COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Lecture # 3
7th Feb 2007
Instructor
WASEEM KHAN
Cen t r e for Ad va n ced S t u d ies in E n gin eer in g
Summary of Previous Lecture
Fourier transform
j t
F f (t )e dt
A = |F( )|
= [F( )]
Inverse Fourier transform
1 1
F ( ) f t F ( )e j t d
2
It is continuous-time Fourier transform, because it deals with
continuous-time signals.
References to Matlab Tutorials
www.math.ufl.edu/help/matlab-tutorial/ (Basic)
www.maths.dundee.ac.uk/~ftp/na-reports/MatlabNotes.pdf (Basic)
www.utexas.edu/its/rc/tutorials/matlab/ (Advanced)
Properties of Fourier Transform (revisited)
Fourier transform of even signals (x(t)=x(-t)) is real; FT of non-even
signals is complex.
Linearity:
If f (t) F ( ) and g(t) G( )
then af (t) + bg (t) aF( ) + bG ( )
Time shifting:
If f (t) F( )
then f (t-t0) exp(-j t0) F( )
Time scaling:
If f (t) F( )
then f (at) (1/|a|)F( /a)
Properties of Fourier Transform (revisited)
Frequency shifting (modulation)
If f (t)
F( )
then cos( 0 t) f (t) ½ [F( - 0) + F( + 0)]
Differentiation in time domain:
If f (t) F( )
then df (t)
j F( )
dt
Differentiation in frequency domain:
If f (t) F( )
dF ( )
then ( jt ) f (t )
d
Properties of Fourier Transform (revisited)
Time reversal
If f (t) F( )
then f (-t) F (- )
Duality:
If f (t) F( )
then F (t) 2 f (- )
Fourier Transform (Problems)
Example: Find Fourier transform of x(t) = (t-2) ( t -2)
F
(t ) 1
Using time shifting property,
F j2 0 2 t
(t 2) 1.e
Hence X( ) = cos(2 ) j sin( 2 )
Amplitude = [cos(2 )2 + sin(2 )2] ½ = 1 4
P ha se (rad ia ns)
Phase = - 1[-sin(2
tan /
) cos(2 )]
2
0
- 1[-tan(2 )] = -2
= tan -2
-4
Phase spectrum* of X( ) -5 0 5
Frequency (rad/sec)
*Phase ranges from - to only. If it comes out of the range, it is wrapped up.
Fourier Transform (Problems)
Problem 1: Find Fourier transform of x(t) = exp(-at)u(t)
Problem 2: Find Fourier transform of x(t) = exp(-a|t|)
Problem 3: Find Fourier transform of x(t) = u(t) u(t-4)
Problem 4 : Find inverse Fourier transform of
X( ) = [ ( + 0) + ( - 0)]
Continuous-time, Discrete-time and
Digital Signals
A continuous-time (CT) signal is defined for every instant of time and
at each instant, it may take a value from a set of infinite values.
A discrete-time signal is defined at specific instants of time, uniformly
apart, but it may take any value from a set of infinite values. The time-
spacing between the consecutive instants is called sampling period. It
is the sampled version of CT signal.
Digital signal is the quantized version of the discrete-time signal. It is
defined at specific instants of time and it may take a value from a set
of finite values.
Continuous-time, Discrete-time and
Digital Signals
6 Continuous-time
4
2
x
0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
6
4
s
2 Discrete-time
x
0
0 Ts 2Ts 3Ts 4Ts 5Ts 6Ts
4.5
s
3 Quantized
1.5
xQ
0
0 Ts 2Ts 3Ts 4Ts 5Ts 6Ts
Time (seconds)
A quantized signal, when represented by a sequence of bits is called digital.
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