Chapter 2 - Diode Circuit
Analysis and Applications
Diode approximations
1. Ideal Diode
2. Second Approximation
3. Third Approximation
Approximations?
First approximation:
21 years old
Second approximation:
21 year and 9 months old
Third approximation
21 year old and 9 months 3 days 30 mins and 40 sec
Ideal diode/First Approximation
Works completely like a switch
Forward bias – works likes close switch
Reverse bias – works like an open switch
Ideal diode characteristic
1. Does not have a threshold voltage
2. Does not have a resistance at all.
3. Does not have a breakdown voltage.
Thus work completely as a conductor when in Forward Bias and work completely as an insulator when
in Reverse Bias.
It is not used for real-life situations but just as general
approximations when preciseness isn't needed
2nd Approximation
1. Need voltage to turn on
0.7v for Silicon
0.3v for Germanium
2. Ignores the bulk resistance
It is the approximate resistance across the terminals of the diode when a
forward voltage and current are applied across the diode.
It is the resistance of the p and n materials of the p-n junction of the diode.
Its value is dependent on the doping level and the size of the p and n
materials.
Mostly Rb < 1 ohm .
3rd Approximation
1. Need voltage to turn on
0.7v for Silicon
0.3v for Germanium
2. Accounts the bulk resistance
However, if the bulk resistance is less than 1 ohm, it can be ignored.
Examples #1
Calculate the Total Current, Total
Resistance and the Power across on
each component using:
First Approximation,
Second Approximation and
Third Approximation.
Solution for the First Approximation
V = IR ; I = V / R ; P = IV ; VR1 = IR1(R1)
Itotal = 8 / 100 = 0.08 A
Rtotal = 100 ohms
Voltage across R1 = (0.08)(100) = 8 volts
Power across R1 = (I1)(VR1) = (0.08)(8) = 0.64 Watts
Power across RB = (I1)(VRB) = (0.08)(0) = 0 Watts
Power across Diode = (I1)(VD1) = (0.08)(0) = 0 Watts
Power across VS = (I1)(VS) = (0.08)(8) = 0.64 Watts
Solution for the Second Approximation
V = IR ; I = V / R ; P = IV ; VR1 = IR1(R1)
Itotal = 8 – 0.7 / 100 = 0.073 A
Rtotal = 100 ohms
Voltage across R1 = (0.073)(100) = 7.3 volts
Power across R1 = (I1)(VR1) = (0.073)(7.3) = 0.5329 Watts
Power across RB = (I1)(VRB) = (0.073)(0) = 0 Watts
Power across Diode = (I1)(VD1) = (0.073)(0.7) = 0.0511 Watts
Power across VS = (I1)(VS) = (0.073)(8) = 0.584 Watts
Checking: Ptotal = PR1 + PRB + PD
Solution for the Third Approximation
V = IR ; I = V / R ; P = IV ; VR1 = IR1(R1)
Itotal = 8 – 0.7 / 100 = 0.073 A
Rtotal = 100 ohms
Voltage across R1 = (0.073)(100) = 7.3 volts
Power across R1 = (I1)(VR1) = (0.073)(7.3) = 0.5329 Watts
Power across RB = (I1)(VRB) = (0.073)(0) = 0 Watts
Power across Diode = (I1)(VD1) = (0.073)(0.7) = 0.0511 Watts
Power across VS = (I1)(VS) = (0.073)(8) = 0.584 Watts
Checking: Ptotal = PR1 + PRB + PD
Diode Circuit Problem in Series and Parallel Circuit
Example #2:
Solve for Vo, Total Current, Total
Resistance and Total Power.
Solution of #2
Vo = VS – VD1- VD2 = 10 – 0.7 – 0.3 = 9v
I = V / R = 9 / 3k = 3 mA
Rtotal = 3k ohms
Ptotal = (I)(V) = (3 mA)(10) = 0.03 Watts
Example #3
Solve for Vo, Total Current, Total
Resistance and Power across R1.
Solution of #3
Vo = VS – VD1= 7 – 0.3 = 6.7 v
I = V / R = 6.7 / 5k = 1.34 mA
Rtotal = 5k ohms
PR1 = (IR1)(VR1) = (1.34 mA)(1.34 mA)(5k) = 8.978
mWatts
Example #4
Solve for Vo, Total Current, Total
Resistance and Power across D1.
Solution of #4
Using ohms Law
Vo = VS – VR1 – VD1= 10 – (1.33 mA)(3k) – 0.7
= 5.31 v
I = V / R = 9.3 / 3k + 4k = 1.33 mA
Using KVL
10 – (3k)I – 0.7 – (4k)I = 0
9.3 – (7k)I = 0
9.3 = (7k)I
I = 9.3 / 7k = 1.33 mA
Rtotal = 7k ohms
PD1 = (I)(VD1) = (1.33 mA)(0.7)= 0.0931 mWatts
Example #5
Solve for Vo, Total Current, the
current on each Diode and Total
Resistance.
Solution of #5
Vo = 0.7 volts
I = V / R = 7.3 / 3k = 2.43 mA
2.43 mA / 2 = 1.215 mA on each Diode
Rtotal = 3k ohms
Example #6
Solve for Vo, Total Current and Total
Resistance.
Solution of #6
Using ohms Law
Vo = V1– VD1 – VR1 = 12 – 0.3 – (2.57 mA)(2k)
= 6.56 v
Vo = V2 + VR2 + VD2 = -7 +(2.57mA)(5k) + 0.7
= 6.55 v
I = V / R = [12 – 0.3 – 0.7 –(-7)] / 2k + 5k = 2.57
mA
Using KVL
12 – 0.3 – (2k)I – 0.7 – (5k)I –(-7) = 0
18 – (7k)I = 0
18 = (7k)I
I = 18 / 7k = 2.57 mA
Rtotal = 7k ohms
Example #7
Solve for Vo, Total Current and Total
Resistance.
Solution of #7
Vo = V2 – VD2 = 12 – 0.7 = 11.3 v
I = V2 – VD2 – (V3) / R = 12 – 0.7 –(-3) / 5k =
2.86 mA
Rtotal = 5k ohms
End of Presentation
