include:
All objects emit (give out) and
absorb (take in) thermal
radiation, which is also called
infrared radiation. The hotter
an object is, the more infrared
radiation it emits.

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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on Black body radiation.
Things to include:
A black body is an idealized physical
body that absorbs all incident
electromagnetic radiation, regardless
of frequency or angle of incidence. A
white body is one with a "rough
surface [that] reflects all incident rays
completely and uniformly in all
directions.
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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on how electromagnetic waves are
generated.
Things to include:
Electromagnetic radiation, is a form of
energy emitted by moving charged
particles. As it travels through space it
behaves like a wave, and has an
oscillating electric field component and
an oscillating magnetic field. These
waves oscillate perpendicularly to and
in phase with one another. 331
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on uses of electromagnetic waves.
Things to include: frequency type of typical use wavelength
electromagnetic
Visible light is just one type of radiation
electromagnetic radiation. highest gamma radiation killing cancer cells shortest
There are many other types of x-rays medical images of
bones
electromagnetic radiation with ultraviolet radiation sunbeds
both longer and shorter visible light seeing
wavelengths than visible light. infrared radiation optical fibre
communication
microwaves cooking
lowest radio waves television signals longest
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GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on concave and convex lenses.
Things to include:
A lens is transparent block that
causes light to refract (changes
the direction the light travels
in). A converging lens (or
convex lens) is curved on both
sides. This means the light rays
coming out of it come
together at a point –they
converge. 333
GCSE Science Daily Revision
Task
Task: Produce a flash card on collision theory

Things to include:

Chemical reactions can only occur

when reacting particles collide with
each other and with sufficient
energy. The minimum amount of
energy particles must have to react
is called the activation energy.
334