BIBLIOGRAPHY The Manual for the XR-Series Robots.

Rhino Robots,
Champaign. ill., latest edition.
Because of the technical level of this book, the major SlO-Syn DC Stepping Motors Catalog. DCM 1078. Supe-
sources of further information on the topics discussed rior Electric Company. Bristol. Conn., latest edition.
are manufacturer's data books, appIt'ation notes, and
Ausiantler. David M.. and Paul Sagues. Microprocessors
articles in current engineering periodicals. With the
for Measurement and Control, Osborne/McGraw-Hg].
foundation you get from this book you should be able
Berkeley, Calif., 1981.
to comfortably read these materials. Listed below, by
chapter. are some materials that will give you more Ailocca. John A. • and Allen Stuart. Transducers Theory
details for many of the topics we discuss In the book. and ApplLcat1on.. Reston Publishing Company. Inc.,
Following the chapter listings is a list of periodicals Reston, Va.. 1984.
which we have found to be particularly helpful in keeping Seippel, Robert G. .Transducers, Sensors and Detectors.
up with the latest advances in microcomputer evolution Reston Publishing Company. Inc., Reston, Va.. 1983.
and applicat!ons. Johnson. Curtis D., Process Control Instruinentatjon
Technology. John Wiley & Sons. New York. latest
edition.
Chapter 1
Sheingold, Daniel H. ted.). Transducer Interfacing
Hall. Douglas V.. Digital Circuits and Systems, McGraw- Handbook - A Guide to Analog Signal Conditioning.
Hill. Inc.. New York, 1989. Analog Devices. Inc.. Norwood. Mass., latest edition.
Analog Devices Industrial Control Series Data Sheet.
Analog Devices. Inc.. Noi-wood. Mass., latest edition.
Chapters 2-6
Texas Instruments. Inc. Third Generation TMS32O
Mick, John, and Jim Brick; Bit-Slice Microprocessor User's Guide, Dallas. Tex., latest edition.
Design. McGraw-Hill. Inc., New York. 1980. Chassaing. Ruiph. and Darell W. Horning, Digital Signal
A Histonj of Microprocessor Development at Intel. Intel Processing with the TMS320C25. John Wiey & Sons.
Article Reprint/AR-173, Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, New York. 1990.
Calif.
Microprocessors. Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, Calif.,
latest edition (Databook). Chapter 11
Turbo Assembler User's Guide, Borland International, Peripherals, Intel Corporation. Santa Clara. Calif., latest
Scotts Valley, Calif., 1988. edition (Databook).
Macro Assembler User's Guide. Mrosoft Corp., Bel Microprocessors. Intel Corporation, Santa Clara. Calif..
linghan-.. Wash.. 1989. latest edition (Databook).
Perip"erals. Intel Corporation. Santa Clara. Calif.. latest IBM PC Technical Reference Manual, IBM Corp.. Boca
edition (Databook). Raton, Fla.. 1983.
SDK-86 MC.S . 86 System Design Kit User's Guide. Intel IBM PC/AT Technical Reference Manual. IBM Corp.,
Corporation. Santa Clara, Calif.. 1981. Florida, 1984.
8086 System Design. Application Note. Intel Corpora- 8086 Macro Assembly Language Reference Manualfor
tton/AP-67, Intel Corporation. Snta Clara, Calif. 8086-Based Development Systems. Intel Corporation.
Santa Clara, Calif., latest edition.
Chapters 9-10 En-or Detecting and Correcting Codes. Application Note
AP-46, Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, Calif., 1979.
Peripherals. Intel Corporation. Santa Clara, Calif.. latest Getting Started With the Numeric Data Processor. Appli-
edition (Databook). cation Note AP-1 13, Intel Corporation, Santa Clara,
IBM PC TECHNICAL REFERENCE MANUAL. IBM Corp.. Calif., 1981.
Boca Raton, Fla., 1983. Hall, Douglas V., DigltalCircuttsand Systems. McGraw-
Dorf, Richard C.. Robotics and Automated Manufactur- 1-1111, Inc.. New York, 1989. (Chapter 15 on Electronic
ing, Reston Publishing Company, Reston. Va. 1983. Design Automation.)
AMF Potter & Brumfield Catalog. Potter & Brumfield.
Princeton, lnd., latest edition.
Optoelectrontcs Designer's Catalog. Hewlett-Packard. Chapter 12
Palo Alto. Calif.. latest edition. Turbo C + + User's Manual: Turbo C + + Programmer's
Interfacing Liquid Crystal Displays in Digital Systems. Guide: TurboC 1- 4- Library Reference. Borland Interna-
Application Note AN-8, Beckman Instruments. Inc., tional. Scotts Valley. Calif., 1990.
Scottsdale, Ariz.. latest edition. hhcroso[t C 6.0 Optimizing Compiler. Language Refer.
Optoelectronics Device Data Book, DLI I8RI, Motorola ence, Cod et'lew. and Utilities. Microsoft Corporation,
Semiconductor Products Inc., Phoenix. Ariz.. latest Belltngham. Wash.. 1987.
edition. Schildt. Herbert, Turbo C: The Complete Reference.
Sandhu, II. S.. Hands-On Introduction to ROBOTICS— Boriand-Osborne/McGraw . Hilt Berkeley. Calif.. 1988.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 577
Waite. Michael, and Stephen Prata. New C Primer Plus, EIA Standard RS-232-C. Interface Between Data Termt'
Howard W. Sams & Company, Carmel, md.. 1990. nal Equipment and Data Communication Equipment
Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange, Electronic
Industries Association. Engineering Department, Wash-
Chapter 13 ington. D.C. ,l99.
Peripherals. Intel Corporation. Santa Clara. Calif.. latest Sterling. Donald'J.,, Technicians Guide to Fiber Optics.
edition (Databooki. Delmar Pubifshers Inc. Albany. NY, 1987. (Good basics
with emphasis on cables, connectors, and couplers.)
Lesea, Austin, and Rodnay Zaks. Microprocessor In-
tesfacinq Techn!ques, Sybex inc.. Berkeley. Calif.. latest
edition. Chapter 15
Art Intelligent Data Base System Using (he 8272.
Application Note AT'- 116. Intel Corporation. Santa Clara. Stevens. Al, Turbo C Memory Resident Utilities, Screen
Calif.. 1981. (Old, but good basics.J I'O, and Programming Techniques, MIS Press, Portland.
Ore., 1987.
Sutty. George. and Steve Blair. Program triers Guide to
the EGAIVGA. Brady Books. New Yoi'k. NY, 1988. Kaisler, Stephen H., The Design of Operating Systems
Stevens. Roger T.. Fractal Programming in C. M&T
for Small Computer $Jstems. John Wiley & Sons. Inc..
New York. 1983.
Books, Redwood City. Calif.. 1989 (Demo cLisk comes
with book and provides much fur..) Microprocessors. Intel Corporation. Santa Clara, Calif..
latest edition (Databook).
DOS TecLnical Reference Manual, Microsoft Corpora-
tion. Beulngham. Wash.. lafrst edition. ASM386 Assembly Language Reference Manual. Intel
Corporation, Santa C1a'a, Calif.. 1986.
Jamsa. OOSThe Compiete Reference, Osbornc/
McGraw-BiB, Berkeley . CalIf.. 1987. 80386 System Software Writer's Guide. Intel Corpora-
tion, Santa Clara. Calif.. 1987.
Jamsa, Krls. DOS Power User's Guide, Osborne]
McGraw-HiD, Berkeley, Calif., 1988. 386 Microprocessor Hardware Reference Manual. Intel
Luther, Arch, Digital Video in the PC Environment, Corporation, Santa Clara, Calif.. 1988.
McGraw-Hill. New York. NY, 1989. 80386 Programmer's Reference Manuai, Intel Corpora-
tion, Santa Clara, Calif., 1986.
Phillips International, Inc. Compact DiskInteracttve, A
Designer's Overview. McGraw-Hill. NewYork. NY, 1989. Pappas. Chris H., and William H. Murray. Inside the
Model 80. Osborne/McGraw-Hill. Berkeley. Calif., 1388.
Microsoft Windows User's Guide. Microsoft Corpora-
Chapter 14 tion. Bellingham, Wash., 190.
Microco'nmunicatiorts Handbook, Intel Corporation. Klimasausskas, Casirir C., Teaching Your Computer
Santa Clara. Calif., latest edition. tTwo-volurne databook to I.earn. NeuralWare, Inc., Pittsburgh. Penn.. 1988
with manz application notes.) - (Booklet).
Stallings. William D., Local Networks, an Introduction,
Macmillan. New York, NY, 1984. tOlder. but good, clear PerodicaIs
basics.)
Friend. George E., et al., Understanding Data Commu' BYTE. ISSN 03605280. Byte Publications, Inc.. 70
rilcations, Howard W. Sams. Indianapolis, md.. 1987. Main Street. Peterborough, NH 03458.
(Good basics.) EDN. ISSN 0012-7515. Cahners Publishing Co., 221
Fike. John L., and George E. Friend. Understanding Columbus Avenue, Boston. MA 02116.
Telephone Electronics, Howard W. Sams. Indianapolis. Electronic Design. USPS-172-080. Fayden Publishing
Ind.. 1984. (Good basics.) Co.. Inc., 50 Essex Street, Rochelle Park, NJ 07662.
Schalt, Stan, Understanding Local Area Networks, Electronics. ISSN 9013-5070. McGraw-Hill, lnc\ 1221
Howard W. Sams, Indianapolis. Ind,. 1989. (Good Avenue of the Americas. New York, NY 10020.
basics.) Instruments & Control Systems. ISSN 0l64-0089.Chil-
McNamara, John E.. Tech ' -o Aspects fData Cornmu- too Company. Chilton Way, Radiior, PA 19089.
nication, Digital Equlpniciit Corporation. Maynard, Electronic Engineering Times. ISSN 0192-1541. Ek'c-
Mass,, latest edition. tronic Engineering Times. 600 Community Drive. Man-
EJA Standard RS-$22. Electrical Characteristic.s of Bat. hasset. NY 11030.
a need Voltage Digital Inte-face Circuits. Electronic
Industries Association, Engineering Department. Wash-
ington. D.C.. 19Th.

578 BIBLOCRAPHY


APPENDIX A
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APPENDIX B
8086/8088 InstructIons S.gm.nt O.rld. Pr.fla
Not.. for 0066 / 0068 InstructIons
OOtrept *0
The individual Instruction descriptions arc shoix n by
a format box such as the following Trieng 2 .

i :i: I
These are byic-wise representations of the object code
Us. of S.gm.nt OrrId.

O,.d 1* 0.1.41 BPS Orion.. 95.0.

generated by the assembler and are interpreted as
follows IF 0(Oo 505i CS S.oã
• Opcode is the 8 . bil opcode for the instruction SF SlatS •00150•) OS NOn*
OF (stack 5*StI OS BA OS ES, ow CS
The actual opcode generated is defined in the I_ lWfl'l
Opcodc column of the instruction table thai Slow Olinol tea •bVigsl 05 ES. OS. 0? CS
follows each format boo Silmol.ol.00c.AI01 OS ES.SS.00S
low tb0(gl
• rn/op/rim is the byte that speciFies the operands Dl )anQAoi ant 0400 ES Ntri(
of the instruction Ii contains a 2-bit mode field t0( tbsSQll
Im I. a 3-bit register held lopI. and a 3-bit regis-
ter or memory (rim) field. Op.rand Address (EA) Timing (Clocks):
• Dashed blank bones following the m/op/r/-tn hon A 4 kI lOt *0(0 op.wV,0. 5(000 ADDRESSES
are for any displacement required by Ott mode innInd ORI.t - S
1ild. Bait (SO. BR. Si, DO_S
Ben. • 01SF - I
• Data is for a byte of immediate data. Ba. + irOn ISP + Di. Bit 0 OIl -
B... • 11055 ISP r Si. OX + DI) - I
• A dashed blank box following a Data hon is uxd B... + hSa)BP • 0.00- S1I S OISP - it
whenever the immediate operand is a word + itiidWi)BP +5105+01) OiSP - ii
quantity.
AAA ASCII Adjust for Addition
Op.rand Summary
r.( AMISS Adr.enb 0,0.4. ClotS. 00.01110+
Word O,.t.sd Stilt 09.1504 Sea.nI 37 4 Iditai AL flogs *14
non o Ac on Es
bs CX Xt Cl. Oi CS AAD ASCII Adjusi foe DIpl.Ion
PrO 00 Orb Dl. tO OS
Ott 60 Dli Bi. SI CS
SSP
lOt OF lOt Cli
tin Si no Dl. 09004. CiOct. OP.,.iIOn
sit oi it, B,.
05 On 60 Anjuni AL All pIca iv Orson
Second Instruction Byte Summary
AAM ASCII Adjust for MultIplIcatIon

m*4
I LOflQOPtO05

X 04SF - 0. 01*9-low SM drip-lopEr sri absent 0,0.4. ClOut. Gn,.iIsn

On OISP - 01.9-low .çn-.ot.ir000 to tO-ba.. Asp-high 0 OIOA 03 AdiS.1AL.AHuIIF
to 0160 - d1*p-nns drip-low mvitipicliOr
Ii 11W ii 550515 •.rO-- PAId

VS 09.1*4*50. AAS ASCII Adjust for Subtraction

0 )B2) ISIS 01SF
OCt (50) + 1015° 0460 IOntoa.1
050 (OF) + (SI) • 01SF
Ott OF) + 101) + 04SF 00+04. Clock. 00(1.110,
SOC (Si) 01SF
SOt (Dl) • 04SF 3F 4 Jdr%! AL flags An
550 OF) S 01SP
lit (AX) + 01SF
0.501 loPAnri 2nd by 04 owV00000 (bIdori dat. it r.qaridl ADC Int.g.r Add with Carry
0(595r! owod OC lad rjn' - rIO man LA - Asparigh diop-ip. vIemory/Reg Reg
FI.g,
AUXILIARY CARRY - OCO
*0
CF CARRY Ft_AG
09004$
Opeod. E
DO DIRECTION FLAG lStiNOS) Ciaco. 090*1110,
it INTERRUPT ENABLE FLAG
OF OVERFLOW FL_AG (CF Oil Syl• *2 3 PegS-CF - R.gO - 05*38
P0 PARiTY FLAG 12 9-LA PegS -CF RIgS - Mn
Si SIOPIFLAG 10 i6EA M.rril _CO - Moon - RigS
TO TRAP ISINOLE sre. FLAG) wsce 13 3 P0gb -CF - RIgID Right
xc zeno ri_AG iS 9.EA 01.00' RegiS - M.rrrii
WilViXI Pr.? t.$.t.ra tin Rep rep..?. Nit.. ti-ba OO,.C? ufl ii ti-En Mrrrii -CF - M.016
Or. ,yntCI FiAGSWr.ov...nI a. IN
I , I 0
Irnrned to AX/AL
IsInIeInIonI0(unFtcIn,IxnloIuoIIImvIIIcnI
I - DOIICW. Onood. Ott. j :i]

592


0tc Dock. 0.saoa

I4 4 AL_-CF cAL • iininddS Opc.dd DOCkS 0*0*4500
*0.4 IS 4 Al -CF • AX 1,011.416
El IS IP.*lP40.,p16-(SPA--I.6,fl
Inn,,ed to Memory/Reg 4*
Within segment or group. Indirect
Io.do r on/ .1 :1:11:1
0,004. Clock. Ofl0.
[oneo. 0l0nie,( :TI:
O 50 ptood
4 flogs_-CF 8.98 - 07*1.08 C300k. 0t0l•400l
Sfl•
80 77*1*
FE IS IP.-A.9ISSP3--lflrkflk
*014 II I fl.g16 Ct 8.976 FE 27 • (A IF .- 4*0,18-ISP) - mr +1.
Im.n.016
en 17*Efl MI1S-CF M.,T.l6
lm.00016 Inter-segment or group. Direct
4 n,9r8-Cr - 16.976 * 1,111,1.08
17.1* M.07l8-CF - Ur,,I6
13
98-s I0rocI 101Soc 0604

0,104. DOck. 041.4.50.

ADD Integer Addition
9A 28 CS.-$.gkOc.
Memory/Reg * Rrg IF-c5ss
i- TI: Inter-segment or group. Indircct
05004* ClOck. 0,01.110* I0.0IlIl111 :i::i
Sit. 02 3 6095-Re55 - 16.95
02 9-En 9*98 -5.98 MomS 0,004. DOck. 0,.f.b.,%
95 78-En M.8.-M.m5 5*98
Fr 37+Efl CS-.-i.gbas.
Web 03 3 R.IS-RegI6 - 16.916 IF __OIlo*
Q3 9.Efl R.g16 .-flegr6 . M50116
07 6. En M.16 - M,m76 R.grk
Iotnred to AX/AL
CBW = Convert Byte to Word
ri 0..

Opoc.tlo,,
I0pI
Otcod Clock.
0 AL'AL 0707048
04 ,004.
4 Clock. Onl.lI0.
95 4 AX.-AX ImmedrS
95 2 collAr, 5510 III AL 70 SOil -I, AX

In,rord to Menror/Rcg
CLC = Clear Carry Flag

j0470
0,004. Clock. 0,0,580,
0,104. Clock. 0*01.000
Fl 2 ci.., Ill. Carry 'log
5,1. 50 4 focI fl•95 + ImrnadS
50 17-E/ MomS-MomS - Imm005
Wood It I AegiS -R.g16 Imm.016 CLO Clear DIr.ctlofl Flag
In nr-n MoirE -MoirE o /,crreOIS
83 1 0.916 -Rl5 - 0707.00
83 17.EA M.,fl16 -M.r1116 + Imni.dS rol
0,004. Clock. 09.1.800
AND LogIcal AND
Mcn,o,/Rrg nith Rog FC 2 CIt.' 00070* .0

r i07nl*9I07l = 1:IJ CLI Clear Interrupt En.b4. Flag

05604. CIOXN. 0*0*41100 050040 Clock. 0*0.0105
Sit. 22 3 8,98 0e95 AND 8*95 En 2 Cl..' nIurLip? lug
22 9(A Rog8-R.9SANOM.mS
20 76- ( A MOmS_-MoiS AND 8.9*
Wrd 23 3 6,916 -_R.g16 AND 6.976 CMC Compl.n..nt Carry Flag
23 9.1* RegiS.- 6,976 AND MemlA
21 i8 En M,11ri6 _-M511l6 AND RegIS
00,0000
In,nred to AX; AL
090.4* CI000. 0*1,001001
0014
ES 2 C011mQloIlOtlII tAlly 70*9
0,0040 Clock. 0.0*000,
CUP - Conopars Two Op.rands
1,1. 24 4 AL AL AND 07(17008
*000 20 4 AX.-AXAN01,,md0'S Mcmors/Rcg u,ih Keg
000o0.
mmcd 0 Memo,; Hrg IIll04l.grlmj TIT
[on.rlm'..- 000 050104. Clock. 0,01.010,
j
ut. 38 3 109, - 6098 - 5.90
0,004, ClOck. 05.1.110, 38 9(A 76.9, - 0.68 - Me 3
3* 0 En 0.9, -MOrril nt^
Silo 80 4 R.g8-OegS AND Imr,r*08 *0.4 09 3 1.91-0,916 60978
80 II - (A M,118 - M10"8 AND 1,707008 39 9-0+ rog.-R.gIl- MoonS
W004 II 4 00915.-fleglA AND im,',,416 38 9_(5 fl.Q..M.1*I6 flog'S
57 INCA M.i.,l6-MeøilS +110 Imm.016
Irrrrrred to AX.. AL
CALL Call
[ 00*704u j 0.7. -
'IA. ittiin segment or group. P reIjiluc

APPENDIX 8 593
 0,004. C*000• 0904.0*. IV Slçnsd Division
K 4 6.90 *4. 4,040.40 Mensory/Reg with AX or DX AX
Ix..
W*4 30 4 flag. *2 - 11,00.41, 10004111
lmrned to Memory/Reg

090
:i:_i
0000k 0.01.000
t :i •Ø. 06
Fl
101-113 ANAL ..AX) 11.95
flO1-IIOIOEA *11*4.0*3/10*058
155.164 00*3-03 AX I 114915
*..d F
(I 11 . 100)0 IA COAX - 00*0/10.41,16
Ix.. .4 4 - 6.gO
00 lO-EA 1095.0401114.*0*.4$
Co.. SI flag. .6.916 - lm.o.4l6 UNtil. Sign.d Multiplication
II IOOEA lfag,..kOkOlIS.lflW..4016 Mensory/Reg 111th AL or AX
13 4 N.gt_A.gi6.liwn.05
03 IOOEA flagi ..M.fnlB 41,0,1.48
!0000424b0hh1fr1 -:c-i

CWD Conv.rt Word to Doubleword 0,404. ClOck. 00.1.1104

1o1 Clock.
II't.
*044
Ft
ES
U
Fl
60-95
126-154
AXAL°R.g8
l66-104/OEA AX ...ALM.Oi$
00 AX ..AX11g16
134.160) ' en 00 *x—AXM,4110
Opted. 000,04400

95 5 CCC,$fl *001210 AX ,o
dOcOl *0( d OX AX IN Input Byt., Word
Fined port
DAA Decimal Adjust to, Addition I I on
000.41 ClOck. 00.1.110.
CloCk. 0,,.II00 6,4. (4 10 Al. "PoolS
0,004. ES IS Ax—Porte
21 4 141011*4.. flagS. AM V.sri.oble port

DAS = O.clm.I Adjust to, Subtraction 000042.

00004. Clock. 000,41100

ri
*0,4 CC 9 AL Portlllio DXI
0,004. CloCk. 0*01.000 ED 9 *0 - Pc,1194r 05)
21 sipusI AL. flags. All INC Increment by I
IA ord Register
DEC D.crem.nt by 1
Word Register
00004. CloCk. 00.1.1101
00004. • '.9
40119 2 RegI6.-ReqIB -
0,004. ClOck. 0901.11*0 Memor y / B y te Register
45+119 2
Meocory/Byte Register
0.916fl.gl6 .4
I 0eoxe J4ll00 000 :i: - :]
Io.oco01u/n
0,004. CloCk.
L]
00.1.000
6,4.
000012.

FE
FE
Clock.
3
IS-En
09.1.1104

flogS .-R.gO
U,mOMei,.S *
*0,4 Fc lS*EA M0ml6..*1.I,1,bO
Ix.. FE 3 R.gSfl.gl-1
FE 15'EA M.mS.UlITIS- I
wo,a Fr 15,1* M.mI6—M..vil6- I Interrupt

DIV Llnsign.d Division

Menory/Reg wtlh AX or DX AX
I 000012*

00004. CloCk. 0900.1105

00004. no4llOqo CC 52 0*111,1001 3
CD SI trilSlIlJPl 1500
0,004. Clock. 000,41400 CE 530, 4 liIO,,0014 1 FLA6S OF -
oil, SOP
•ytk Fl 00-00 ANAL AX / RIgS
Fe (I6-94o-EA A ll.AL. — Ax, Mrn5 IRET = Return trom Interrupt
*0,4 Fl 144.102 OXAXOX*X/Plgl6
El (150.1051. LA COAX — 00*01 Memig

ESC Escap. 0,004, CloCk. 00.1.1100

Otcod. ClOck.
.E:
00.1.1100
CF
Jcond Jump on Condition
24 65411,1*0411 .11.11.001

08i 0.-En 30440000(EA) Operas ion

00 . 2 0.l.000.IEAI
.1 c000+00 -5 1+. IntO 20
,.gr .. 0i000 d*S0+4Ct0'OlI I 0 IS 0-I,
Ht.T — Heft i p =10 • l* g r -OaII*'o.0 -SC ) 1000100*1
0110 .1
10j
Form.,
00004 ClockS 00.4.1100
000000 0.10
04 2 Ii., 0001040'

594 APPENDIX B


IL[
0004 - LEA Load Efl.ctive Address
Opcod• Clocks 0.4hO0
77 760.4 (1,019 .5000 r
13 '80.4 N'"P ,? 4500.0 equa l aM
O 12 ISO.'
pted. v0p.lb0400 JO Clock. 0*00.0055
76 780.4 prlo II 5*40. .00.1 JOE M.gl60Efl
.10 80 2-En
72 ISO. 4 uI'lp .7 Calfy 144 JE
74 760.4 jumI ego.' LOCK Assert Bus Lock
IF 760.4 *00? 97*4704 .10
70 7604 4 tOp .7 915411*0' JOE
equll i]
IC 160.4 *00.? Ins JI_
'0 160*4 urnO 700*0* aqaI aLE
76 7607 4 11*0*07 b ? *000* .19* 000*0.. ClOck. 0Q.?.tICa
12 60.4 u100 .711444' 1000* JNAE 00 2 :1.4*1 III. DCII lock
004 equal 1145? 0190CIIOI
73 ISo.' 1*1110 .7 1101 0.100. JNB
77 700.4 509!? 0.0101110100 .2900 LOOPix Loop Control
1101 00*41
73 160.4 1Q00 7140 10710 iNC
75 160. 4 u'"O 7 'lOt guSl PIE
76 160. 4 lump? 1101 qIeclet JNO
IC 760, 4 ump .7.10,754' 9104110 .17406 00004. Clocks 00.4.00* 00 -
E1*00 l110? 001*11 1801 6 0*0 CX. IOOQ .7 .9041 .0400 LOOPE
70 60,4 II 1101 less .251. 1.070
(IF 0 I60' 0097 IlelltleI Ins ñø PILE 79015 d.0 CX. bog 70010911.7.04 1000046
equal CX 17070
E 71 16014 JumPinG
l Oeet ?0.l JNO 130,6 0.CCX.b000lIUOO4tldCX LOOP?
78 760.4 111001100041ht0 ISP 007 0
E 79 15074 5007
0 005.70* .190 790.5 ScCp. loop 7 00? zerO .0400 LOOPS?
75 16014 (ulIlpllllO?0100 .202 0070
70 1601 4 11*0.01700070* .10 El 170.5 00.1 Cu. lOOP.? CX 1.070 LOOP
IA 760.4 urnp.?0ttlIy JP
7* 60.4 jump? polIo 00*0 aPE
76 76 0,4 100.011 0.1 . 17 Odd JPO MOV Move Data
18 16004 lumP.? SIgn IS
74 18016 jomp 7*0,0 .1? Mcn'ory/Rrg loot from Reg
03 180,6 un,p,ICX.S*000 JCXZ
lOots 007 lest 114911 Fo.I ,.9 h1m I ::E:1

090000 ClOCKS 09.7.6*0

JNP Jump 5540 08 91E6 500nt88098
68 2 OsgE-. 74098
Vt IthIll segmenu Or group. I? relailse Sn 80(6 R.98.4lelIlt
*0.4 89 91(8 M.01600.916
39 9 fl591650*9J6
08 $uEt. R,916U0016
09*040 ClOCkS 09.157100
OLtCl . Add0000Cd Mrrnory too, 1ro AX/Al.
£9 IS P 1P * O.SP'S
60 75 IP .. IP I 0.,p8 AOOIL *0406 J
(0.508 sqfl-eet00444I
W llhln cegme ol or group. I nd,rccl 0,004. Clocks Op.l.6*fl
Set. *0 70 AL 64*4,8
42 10 M.mS.*L
nu0l00lI0I :::: *0 AXMeoI6
*0.4 *7
*3 IX MeffilkoAX
Optodo Clocks 00.7.7700
Inimed to Keg
Fr II P-RegIS
OF 10.6* lP06400l6
0.74 :1
lnlercgmCnI Or group. Drecl Opc* deC00 0.405000
Sn. 90 . reg 4 0.98 ..1*m0046
Ions I o 1 5..L2,h1a5e stgO4_] *0.4 940109 4 fl0918*'1000d16
Clock. 09.001100 IlOOmCd 60 Momory/Reg
09.01.
En IS CS-10gD4St : I: I _i: =
(P.011501 09.056*5
09004. Clocks
Intel .negmcnl III grOUp. IndIrect CO 4 Reg9.I004dS
06 10,64 50,08 ..,1n170048
Cl 4 PegIS_(0004lO
_______ = : Cl IQOEA M00116101117616
00.040 Clock. 00.11010*'
Memory/Reg to or from SRcg
Fr 24.6* CS - 1,90.14
IP 011501
E 0001.g1/n i.:
LAHF Load AN from Flag. 090040 ClOck. 0.40500*
*0,4 K 946* M.076S059
Opt 04. K 2 54916S0*9
64 0.68 5R.g..M*,tI6
0*01.1100 9€ . 2 07449 -R.glO
090040 Clocks
9F 4 1000 •,. byt e 071159$ 0010 MUt Unslgro.d Multiplication
Mentor/Rcg sc1lh AL or AX

LOS LES = Load PoInter to OS'ES and r I:L:I

Register
Opted. Clocks 0001.000
*9lJm - Ill's FO 70.11 AX .AL6495
P6 I70B3Y 8.4 *1 0AL'U.0S
CloGs OpSt•I*Ol. *0.4 07 110133 00 *u..A0R.916
0.0044 8.7 (1241391 'LA COAX ..AuC.44016
04 74.6* 0*0.0 P•OIIIICI .7 ES 900$ IC
'.g'k('1l 00101 4110 ES
(21.0 .50.0, MEG Negate an InI.gsr
05 16'EA 00077 90.11101 lIES gon to
1.9161111 *0101 .00 05 M&ors, Rng
12114 *0,4)

77 APPENDIX B 595


L- 0.0.4. ClOck. 00.4.1..

07 '54.9 S SRg-lSP).
0.0.4. Clock. Q.0..0..
F. R.9dOOR.gI
3 A.gIK -a., POPF — Pop th. 10$ Into th. Flags
Fe 13.(fl
F? IC. (A M?t- - M.e It I00.o0.J
NOP - No Operation
0000d. Clock. 0*00.00,
00 0 rL•105-1SP(.
PUSH Push a Wood onto th. Stack
OWc*d O.ck. 0,*.
00 3 ro co...t.,i Memory/Reg

NOT - Fo,m On., Complsm.nt '

Memory/Rcg 090.4. ClOck. 00.1.11.,
16,EA
ri i:x Word Register
FO -(SP)..Mr,t6

0,C.4. Cl.... Op.....,

Sri. Ft
Ft JSEA
3 R.g4-OFFH - R.g$ L1
Word Fl 3 Rgt .OFFFFH - 0,004* Clock. 0P.,.tic,
F? 1(1(0 MrtIt-..OflcFn -MImIC 50+1.9 It -4SP.Rgl4
OR — LogCca Inciusiw. OR Segmeni Register
Mnii'-,/R.g with Reg
OOcOR. *
____ - :
0,004. ClOck. Op......
OPcM. Lion. OtCSflSg •O
O,.,
04 tEA ga-fle9SORM.r,
01 It-P 00 (ionIC -U p
.,8 On R.ga PUSHF Push the Flag. to the Stack
Wad 05 3 R.gti_R.gt R.ç Is
04! PlEA
00 ISft MIIMCOIICORRgII
0 AX/AL 0,0044 Clock. 0,.q.Ooc
0.!. j PC tO -ISP)°LAGS
_

0.004* Clock. Op.r.0.., RCI. Rotate Left Through Carry

X 4 Al. — At. OR ln.Tw.$ Memory or Rep by
00 4 4.0 AX OR lnv,It
jipamed to Memory/Reg

i 09*04. (.locI. 0p.r.00n

0.1. 00 2 101db 4.9 SOy I
Opted. ClOCk. Op.r.Ow, 00 15.0* 101IltUtOflIbyl
*04 Dl 2 tot.,, Reg IS byt
00 4 Cl (5*00 toter. Uenl'Bny I
NO 17+00 M.fl4._K4.m5QflI.,,a
Wo.4 51 4
Memory or Rep by count In CL
R.gIe-R.git OR IITlrldI5
II 17+0* MS0I5o.M.mIKOn k,wn.cI0
:r -
OW Output 8yt., Wogd 09*00. Clock. 0p.t.0o,
5,1. 02 S+4js rc1.tfl.g5byC1
IIed port 02 2OtEfl-4/b.n rotalokOavrSc,Cc
Word 07 S^4,b, I04.NROO1600CL
03 20.Ffl.4/s, rotals MoqniOoyCI.
0.004. deSk. 0001.0., RCR Rotate Right Tb, ough Carry
(0 '0 PocK -ot.
t to PorIS.-AX Mcntory or Rep by I
l?0 flit POrt
L JEj
Opted. ClOCK. 09.0.50.1
Op.G40 50. 00 2 tom. Rigibyr
Clock. Ont.Il., 00 15000 104.t.M.rlsobyt
Word (0 I POflIKII000)flL Word 01 2 to.... 0.916 by I
(F I P0(110(0 oct.40 DI 1540* 10141. 14.0+16 by I
POt' Pop a WOrd from th. Stack Mornory or Rog by coont in CL
V. ord Memory 4.c00tIr,0.4 :r::

. 0,004. ClOck. 0,OrSS.,

.rc. 02 lc./1.r '0141• Regt by Ci.
0,004. ClOck. 0p.,.Ooi, 02 20.000I/t.I roI.t.MoVoSO0CC
Sr ,.Ec U.mIK-(SP(.
WOS 03 Ic 4/On rot... R.gto by Ci.
03 20.00.4/0, roq.,.U..OISbCI.
Word Repsier
REPx = R.p..t Pr.fla

00+04. ClOCK. 00.1.0.,

I . eg I R.gi5-.-(SP. 0,0.4. Clock. 0,...0o. Rn. -
F) 2 rep... ce.I .,.IIuct.O, Cdli REP
Scgment Registrr CO-n
F3 2 .IWucto, odl.1
(.0*.! li.ct ROPE
Cc-OorZF.O 5(PZ
F2 2 0411 cool .o,tcuCt.. cflIg OEPOE
CO-Oct iF-I R(PICZ

596 APPENDIX B


RET - Asturn from Subroutin. Word 0? 2 OI%f?RI91IDyI

0? 15.5* .hftM.11n?Sbyi
Foptcd.I Memory or Peg by count in CL

Opted. CloCk. aneMic. 00,04. }.rdd?I??/fl'4

Ca I e.n-s.gmsnt
Ce II e,.t.c.r r•Ioln 0.004. Cocos 05.1.0..
Rclurn and add conslonI to SP 5c9. 02 So4/bt o'o*#.QabyCL
01 20€A.4/bo IOe8lMeodbyCL
i11tSfl.gl4byCL
I °° I °' I 03 1.4/b?
WOOd
t°° 03 2001A.4/b1 Ilo8krIIbyC1
00.04. Clock. 0p.00. 588 Int.g.r Subtrsctiem with Borro0.
Ca ¶2 CI,. ..r'r l cM Cod Id.? Mentory/Reg wrth Reg
CA I? eI4....9a1.0I req on.? COd
ROt. - Rotat. L.ft I 0. I'"I : : :i
Memory or Peg by Opmd. ClOck. 0e.e.000
lo.**od0o0 n1*0

Opc.d. Cr0005
I T::1
Op.. .1100
•,4o IA
IA
IS
3
6.5*
RogI 0lO91 fl9$. CF
9.gI-A.gIM0.4CF
?6.E* 14.0.0.14.04. flogS CF
Weld iS 3 RegIS .R.g14 - R.gIS - CF
Set. 00 2 roI.I.P.9100l IS 5.1* R.qr6.R.915 10.0110-OF
00 ¶S.EA role. .5 by? IS tIC LA 14.01*4 ..M.eflIS S.c?t CF
Wood 0? 2 ro..I.A.gfl6 Dy
Or rS,L* ,ol.r.M.mlObyl lrnined from AX/AL.
Memory or keg by count in CL I °I Data _]
IO110d0
00.04. ClOck. Opec .0.0
T Opted.
IC
*0
Clock. O,...0.0
4
4
*L*L-Iflwyr.45.CF
AX.AX-l.,Ia,I.di8.CF
mb 02 0o4/11.1 ,014108.g$D,CL
02 200E.tA/b.l ,c10l.bMptIb,Cr. fronted mom Menrory/Reg
Weld 03 I'4/bI rornl.RogISbyCL
03 EAc4/b4 ,0bolok40.lflI6bCL I00,/14 :1 0•lo
ROft Rotite Right Opted. Clock. 00.0MM.
Memory 0* Peg by I 4. 1 R.gfl..P.g5.lIeao.dS.CF
60 lYOLA Ll.4.54c.4.II,wr..4$.CF
II I 8eg13.R.g15 . 10011.016 . CF
SI I? .5* 10$01*40 loomIS . tnnl.dI6
CF
0004e Clock. 00.1.0.0 $3 I S.g?4-8.g?I-tnwn4.I-CF
mt. 00 2 relate 9.gS by I 63 ¶7 'LA 14.0114.14.1*16. flooded . CF
00 ISIEA r0I.t.M.ftr$by? - (0,0.10.40 lgfl-Iolkflrd.d
Word 0? 2 roel%I00glSby * 00*.,. oubSracl)
Dl ISOE* tobt.Ue..rdbyI SHR Logical Right Shift
Memory or Peg by counI in CL
Memory or Reg by I
I0omd.0rc/
joOO.roI'/ .j:
::E:1
0.004. Clock. O..e.tIoa
hI. 02 is 4/b,? rYlOte fl.gI by CL 0,0040 ClOcil 09.1.10.
02 20' En • 4/b.? (atoll M•lnI by CL lyto 00 2 .II4IS.gSby?
03 6' 4/bi to,.,. R.9r5 by CL 00 15.1* ,I%Illo.lTlIby?
03 200E*l0/b.? ro*.?.Mc.lflSbyCt Weld DI 2 i/rftRogISby?
DI I$EA cMIMI*IS0y I
SAHF = Stor. AH In Flags Mcmory or keg by count CL
in
°
E0nco.I P i104IO?l/lt :r:.i
OpoodS Clock. Ofll*teOS Opted. Clocks 00.1.5100
9€ I COpy *1.10.0* byte 0? 1139$ •yt. 02 I' 4/5.1 00.11 R9I by CL
02 20 . E.'4/b.t ,,.rIM.lfl$byCL
WOrd 03 84/04 01.1? RegiS by CL
03 20.1*4/b.? .t$*tMrr?SbyCt.
SAL/SML = Ar*thmetic/Loglcal Left Shift
Menrory or keg hC I STC Sat Carry Flag
I0r00trI ::i 0nt040
09,04. Clock. 000,3110, 09.04. CI000. 090..ua0a
SlIt 00 2 $llrfl PegS by F9 1 1.1111. Cerry lag
00 155* •royU.r8oyr
Weld 0? 2 S11.1? RegIS by
510 S.t Direction Flags
DI 5'E* .fl,#Mwr?SbyI
Memory or Reg by count ct C L
imI ::iOpted. ClOck. 00.1.100
loptom]
O,cod.
cC
ClockO
2
Op...u000
011 oe.cto., 009
SpIt 02 I 4/at 1MM flogS Dy CL sTI - Sat lnt.rrupt Ensb4. Flag
02 20.€A '0/br w.OMrrIO1CL
*0.4 03 5. 4/br S*l!fl e.g'S My CL 0m0401
03 20EA.4,b.r VLflMe.trSbyCL
00(040 Clock. 09.030..
SAR ArlthIn.tic Right Shift Fe 2 .4r.ntelruPIIlOg
Memory or Reg b y I
SfrGng * String Operations
:i:: 100004.1
0,0.4. Clock. 0,.,.IlOm
.ytt 00 2 .r.flA.gSby' 000.4. Clock. 00.1.1100 101Sf -
6*5* .I..flM.1fl1by1 AS 22 1090 ../bl/ Dll ClAPS

APPENDIX B 597
 *7 22 'l.gc.CS'l loll IMPS
*4 15 1011 lS1l MOVS XLAT8 Ttrl* Lkup TliSklAtLOfl
AS is 1011 —1011 MOVS
SE IS Sags1011. Al SCAS
SE IS flags_1011 Ax SCAS
01 I? Al 15'l 1000
*0 ii *0 .1011 1005 Ofle.Ilo0
AA 'I Oil ..AC 5705 0.0.4.
07
CloCk.
Ii lIQSlC• AL. 01111 atM. lorry
45 ii loll_AX STOS
SEED Integer Subtraction XOR - LOgiCal Eacluslee OR
Mcniors Reg niih Rcg
Oocoe. jmoeuag,j
0.004. Clock. 0p.I.ulo,
I
E
Moir1ror/Rrg ocilh Roig

oocod. oo'.g;r
090.4. Clock.
E1
00.1.110.
lit. 2* 3 Rigs.- R agS Rage Ipl• 32 3 flagS-RegS005RegS
2A 9-En R.gR-9.gS-MeitiS 32 9-0* R.gS —R age 005 MoorS
29 15-En M.r't.-M.ord 9.95 30 iS - LA MireS - UsmS 600 flogS
Word 29 3 Rsgis—R.giR RegiS Wale 33 3 R.giS.MegrR CON RegiS
26 9-En Regis.- Regis - MoorS 33 - En Regis OeglR 005 M.inIS
29 '6- En M...16.-14.tnt6 - RegIs SI Is - En M.rlmiS M.e'lS 609 Rig'O

?rsoiied 0 AX/AL lfrnf101J II,

Oars' 000044 Oat. j -

000011. 1 :i
090045 ClOck. 0.004. CloCk. 0..C.tI0e
09.1.1100 31 4 04. .AL. cop lel,nedS
Sit. 2C 4 At —A t- . 101011018 3$ A A0-A00DRlemeie0ik
Word 20 4 AX AX no.01116
Iminid lo Moosoc) /Rg lnlmed so Memory /Reg

[2.00011ioiI/i,.1
0.004. Clock.
ELi ::
00.1.110,
[ocotod.soj

Site
05054.
50
Clock.
4
0.011,10,
Cal.

RagS - RegS XOR 0101548

:

uI. 50 4 PegS — Sega - immeds 50 1?E9 UeciS.Mse,SXORlmmedS

50 i7EA MemI..MemS.imm04a Word Sf 4 RegiS . RegiA 109 llltn,e0i6
Word Di S RegiS — 9.9*6 . 1mm0419
Si 171Efl MiniS ..M.n16 - Immodis 5' 17-En M.iois —Me,nil 009 mortalS
53 4 9.916 .RegiS ImmodS
63 friEn MemiS.-MemiR.imm04s 186 INSTRUCTIONS
TEST = Logical Compare Notes for iAPX 186 Instructions
MrnTor/Reg w,ih Roig
Theoe n-I rucil001 cm he used onI ii ihe MOD 116
01cdIegf001 conm ml is specified V hen MOE) 196 IS sptCltiCd.
1: ClINIc- for ill lnS;riLcflOns Ire i- sic med under (locks
09004. ClOck. 09.1.110, For N1Ol)1146 Operomion
5,1. 54 3 flags - Rigs A go 55gB
SI RotA ilagsflegs ANOMeocS BOUND Check Array Against Bounds
Word 55 3 frogs-RegIS *140 RegiS
55 9 + (A flags _R0gl6 AND M,m;6 i MOORMJ :r :
lormnoid 10 AX/AL
09004. 000m.11Oe
000011. Oaf, j - 62 aflegiS. Merit ai En or
RegiS -Msmib Cl En-? men
INTERRUPT S
• 0.004.
ClOck. 000rdloti
lila *8 4 flags - AL. AND ImonedS ENTER = High Level Procedure Entry
WOfd AS 0 flags .AX AND lmIfl.dis
lrnmcd Ill Memor5/Reg- [oocc44__J__. cl 010110 191*1
Lo11e lmnod 000 lInj = .- Dora - 09006. 0000.110,
CO Sld n9. 0110 4 ilaille
09004. ClOck. OptiRtlo,
Sy,• ES S legs - Rigs AND rmereds IUUL Signed Multiplication
FS Ii . LA flags .MomS AND 0101.118 Mem/Reg Iminedjie to Rog
Woid Fm 5 flags ._flsgfS *140 l,nmedio
F? . ii 'En usgs MemtS AND Immedis OriCode f+404IOM J 0.ia I
-
WAIT Wait While TEST Pin Not Asserted 00,000 0001.1100
69 Rsg6..flegiSlemmedR
SR ReglS_6e916leCmedS
60 Rig IS .Mel, '6 e1md 8
001040 ClOck. 0 c.malloo 69 fI.glb-9e9l6immediS
90 3-Sn none SR R.915O0919l-nmedlt
69 6.9 iS - 11Cm 6 Immed IS
XCHG Exchange Uensory'Regist.r with LEAVE High LeveE Procedure Exit
Register
Moinror / Roig nih Roig ______I
09004. 09.1.110.
00000. mod mogio.[ - CR 1.1.05. CUCmVil Si,Ck II 1111*
.001 leicIr 0 0000 firer.
0000aR ClOck. 00.1.11,,
•IIR 56 4 RegS - 0.98 POPA Pop All R.gIsters
Rs fiEA MemR.—RigR
COld 61 4 Regis.— RegiS
81 iEA Memi5.. Regis L°°°°' 1
Vcord Roigiicm llllh AX 00064. 09.1.110,
Si restore iegmsIei, 1100,
L°°.IiI1 SiloS
000040 CloCk. 00.1.1100 PUSH Push a Word Onto the Stack
O0+Aeg 3 nO.ORegie S- urd Irnmedi+jbc

598 APPENDIX B


String = String Operations (INS/O(JTS)

I 00000 01 Data j :
0od. OfltttlOS
6* -ISP) - trnnedt
(Stge eat00000t 00004. CloCk. Op.tat000
U _)SP/..Iteo.r.dtS
SE INS Or) - 0(4900)
PUSHA Push All Registers 6F INS (DII pOtt105 D0.t}
tc ouTs 000*00) 41St)
50 OIJTS 00(000 000t)..-/St/
Io00I
0.0.0. Oey'.eoe 8087 INSTRUCTIONS
00 Stet r.gtstets Oar the Stack
Notes for 8087 Instructions
RCL Rotate Loft Through Carry The tndtutdujl tnstruct ton desCnipi tons are shown by
Mont or Reg by Irntotcdy foronit boo such as the following

r00 I = IL T I °'] Wkt opt rn/op/r/ot j adOrt 044.2 1

'_tfleg t eId Ott) Thesc are the bone-wise representst.ons of the object
000.0. 004ta000 code generated by the assembler and are interpreted
CO rotate Reg8 by Imtt,edO as follows
CO trttate MemO by ImrtrottS • WAIT ts ,.n 8086 wjtt instruction. NOR o
Ct totate AegiS by /ttrm000
Cr rotate Meott5 by rrnrn008 emulator ,,ostruCt,00.
• opt ts the ;tpcode. possih? taktng two bytes
RCA Rotate Right Through Carry • mfop/n/rn byte lnotddlc J-brls to part of the
Men, or Rog b Imnoedt opeode) -
• addt and addr are offsets of ctther 8 on lb bits.
II count For totqet tunctons. In - 0 too stroa't..nteger tTterT00y operand.
= =
•_ /Atgttetd - Ott) too o-ord-lnteget rrretroty opiland
Foe reat turtctceO. rrr - 0 tnt 5500-teat rtreottooy Operand. t toe
Inaryreat rtletttoby operand
00004. 0p.r.tioe - Stick eiettter,t ode.
CO rotate 6.90 by )r,rrrr008 rood - 00 ttt.n DISP - 0 dtSp-to and dsp-at, ate absent
CO rotate Metrr8 by Imrn108 it rood - On they DtSP - drOp-to ,gn-o.ten004 to tO bits. d.sp.hl
Ct rotary RegtS by tomBOy 5 absent
Ct rotate Memt6 by )mm,48 it rood - tO tree OtSP - dsp-to, dsp-to
roorb - t t ttten /to I S teared a, an ST/It triRl
AOL Rotate Left
Mom or Rep by I tottoedt r/m - 000 ttton En - BEt ° )St)OtSP
itt/rn - OOt then En - /00>' yOt/ a 0/OP
n/or - OtO then Eu - tOP) + /Stt-"OtSt
[ Opeorne ModASO - =1= - I corIr n/rn - Ott IrOn En - )OP/ a (DI) OISP
-tfleg held - 000) It s/rn too thOr, EA - ySI) e DtSP
- tot hen En - /0/I' DtSP
00000. Op.,e000 - rtOrhert EA/SPt.O/SP
CO rotate flogS by ImtrredS rim Itt ttr.ttEA /0O)+'O>SP
'E,ceot 0 erOd - 000 end t/nt - t tO then EA - dSPO!.
CO rotate UeOrB by tt,ttrretflS
Cr rotate R09t5 by tttOrtr048 dsp-Ia
CI rotate MenlO by )tnmedS OT/O/ Current Stack top
ST/ri - <regro tot beto * Stack top
ROn Rotate Right d-005tna Inn
Motto or Rog by Itoomedb O - Desttflettofl to 00/0)
- 000ttnattofl 5 STy)
000nt P - Pop
[oe = IL
-(tong tOld - 001/
0 - On pop
- POp 51)0/
o - AOeOtSO
00000. 000r.tloe o - DestInatIon Opt soutce
CO rotate PegS by tmmedy - Source/op t detOnatIon
CO rotate VeerS by itnmecS
Ct. tot.teflegt600tmmedO Ion (SOOT -0051/0)0
Cr rotate MetntS by mOOS En! FSCALE -20 Sr/ttc . 2' ano STItt ntegor
o, (Paul OoSn/O/02
SAL/SHL Arithmetic 'Logical Left Shift For PYLOn 0 051/0/ow
Morn or Reg by mnrcdtjto count - sr/tic -
Foe EVL200t 0-C lSTiOi </2 - y 2/2
eiStttt000
• t'

000040 I VOdOS I = 11E Fyr FPtAN OASOIOL 5/4

_ -/Peg beIa 1001 For FP0100 Oo St;0/C ST1tI<

00000. 000ratinC F2XMI - Compute 2 - 1

CO rotate flogS Ity l,t,rr0000
CO rotate Metrty by ImIrl000
C t rotate AegIS by tmt0008 PIontI
C t rotatt MertrlS S0 Itr,00.dA
I ..cUtrOo
SAn = Arithmetic Right Shift Cr006.
Mom or Rag h Intntadt) 50St ft,rutalO,
teCOdIOS Encoittog aaea. Op.r.hon
Iopa00.Io4nrI
'-ifleg 1,110 •tltj
IILI coy 9009(0 COOED 500
310-630
ST -2$' I

00.00. 0,.r.ttor FABS '- Absolute Value

CO rotate fle6 by lrr,n,008
CO rotate Verne St urte,e,ty WAIT no, oJ
C t rotate 009 1 6 by L,r.tr,eCfl
Cr rotate MrrrtOSyIlne0006

SHA Logical Right Shift

Mom or Rag h Immado 000n pt,rolat.r nwtb it
I000dog 0000dilt, 0.0,. 000,.r,00
= _n_,tt 90090' COOt 4
Lol000M
_-rOeg t Otd It,;
0.0,04 0p.r.ho. FADO = Add Real
CO rotate Reg! by ImbeeCS ti ck '-'r 'tilok ciemeTi
CO rotate Merry Otroetcoy
Cr total RegIS or leorety wo r opt 000''l
C t rotate Meetly Oytnr,t0005

APPINDIX B 599


la00010 900109', COIl 00' 45

cko 51- Slot
40.50
7 100004140 TYSiCOk
(.00*0 (5(0*9 Olos. O,.o..ko, Compare Slack top and memory operands
N DICC* CO IICO . , is Sr -ar. STII
70-100 WdIT
NOCCO., CO,cco., op, ooco,S.f,,
is si,i_sr . sry
To. '00
(1.00,1..
Slack lop * memory operand Clock.
.090 6,1.1.?., TypIcs
091 00011 ; j .00.2:] (000400 £0004.1
89081,2,,, C011m2101
0.09.
65.EA ST -
00.4.11.1,
IICg*0. (60-rot-LA tlt%0.1-1,&t
Clecs. 90 OCm2,m CO IC 02,,,, 70.0* ST -
7 (ohM. Tycol IS 1SJ -En )lonQ-l.kl
1140*1 lsc. Is.. O.e.M...
90 DI yAc,, CO II nO,1 lOS. LA Sr — St 10001-00 COMP Compare Real and Pop
f%. l20,.EA llto1l0*( Compare Stack top and Slack element and pop
00000,c-,,. COICIrO,, UOEA St -Sr •
19125) 1* 9-10*5 WAIT I 001 002
FADOP — Add R.at and Pop 1000*10.,
Stack lop + Slack Element Clock.
WAll 09, 90*7 lOiOlO. 1,pi0l
j op. (00040.0 (no.4., 0fl,.IS.0.,g.
900100 CD 7009 47 Sr - 51(11
10.0*.., •2-52 000 SlaCk
Coos. 900008 . , CD 008-, 47 Si-
a, lm..M., r,Mco. 43-52 000 SlIck
(O00*IO (.00*01 Rocq. Oem., Compare Stack top a-nd memory operand and pop
9509 Cl CO 'ECI 90 STIll O ST • sr(n
75-IN
9000 0+. CD tE COo, 90
75-lOS
pop sc.ca
51),) -. 11 -0 LWAIT 0111 m000rnim4 .n * J .0002
00011000

I .0.2:]
(..,qtl0,
F8LD — Packed Decimal (BCD) Load Clock,
8097 1,1.1.1., Typico
L WAIT o frlOd '00 10004109 (000db.
90 09,ojn,, CD III.],,,
l.0.
68-En or -
Op..Iloo
63.7311-En 500 SlaCk
(boMb., tII,On-'e.lt
Clock.
WI,
90 DC 1,3,01 CD IC '3" 72.0* sr - rnr.-o0
ss.s. TIPIC.I 67.77t . En pOp 000CM
8 0.04... (000*1 I.... O.e,Mlo (long rOlIl
9009 laIn. CDlF nOrm icc- on P00,1 0I.ck
210-310)-En ST rn.n,-op FCO4PP = Compare Real and Pop Twice
FBSTP — P.ck.d D.clm.l (SCO) Slot. and WAIT 00' j 0P
Pop
I wtr I so' _ccltOqm .,l:E.00.2:]
1000,11.4
Clock.
80*7 110.1.10, 1,110.1
I I•001iofl 100.40,9 E,c0d1n 0.09. Op...11o.
Clock, 890009 CD 1 € 09 50 Sr - Srot
WI7 111101.9Cc 1,110.1 45-55 P00 slack
lcco.i locodla. D,.,.Il.. 0.050 Dcc slick
9809 mOm. CDIF fl4rn, 530. LA 10001-op S1 FDECSTP = Decrement Stack Pointer
520-540) + En pop Sock
FCHS — Chang. Sign FWAIT j Owl 002
I wAIr 001 I 0112 E..0,allO,
Clock.
i.n0o, 00*7 1010llI0 rwlc&
Clock. ( 00011,. 1+004',. 0.09. 000r.l100
WI7 (SgMl., T,00c00 9039 P6 CD 79 115 9 pololel —
100040.9 Ioc.I 0.0ee 0pe..11o, 6-72 slaCk PollIlol
080900 COI900 IS ST-c_ST
'0-,,
Disable interrupts
Clear Exceptions
001 0,2 1
I 007 0,2 InC 11,0,
Clock.
COCcuS., 9081 EnlolitcI lIpId
Clock. I000DcIg 1.0+01.9 0.00. Op.,.l,00
WI I..,j.t., r,øc& 9800 El Cole El S Sir 9007 .c,el,cpl
1000d9 £0004.00 0009. 0001.10.0 2-9 'lask
1180802 COle E2 5 CAr ICE occopl,on, 900807
2-I COl8 El 5 5416067 .nlelr,,pl
2-8 ill 00k 110 01,11
1008 E2 CDII £2 S ci.,, 0087 IccepIloc.
2-6 "0 *011
FDIV Divide Real
FCOM — Compare Real
Compare Stack top and Siack elcn,cnt SIjc k top and Sr a. k cicmc flI
WAIT OgI op2-' wn" 00' 002 - -
1100
Clock.
Wa? (IlhIlle101 Typic., SOS? 00010101
('coding Incool,. 00+,. 00.1.11 7101001
(11+04109 6 '000100 0.,,. 000,.,,,,,
960807 CDII Dl 45 ST-.ST:,l 9805110-. CDI 6 0 3 . . '9151.51 Sr01
40-so '93 202

600 APPENDiX B


98CC Fl., CD IC FO+1 lOS ST(,( -51(557 FIADO - lnt.g.r Add

193-203
Stack lop and memory opernd Lw101 091 1*0O00./114 o110(I ,iJ
L o ll0l/ll4
.410.1[*0212:J 10.01000
Clock,
Io.c.9oa IOIT 1011.4.0.. TypiC.)
Clock. Incoet Iocodao Os*1 09.0.9,.,
7 11,4.910l TyPIC.) 98 0* 00.,. CDIAOO,o 25.1* S7ST . 1100,1-op
1000a. 00004409 0.0,9. 0fl,.lIcl, )l06-l63( O EA /00011010901)
380096,., Co I$m6,ei, 320EA St -STp'.w'-op 900€ 00.10 CO IC 100.111 120*0* ST -ST • 110011-Op
(215.2251 . 1* (,rIOfl,00lI (102-1371 . (A (01010.010907/
980CI1I6,I1l COICI.60,I 225-CA Sn..STIy..o.00
(220-230) - En (1009-1001) FICOM lnt.gv Compare
FDIVP - DO ylds Real and Pop
WAIT OpT H0I0h/Il 0010bII.01112:]
WAIT 09! 092 .
10.0.00.
IifloUOn Clock.
Clock. 1017 Em.4.Io, Typic.)
0007 lIwololof Typic., 1000400I 100041,. I.o.. 09.1.00,
50004109 1000dMq 1.0090 0004.110. 900*m2y,. COI*,n2,m 05,0* ST-m.m,op
900€ F9 CO IC TO 202 51(I) -STill/ST (7B9l(0E* (o110c1 101,9311
197201 pop clock 1900(92,,. CO IEO,2,,, 50.0* ST -,.y.op
9006 09 . CD IC TO I 202 STIll 51(I)/ST (72-06). 3-3 (*0711 0llQ'o}
197-201 000 STOCk
FDIVR - Diold. Real R.v.r,.d FICOMP - lntsg.r Compare end Pop
Slack iop md Stack clement L 09! }.*0ol.r/
W90T op2c, 1,0,1.00,
Clock.
(0.059.0 98,? 11.4401.. Typic.)
Clock. (fl0044, tnco*.t k.nq. 00010000
1007 101.4.40, rypic.. 900*m3,. C0l*m3,m 97+0* Sr-m.rn-00
1oco44. I000dk. Sing. 0n,no.. 190-931 . 5* pop 01.0.
9800F1 .- I CO II Fl-.-, ISO ST 5T(I(IST (100(10*90)
I 04-204 900€ .03.1. CO IC 1,3... 12+3-A ST - 110010-09
90CC (O0 CO IC (0,, l99 51(I) .ST/5t(,( (09-08(00* pop 01910
194-204 (0011104.90')
Stack lop and memory opeTand FIDIV int.g.r DivId.
WAIT 091 1100lIIIII/1.11 .1110II[ 0.011.2:1 WAIT 091 kl'odII0I/l11
(..cvlSn 10.00900
Clock.
Clock.
0007 110111.10, 77.10.1 1017 110014.10, TypIc.)
1000dlet
(.0.44... 1.09. On..Oo, 010008.9 100044nj Oaago Op.,100,
30081.7,,. CCII 07,, 221 +Efl ST lfleOT-0P/ST 880*0*. CD 1*106,,. 236*0* ST ST/o1,rn-op
1213-226) * 0* (I1l0#I-I00l) (230-243) (9 (000110110900)
98CC mlrm CO IC OhIO, 22605* ST -.-hn.Ifl.00/ST 9806 .* COlE 106,0 230+0* 51 ST/ln.T-op
(22I-231(+EA 110094001) (229-230)1-0* )lI0(dfllS011(

FDIVRP - Dived. Reel Rsvsr,.d and Pop FlDVR Integ., Diold. R.v.q,.d
09?
09! j 002*11
1ioUoe
9.0,00., Clock.
Clock. 00201 (mololo, Tc.)
1 1111.40101 TyPIC.)
100044 (.0041.9 0.00. Otl10000
(0*044.0 Cocoon, long. 0..Iloc. 98 0* mlrnl CO IA 017?.. 237.0* ST 11001100/ST
9806 Fl CO hEEl 203 STIll 5T/STll) (fll-245( O EA
¶05.200 pop 11003 (00I0(1010901)
9801 olIn, CO 1(07,1. 230+1* ST-mom-co/SI
900€ FO . I CO IC FO,, 203 ST(( -St/STIll (225-ni). LA (11.0711 1001917)
I 90-200
FILD - lnt.g., Load
FENI Word J02cgcT or Short Inleger
FNENI Enable lntsrrupt.
WAIl 09? oct 000 ?/m 0110.2'J
L WAIT 00? 092 1 6000,9.,
Clock.
Oi.c,Ilo, 0007 I*040I0l T,p400l
Clock. locoOct locoOng 0... 0944.00,
.001 10.4.10, TypiC.) 90001110,, CD It ll-Ofl1l 565fl 9+010 01000
t.o.ea 00004101 fling. 000,....,, (92 - 60) + En ST - 110011-09
900010 CDII (0 5 coo, SOS' cIl.,T,pI (V 01,907)
9 800mO,,n 20 1005k COIFmO.,n 50.EA 9+00.19*0
9000(0 COrBEl S (46-541 . 6* ST *hfl•4?I.0Q
CIe0TOOA7l0!OhWpt (00(0010900)
20 bilk 1.0 *0,1)

FFREE Fr.. Regiet.r Long (rueger

I oJTJ WAIT I 091 1.011101

10001410, 11000Ik0,
dc., Clock.
0047 C,.,.l.Ic. Typic& 004? I*cIclo T,pic.I
1.11044.g 1010910. R.oq. Op.,.IIo, 10004419 EncodIng 000q. 0.4,0000
9000 co . cc 000 0 . I! TAC*, I,, .......np,, 98 or oPT.,, CO roE.,. 34.0* pin ' lock
9.15 (60-61)0(11 SI m.m-oo
(0.09 'n190(

APPENDIX 8 601


HMUL Intege, MultIply

0087 (0*1.10, Tvp.o.i
001 100T(10
J900l2 ('(Cod Ing (,oOO(0. .R.. 00.1,1,0.
9804103110 12504 SI 01,m op_ST
CO A 013,10
IJ SC U UO, tOg 1441 . 0* )t00l'I .010)011
Cl.," SI.-','nop — ST
98 01 105,111 CD l t .0. 5'Cn 120-En
[103 So.? EllIlUgete, 1,00.) 1391-In 00(00109011
1,004*,. In0041og a.,,.. 0,.,ao.
900*0,110 CO 1*0,110 136 + En S1 • 'ST '.l.m-oo
(130 . 144)' En (shall (liege.) FLO Load Real
geoE,.,,,m oc i €', ' ,, '30-En ST-.S1l,l.l11.00
('24-38) . 6* ?..0.O 0118901) St.jok CRITIC ft 10 Sack up
111011 00? op2-.
FINCSTP = Increment Steck Point., I

WAIT I 001 002

908? (0*11701 1,010.1
(.0,1.00, p0000(09 (110001.9 9a.g. 00.1.1100
clock. 40 0900 - CD [9 CO - I 20
8007 Lesl010 Tp'c'l - '7-22 0050 SlaCk
(.004199 ('cod4o 0.00. O,...IIo,
900907 CO 9 FT 9 StaCk p0.111,.
6-I 2 StaCk 205 ole,. SI 01)1 19 operjnd (I) Siak 1119
',h.ir[ inlegor or I ong Irflcgc
Initialize Processor
FNINIT r I'OOIT Ie000uoI ''I1I2Z°i
WAIT I apI 002
Clocks
El 00 UI loll 908? (41*IOl lIpId1
Clock. (.00100, (0000109 8.09. 00.1.0*'
000?
9010000101 (9,ol.tOt T,plc.I CD 9010,10 43 60 905110130*
(0004100 (.00dI,g Osog. Og.,.110 (38-56V10 ST_0,e0,0P
90DB E3 Cole E3 5 IflIllalIZe 8081 (SOOn .0(0901)
2-8 98000,0,0, CO (Dm010, 46- En posh stall
900803 CD 8(3 5 nO.1,,. 8067 [40 . 601 - (A ST llltnl-0p
2-8 (nO "all) [[009.11,9011

FIST Integer Store toll)9 Ro.,I

Wn)1 OPT 0,00 lOt IddIl 30012

00 7 H0i0lIl1lI aoo.I[ao0l2

8087 00,01.10, lypiclI 008? 00,01.10, TyPIC.)

(noodle, (ecodieg Rang. 08.1.1100 EIICOOIIIO (0000,79 01,9. 00.1.1,00
9808,02,10 COlD 02,10 88-En oem-co -.-Sr 98 00111511,1 CO IS 111511,1 51 - C A 90011010(0
(82-92) - En (5110'? 01109011 [53-6([-I0 ST oem-oo
980110210, CD iF 102,01 86- EA 01Pln.0p' Sr 1,100.041)
80-90) -En (00(0 11109011
FLO1 = Load I- 1.0
FISTP = Integer Store and Pop
Short Inftgcr 01 571 nd Inuiger Iw' cpl

WAIT 00? boo Oil 1/01! add, t1' addl2'

Clod C.
808? (1001.1*, TYPICal
Clocks (I1CAOIIO ('(COd,,. 8.090 0031.110,
0087 (00)5(0, 1,010.1 900008 CO 918 18 ru -
(0004)09 (.000,,, Op.fl000
6.0,0 15-21 S. _'l
980003110 CD 10,03,01 90-En np,o-O0..SI FLDCW Load Contlol Word
(84 94} En 000 51811
(50011.111119011
90010,3,0 COil 1,13101 88-En 1001,l-0Q'I'ST 11*011 0)11 1ioot0' 11h! a00lIJ addl2
82 921 - CA pop slack
[*0,0 -lIege')
[.Ifl)? IflICgCr
8087 €0141.10, lyRIcal
[ WAIT 00? (cod add' ac1012 £10001,, (01010109 9.00. 0031.1100
9009,15,01 CO?901510 to-c' Cl0l05501000110I
)1-i4'I A 00li'_1071(1 01,
C '00 0 5 FLOENV - load Environment
8007 €n,0l.lo, TeDIClI
£71001000 (1110010, 81.9. 008,1110' lT , b°L' II]
99011071111 CDII ((11,01 100- En 10,1000.91
[94 105('EA POP slack
[Ic(1q.11legeli

FISUB Integer Subtract 8087 (0*1.101 typIOIl

(010010. (0,00.09 RalIge 00010(100
9809014,01 00191041 01 40.0* O011Pd, 11,11(1001
[.r or, rO.d 1001101! add,' I1I.ddl2 .35 45, , 14 0(e01 JO
FL0L2E -- Load Log,e

8087 001411101 7p.C.I O*lJ02

(0004(0, ('1,0.,, RallOt 0031.1,00
980A1,1al10 CDI *0,4101125-IA SIST --1,1001-OP
[log 1031-IA 1511011 11101101
90 OlE 111110 CO IE"all" 2010 S''•5' - 0100100 8067 (0111.101 0,010,1
,'02l3 7 , - EA 1,5:111 1-1047(1 0,10010 0 (0100(110 04,4 00.1.1,00
(STOOl _0 900 1 ..........
IS 2 S1 — , -
FISUBR Integer Subtract Reversed

[_0061' b11b00TE0dhE4bTd12I] FLOL2T Load Log1lO

602 APP[NDIX B


FPATAN - Partial Arct.Agatlt

no' 002 I
001 0512
Isocolsa
Clock.
000041*0
7 111*4,01 7,04CM Clock.
10004409 10004141 0.0,0 0.0,01.00
9809 £9 CO IS ES IS S.t 11141 0037 101*4101 1,410.4
'k.fl 57 oçlO 1,c.4Wl I,co*sI 0.4,0 0,4000.4
990903 CC 1973 690 1 - 414111 $T51(/ST)
250-000 000 sl.cn
ST-I
FLDt.G2 Load Log,02
FPREM Peotlal R.malnder
o0IILJ
WAIT 001 j 4102 ]
lbs Silos,
Clocks 1.04.001,
We? 10,411104 T7PICOI Clock.
10*0*0. 1,00db. leSt. 09.1.1100 SOS? 1.0010100 1,14411
1.0041.4 (codIng 15090 Otto'Sa
0009 IC CO SI CC 21 Cut 5,10) 9509 76 CD 1979 12$ ST -.ICOEAT
0-24 ST aog .2 1$-ISO (51S1119
FLOPI Load FPTAN - Partial Tangent
F WA/S 00 oo2 *6(1 cOO I
1.0411000 1.00054..
Clocks Clock.
10*? 1.1*1*., TC.l 101? 1.1011100 T,pIcS
I000dk,5 100041.. PlaIt ODolliIOO 1,,.1 140d401 *.0. 04..044.
990972 CD 1972 450 7(0 T*N (Sit
980418 CO IllS II 04141' 04044 30.540 $T'.V
76.22 Or-. puill SlaCk
Si-,
FLOZ Load - 0.0
FANOINT - Round to int.gat
WAIT 007 092 -I
*411 00' 002 I
10.005100
Clock, 1.0446100
We? 1*010401 T4CS Clock.
1 0004la. 8.004441 l..t. 0,0.014., We? 1*01410, TypleM
9*09(1 00 lICE II 4054 SliCk 10.0*44 I.codi Pact. 04.4.1104
Il-IT S700 6000cC CD ¶9CC 45 Si - cO000l
16. 50 lfll•g.0 STI
FMUI. Multiply R.aI FRSTOM R..toOS Savid Stat.
Slack lOp and Slack dtmcnl
WAIT 077 7400I40l/*I
[ WAIT opt j 002
1flc41100
Incutloo CloCk.
C lock. We 7 £0144.1., 1,944.1
0s,g0 09.14000
We? 111510101 TyplOol 1.1.44.9 4.00*09
10404)4. (acadIa9 0.09. 09.1.1*0 0800014111. CO 10144.74 202-CA 6087 sl.'e-rn.m-oo
9806C1 . CO IICO'. 73* $T...ST 5T1.I I0'-ZOhI'- (A
730-745
ISOCCI . CO IC Cl-' '35 OTIS STI,I - St Says Stat.
30.145
Slack IOfl and menloro operand WAIT I0.c 1101 ,141 000'IT r]
WAIT 007 7740040l lI* (.004000
Clock.
1.40011.0 1017 1.5014101 1,94011
Clock. l000S,1 (nt.4140 00400 094104100
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APPENDIX B 605
 INDEX

2. powers of. 2 8086 assembly language (Cont.) 8086 assembly language programs
2s complement. 6-8. 43. 55, 56. 148 sources in. 32-33 (Corn)
4.blt microprocessors. 26. 27 statements in. 32-33. 45-47 read input port. 45-47
4N33 optical coupler. 228 syntax of. 47 real-time clock. 237-240
5-minute rule. 68. 185. 197. 315. 574 8086 assembly language programs relocatable. 74
7-segment display code. 4 8086 inItialization. 237-240 REPEA'T . UNTIL structure. 84-89
7-segment light-emitting diodes (LEDsI. 8250 initialization. 513-514 scale. 309-317
4. 267-276 825 IA data transmission and recep. sequence structure. 65-67. 69-71
8-bit microprocessors. 26-27 tion. 493 simplifred segment directives in.
lOBaseT (thin Ethernet) networks. 525 8251A initialization. 492 430. 432
16-bit microprocessors. 27-26 8254 intlalIzaIion. 237-240 slack .age additions to. 103
18-segment light-emitting diodes 8259A initIalization, 237-240 strobed input, 84-86
(LEDs). 267. 276 8279 InitIalization. 273. 274 terminal emr'lator. 507-508 509
32-bit microprocessors. 27 adding constants to arrays of data. unconditional jumps. 73-74
74LS14 inverter. 217. 219. 220 86-89. 401. 402-403 video programming. 45 1-458
741S138 decoder, 186-189, 222. 223 arithmetic average. 65-67 WHILE-DO structure. 82-84
74L.S164 wait .state generator. 174. backward jump. 73-74 8086-basvd microcomputers. See oiso
175, 177. 196-197 Basic Input Output System (BIOS) SDK-86
74LS181 ALU. 16-17 procedure calls. 240--242 block diagram of. 163-164
74LS244 drivers. 174, 179 binary-coded decimal IBCD) pack. bus activities during read and write
74LS393 baud rate generator, 174. log. 69-71 operations, 164-167
175. 178, 184 binary-coded decimal {BCD) to bi- overview of. 163-164
74S373 address latch. 174. 175, 178. nary conversion, 109-115 troubleshooting. 200-204
185 breakpoints in. 47, 61.66-69 8086 family of microprocessors. 27-
555 timer, 220 C programs wdh. 426-432 28
741 operational amplIfier. 291. 293 circular (ring) buffer. 513-514 8086 instructions
2142 SRAM. 174. 175. 181. 192-193 comparing strings. 97-99 arithmetic. 42-4w 67-68. 590
2316/2716 PROM. 174. 175. 176. 191- conditional jumps, 77 bit manipulation. 43. 590-591
192 critical region protection. 538 clock cycles for. 592-598
2900 family of bit-slice processors, 27 data sampling. 103-106 D bit for. 48, 49. 90, 591
3625 I/O decoder. 174. 182. 193-lOS debugging. See Debugging pro- data transfer. 42. '90
3625 off'board decoder, 174. 180, 195- grams initiaiization, 4.5. 66. 67
196 display driver. 274-275 mnnenionics for, 32. 45. 46
3625 PROM decoder. 174, 175. 176. display programming, 451-458 MOD bit patterns for. 48-50. 590.
19 1-192 divide . by-zero interrupt . servtce pro- 591. 592
3625 RAM decoder. 174, 175. 181, cedure, 209-212 opcodes (operation codes) for, 32,
192- 193 division. 122-127 35. 46, 48. 590-598
4004 microprocessor. 26 documentation of. 47 operand summary for, 592
6502 mIcroprocessor. 27 DOS functorm calis (or flies. 475 processor control. 44--45, 591
6800 mIcroprocessor. 27 factorials, I l7-t2l prograni execution transfer. 43-44,
6801 microcontroller. 27 far procedure additions to. 121 59i
6809 microprocessor. 27 forward jump. 74 R/M bit patterns for. 48-50. 590,
6845 CRT controller, 442-443 hand-coding, 35, 45-47, 52. 53. 68 591, 592
7445 decoder. 174. 182. 269 heater control. 82-84 REG bits for. 48. 49, 590, 591. 592
7447 decoder, 267-268, 269 IF-THEN-ELSE structure. 77--82 second instruction b y te summary
8008 microprocessor. 26-27 IF-THEN structure. 77 for. 592
8048 microcontroller. 27. 265-266 industrial process-controi system. string. 43. 95-99. 591
8051 microcontroller family. 27. 332. 323-331 supersets of. 28
333 inflation factor adjustment.. 86-88 templates for. 47-53
8080 microprocessor. 27 initiaiization instructions for. 45, timing for, 91-93. 592-598
8085 microprocessor, 27 66. 67 W bit for. 48. 590. 591
8086 assembly language mt array pointrrs. 401. 402-403 8086 microprocessor
breakpoints In. 61 interrupt input. 217-2(9 8087 math coprocessor cooperation
coding sheets br, 45-47 ke yboard input 84-86. 217-219, s'ith, 377-379
comments in. 32. 45. 46 237-240, 262-264 8088 microproce.ssor versus, 197
converting algorithms to. 67 nmicrocomputer-based Industrial a c character stirs of. 585-589
destinations in. 32-33 process-control s ystenm. 323--33 absolute maximum ratings for. 585
fields in, 32 mic;ncomputer . bascd scale. 309-317 accumuiator of. 29-30
insiructions for. See 8086 instruc- modules of. 122 arititr'ririic logic unit AL'I of, 28.
ions moving strings. 95-97 29
labels fl. 45. 46. 58 multiphcation, 53-59 assembl y language for See 8086 as
mnemonics in. 32. 45. 46 mutual exclusion. 538 st'nibl y language
opuodes (operation codesi for, 32, packed bina,3'-coded decimal (E(Cl)I block diagram of. 27 -28 579
45. 46. 48. 590-598 code. 69-71. 109-115 boourrg. 164. 168
operands tn .32. 45. 46 printed-circuit . hoard-makmng Irma bus activities during read and write
overview of, 32-35 him'. 77-82 operat torts. 164-167
program development tools for. 59- prmnier driver, 255-259 bus oterface unit (Blt..'l of. 28-31.
62 printer output. 240-242 58 I
programs. See 8086 assembly l p n- profit 'actor atlusiineni. 88. 89. bits timing for. 584
guage programs 401. 402 -403 b sm's ti 20. 582
607
 8086 mlcropnxesr (Coot) 8087 math coprocessor (ConE.) 8255A programmable parallel port
clock frequencica for. 197 instructions for. 370-375. 599-605 (ConE.)
control circutry in. 28. 29 Integers for. 366 printer driver program using, 255.-
d.c. characteristics of, 585 overview of. 365-366 259
decoder In. 28, 29 packed ecirnai numbers for. 366 1nSDK-86. 174. 175. 180
description of. 27-28. 581-584 programming example for. 375-377 status word for. 258.-260
direct addressing mode of. 34-35 real numbers for, 366-368 system connections for. 24i
execulion unit (EU) of, 28-30. 32. slng!e . precision numbers for. 366. 8259A priority interrupt controller (PICi
581 367 8086 interrupt-acknowledge cycles
external interface for. 583-584 socket for. 345 for. 215-2 16
flag register of, 28-29 stack of. 369-370 cascading. 222. 235
general-purpose register, of, 29-30 status word br, 368-369 fixed-priority mode of. 233-234
high byte storage of, 35 timing for instructions. 599-605 in-service register )ISR) of. 233. 234
110 addressing of. 582 8086 microprocessor. 28, 197. 377-379 initializaiion command words
immediate adaresairig mode of. 33 8096 microcontroller family. 27. 332- liCWs) of. 235-237
Index registers of. 29. 32 333. 334 initializing. 235-240
instruction polr.ter lIP) register of. 82C08 DRAM controller. 355-357 Interrupt mask register ltMRl of.
29. 30-31 237 DMA controller 233. 234
instructions for. See 8086 instruc- cir"uil connections and operation. Interrupl request register )IR.Rl of.
tions 348-351 233. 234
interrupt response of. 207-208 initializIng. 352 operation command words IOCWs(
ov byte storage of. 35 pin descriptions and signals for. of. 237, 238
math coprocessor for. See 8087 352-353 overview of. 233-235
math coprocessor timing waveforms for. 351-352 priority resolver of. 233. 234
maximum mode of. 168. 346. 348. 8250 UART SDK-86 addition of, 222. 223, 235
581-582. 588. 589 control words for, 515. 516 system connections (or. 222, 223.
memory organization of, 189-191. InitialIzing. 515 225
581 sending and receiving characters use of. 232-233
minimum mode of. 168. 197-200, with. 517 8272A floppy-disk controller. 469-472
346. 348. 581-582.586. 587. 82SIALjSART, 174, l7. 184 8279 dedicated display controller
589 BISYNC communication wIth. 519- 7-segment display interfacing with.
pin configuration of. 168. 348. f79 520 268-275
pin description for. 167-168. 579- block diagram of. 489. 490 connections for. 268-271
580 Control words for. 490-493. 519. control words for. 271-274
pointer registers of. 29. 30-3! 520 decoded scan with. 27!. 273
programmer's model of, 163 initializing. 490-49 encoded scan with. 271, 273
programming introduction for. 32- pin descriptions for. 480. 490 initializing and communicating
35 sending and receiving characters with, 270
queue registers of. 29. 30 with. 493 keypad interfacing with. 268-274
READY input oi. 164-167, 173, status word for. 491 scan time for. 270
175. 196-197 - system connections and signals. status word for. 274
register addresaing mode of. 33-34 489-490 liming waveforms for. 269-271
reserved memory locations for. 581 write-recovery time for. 492 8279 specialized I/O device, 174. 178-
RESET response of. 164. 168. 583 8253 programmable timer/counter. 221 179. 182
segment registers of. 29. 30-32. 34- 8254 programmable timer/counter 8284 clock generator. 173. 174. 175,177
35. 58-59. 58! 8253 versus, 221 8286 control and data transceivers.
stack pointer ISP) register of, 29. 31 block diagram of. 22! 174. 179
stack segment (SS) register of, 29. clock frequency for. 221 8421-birary-coded decimal )DCD) code.
30-32 control words for. 224-226. 232 3. 4
system timing for. 164- 167, 583. hardware-reriggerabie one-shot, 85 14/A high-resolution graphics board.
584 22 7-228 447
TEST input of. 375. 377-379. 584 hardware-triggered strobe. 230-231 9900 family of microprocessors. 27
timing parameters for. 197-200 initializing, 223-226 32032 microprocessor, 27
virtual 8086 mode (80386), 561-562 internal addresses of, 224 68000 microprocessor, 27
WAIT instruction for, 375. 377-379 interrupt on terminal count. 226- 68020 microprocessor. 27
WAIT states of. 164-167. 175, 196- 227 80186 and 80188 microprocessors. 28.
197 nonsysiecti clocks with. 231 333, 335-336. 534. 598-599
waveforms for, 164-167, 197-200. operation of. 221-223 80286 microprocessor
583, 584. 586-589 react-hack feature of. 22!, 232 80287 coprocessor for. 544
word storage of. 35 reading the count from. 23 1-232 architecture of. 543
8087 math coprocessor SDK-86 addition of. 222. 223 block diagram of. 543
8086 microprocessor cooperation software-triggered strobe. 230. 231 instructions for. 546-547
with, 377-379 square-wave mode (mode 3). 229-. interrupts for. 544. 545
architecture of. 368-369 230 introduced. 28. 534. 543
biock diagram of, 368 system connections for, 222. 22.3 pin configuration of. 544
circuit connections (or, 377-379 timed interrupt generalor. 228-229 protected mode of. 543. 545-546. 547
clock cycies for instructions, 599- timing waveforms for. 226-231 real mode of. 543. 544. 546-547
605 8255A prograrrimnable parallel port system connections for, 545
control words for, 368-369 block diagram of, 248 80287 math coprocessor. 544
data types for. 366-368 Centrortics parallel interface to. 252. 80386 microprocessor
double-prrcistor-i numbers for. 366. 254-255 80386DX version of, 547. 548
367-368 control words for. 248-250. 255 80386SX version of. 547. 548
fixed-point numbers for. 367 lathe Interface using. 250-252 addressing modes of. 563
floating-point numbers (or, 367 operational modes of. 247-250 architecture of. 547
hypotenuse caiclation with. 375- paper tape reader Interlace using. extended industry standard archi-
377 250-252 teciure (EISA) bus [or. 550-551
608 INDEX
Sc000 nIicropluccsuI ,\cIU!kIuI American Standard Code for Information
Index scaling feature of. 563 8086 Instructions (or. 42 Interchange (ASCII) (ConL)
industry standard architecture (ISA) 8087 instructions for. 372-373 converting EBCDIC to. 266-267
bus for. 550 binary. 8-7 in data statenienb 56
instructions for. 562-564 binaty-coded decimal )BCD). 10 described. 5-6
introduced. 28. 534. 547 Address bus, 14. 15. 23-26 extended. 435-439 .....
MlcroChannel Architecture (MCAI Address counter. 24 keyboard Input. 84-86
bus for. 551-552 Address decoders. 185-186, 335-336 tabie of codes, 5. 436
pin configuration of. 547. 548 Address Inputs. 14. IS Amplifiers. f.ee Operational amplifiers
programming. 564-568 Address marks on disks. 463-469 Amplitude modulation (AM). 498. 499
protected mode of. &e 80386 pro. Address pipellning. 548-549 Analog-to-digital (A/D) converters
tected mode Address transfer instructions. 42 8096. 333. 334
real mode of. 552. 553 Address unit (AU) (80286). 543 conversion time for, 304
registers of. 552. 553. 562-563 Addresses dual-slope. 304-305. 307
signal groups of. 547-549 base. 30, 31, 32. 34. 49-SO. 89-30 high-speed. 304
summary of hardware and modes. breakpoint. 47. 61. 68-69. 214. microcomputer interfacing for. 306-
562 552. 553 307
system connections for. 549-550 effective )EA). 34. 49-50, 89-90. output codes for. 306
systems using. 549-550 592 parallel comparator (hash). 304.
vIrtual 8086 mode of. 56 1-562 internal. 224 306- 30 7
80386 protected mode labels as. 45. 46. 58 specifications for, 304
call gates. 557 logical. 541-543 successive approximation, 305. 307
flat system memory model. 560 named. 58 AND gate. ii
inpuiloutput (1/0) privilege levels. offsets (displacements) of. 31, 34. AND instruction. 43. 69-70. 133. 590.
557 88-90. 542 593
interrupt and exception handling. physical. 31-32. 34. 49. 89-90. AND matrixes. 12
557-558 54 1-543 Answer modem. 501
operating systems using. 566 pipelined. 548-549 APIs )appiicatlon program interfaces).
paged flat memory model. 560-561 return. 100. i33 567
paging mode. 558-560 segment base, 30.31.32.34,49- Application layer lOSI model). 523
segment privilege levels and protec- 50. 89-90 App)icatEn program interfaces lAPIs).
tion. 556-557 segment base: offset form of. 31. 35 567
segmentation. 554-556 vIrtual, 541-543 Arithmetic average. 65-67
segmented-paged memory model. Addressing modes Arithmetic instructions
560 80386. 563 8086. 42-43, 67-68. 590
segments-only memory model. defined. 33 8087. 372-374
560 direct. 34-35 Arithmetic logic unit )ALtJ)
task state segment. 558-559 double indexed. 49. 89-90 74LSI8l, 16-17
task switching. 558-559 immediate. 33 8086. 28. 29
virtual memory. 554-556 MOD bit patterns for. 48-SO defined. 16-17
80386DX mIcroprocessor. 547. 548 RIM bit patterns for, 48-50 microprocessor categorization using.
80386SX microprocessor. 547, 548 real. 28 26
80387 math coprocessor. 569 register. 33-34 Arithmetic operators in C. 406
80486 built-in math coprocessor. 568-- single indexed. 49. 89-90 ARPL instrucilon (80286). 547
569 summary of, 49--SO. 89-90 Arrays
80486 microprocessor. 534. 568-570 vlrlual, 28 daia, 86-89
80586 mIcroprocessor. 570-571 Advanced Micro Devices 2900 family of elements of. 86-89
80686 microprocessor. 571 bit-slice processors, 27 indexes of, 89
80786 buIlt-in math coprocessor. 571 AF (auxiliary carry flag). 28, 29. 74. 75 type of. 86
80786 microprocessor. 571 Affirmative acknowledge lACK) charac- Artificial inteiligence )Al,. 572-574
80960 microcontroller family. 336 ter, 519 ASCII. See American Standard Code for
82385 cache controller. 358. 360-363 AM register. 29-30 Information Interchange
A-bus. 29 Al (artificial intelligence). 572-574 Assembler directives
AAA instruction. 42, 131. 590. 592 AL register accumulator). 29-30 align on even memory address
AAD inatruction. 43, 131. 590. 592 Algorithms (EVEN). 159-160
AAM instructiOn, 43, 131-132, 590. converting to assembly language. 67 ASSUME. 58-59, 158
592 defined. 37 dfine byte )DBi. 55, 158
AAS instruCtion. 43. 132. 590. 592 downloading program. 510 define duubievord (DO). 55. 158
Absolute shaft encoders. 283-284 flowcharts for. 37-4) define quadword )DQ). 158
Abstracts for programs. 47 microcomputer-based scale. 308- 309 define ten bytes lOT). 158-159
Access times for disks. 466. 467 program development, 61.62 define word (OW). 55. 159
Accessed bit. 542 standard structures for. 39-42 end procedure )ENDP). 159
Accumulator (AL register). 29-30 structured programming of. 39-42 end program (END). 59. 159
Accuracy (precision) of numbers, 367 terminal emulator, 507 end segment )ENDS). 53-54. 159
ACK (affirmative acknowledge) charac- top . down design of, 39-42 equate )EQU). 54-55. 159
ter. 519 Align on even memory address (EVEN) exiernal (EXTRN). 122. 160. 162
Active filters. 291. 294-295 directIve. 159-160 GLI ':.. 160
Actual arguments (parameters) of func- Alphanumeric codes. 4-6 GROUP. 160
tions, 418 Alphanumeric displays. See Light-emIt- INCI.UDE. 160
AD converters. See Analog.to-digiiai ting diodes: Liquid-crystal dis- LABEL, i60
converters plays LENGTH operator. 161
ADC instruction, 42. 132. 590. 592- ALU See Arithmetic logic unit NAME. 161
593 AM (amplitude modulation) 498. 499 OFFSET operator. i6l
ADD instruction. 42. 52. 70-71. 132- American Slandard Code for lnforma. originate (ORG(. 161
133. 590. 593 tion Interchange (ASCII) pointer (PTR). 161
Adders. 291.293-294 ASCIIZ string. 475 procedure (PROC). 161

INDEX 609
A,wmbler directives (Coot,) Binary (base-2( numbers Bresenham's algorithm. 457-458
PUBLIC. 122. 160. 161-162 2's compiement of. 6-8. 43. 55. 56. bridges Igateways) for networks. 526
SEGMENT. 53-54. 162 148 Broadband bus tree-structured) net-
SHORT operator. 162 In data statements. 55 works. 522. 523
TYPE operator. 162 described. 1-3. 6-9 Broadband transmissIon. 518-520
Assembler macros packed binary-coded decimal (BCE)) 8SF Instruction (80386). 563
.eflned. 127 conversion to, 109-115 BSR Instruction (80386), 563
dummy var,..bies in. 128 Binary subtraction. 8 BSWAP instruction (80486). 570
expanding. 127 Binary Synchronous Communication BT Instruction (80386). 563
in-line code and. 127 Protocol (BISYNC). 5 18-520 BTC instruction (80386). 563
passing parameters to. 126 Binary-to-decimal conversion. 1-2 BTR Instruction (80386). 563
procedures versus. i27. 128-129 Binary words BTS Instruction (80386(. 563
without parameters. 127_t28 binary digits (bits) in. See Bits BU (bus unit) (80286). 543
Assembler program. 33. 45. 53. 602 byte (8-bit). I Buffers
Assembly language. See 8086 assembly doubieword (32-bit), I circular (ring). 515-517
language least significani bit (LSB) of. I high-power. 302-303
Assertion ievei. II most significant bit (MSB( of. 1, 2. integrated-cIrcuit (IC). 277-278
Assignment operator in C. 406 28, 29 Inverting. 11
ASSUME directive. 58-59. 158 nibble (4bit(, 1 noninvertlng. 11.293
Asynchronous communication, 488 word(16-bitL I transistor. 278-280
Asynchronous inputs, 13 Binder. 566 Builder, 566
Attribute code, 442-443 BIOS (Basic Input Outpu Stem), Bus interface unit (BIU), 28-31, 581
AU (address unit) (80286). 543 240-242. 386, 4 -439. 45i- Bus master, 550
Audio speaker bufler. 230 453. 454. 506-518. 536-537 Bus timIng. 8086 microprocessor. 584
Audio-tone generators. 230 Bipolar binary codes. 306 Bus unit (80) (80286). 543
Automatic storage class In C. 420 BISYNC (Binary Synchronous Commu- Buses
Auxiliary carry, 10 nication Protocol). 518-520 8086, 29. 582
Auxiliary carry flag (AF). 28, 29. 74. 75 Bit-aligned block transfer (BITRLT). A-bus. 29
Avatiabie interrupts. 208 458 activities during read and write op-
Average of numbers, 65-67 Bit manipulation instructions. 43, erations, 164-167
AX register. 30 590-591 address. 14. 15, 23-26
E31t-rnapped raster scan display. 444 13-bus. 29
Bit-oriented protocoi (BOP). 520-522 bidirectional. 24
B-bus. 29 Bit scan and test instructions (80386). C'b'js. 29
Backbones for networks. 526. 527 563 control, 23-26
Backward Jump. 72-74 Bit-slice processors. 27 data. 14. 15, 23-26
Bandpass filters. 295 BITBI.T (bit-aligned block transferh 458 extended industry standard archi-
Bang-bang (on-off) control, 331 Bits (binary digits) tecture (EISA) bus. 550-551
Bank .switched memory. 539-540 accessed. 542 industry standard architecture (ISA)
Base-2 numbers. See !3lnarv numbers check (encoding), 364 bus, 550
Base-b (decimai( numbers, 1 D. 48. 49. 590. 591 MicroChannel Architecture )MCAI
Base . i6 (hexadecimal) numbers, 3.9- defined, I bus. 551-552
10 diblts. 499, 500 BX regisier. 30
Base address, 30. 31. 32. 34, 49-50, dirty. 542 Bypass capacitors, 176, 185
89-90 flag. 518 Byte
Base pointer (BP( register. 29. 31 masking. 69-70 defined 1
baseband transmission. 523 MOD. 48-50.590.591,592 .lgU. 35
basic Input Output System (BIOS). parity. 4. 363-364 low, 35
240-242. 386, 435-439 451- prIvilege-level. 542 Byte-oriented protocol (BCP). 518-520
453. 454. 506-518. 536-537 quadbits. 499-500 Byte transfer instructions. 42
Baud rate. I 78. 488 R/M, 48-50. 590, 591. 592 Byie type. 34. 55. 158
8CC (block check characters). 518-519 REG. 48. 49, 590. 591. 592
BCD. See Binary-coded decimal code sign. 6-8
BCP (bytc . oriented protocol). 518-520 start, 488 C-bus. 29
Begin flowchart symboi. 37-38 slop. 488 C programming language
Behavtorai models. 382 trlbits. 499 actual arguments (parametersu oF
BH register. 29-30 W, 48. 590. 591 functions in. 418
Biased exponent of numbers. 367 Bitwise operators in C. 406-407 arithmetic operators in. 406
Bidirectional bus. 24 BIU (bus interface unit). 28-31. 581 assignment operator In, 406
Binary addition. 6-7 BL register. 29-30 automatic storage class in. 420
Binary-coded decimal (BCD( code Bioc' check characters (BCC(. 518-519 bitwise operators in. 406-407
8421. 3. 4 Blocked tasks, 538 calling functions in. 417-419
addition with, 10 i3(ocks of memory. 255 CASE structure in. 411-412
in data statements. 56 Boot record on disks. 4'i3 char (character) pointers in. 404-
decimai adjust operation for. 10 Booting the 8086. 164. 168 406
described. 3, 4. tO BOP {bit-orirnicd protocol) 520-522 char (character) variables in. 396-
excess-3. 4 Bottom-up design. 39 397
packed. 69-71. 109-uS. 366. 372 ROUND instruction (80186180188). 44. character strIngs in. 404-406
subtraction with. 10 336. 598 combined operators in. 407
uriipriar. 306 BOUND instruction (80286). 547 curly braces in. 390
unpacked. 69-7 I BP )t,asc pointer) register. 29, 31 data types in. 395-396
Binary codes. 306 breakout box. 497 declaring functions in. 417-419
BIna:y counters. 14 Breakpoint frequency. 294 defining functions in, 417-419
Binary digiis See Bus Breakpoint Interrupts. 208, 214 dereferencing pointers in. 400
binary division. 9 Breakpoints. 47, 61. 68-69. 208. 214. do-while structure In. 412-413
binary muliiphcation. 8-9 552. 553 enumerated data type in. 396

610 INDIX
C programming language (Coat.) C programs (Cortiij Cathode-ray tube (CR11 displays (Cont.,i.
do-while structure, 412-4)3 attribute code and. 442-443
extern (global) storage class in. 419- bit-mapped. 444
420 downloading to SOK-86. 508-518
float pointers. 403-404 character dIsplay on. 440-442
FILE pointers in. 475 character generator ROM For. 440-
float (fioaung.polntI pointers in. float variables. 398
graphics programming. 458-460 442
403-404 color. 444-451
float (floating-point) variables ifl. hypotenuse calculation. 425-426
if-else, 410-4(1 color graphics adaptor (CGA) (or.
398 447-449
FOR-DO loop in. 413-417 index method of accessing array ele-
ments, 414-416 composite video color monitor. 448
FOR loop in. 413-417 display refresh RAM For. 440. 44)
Formal arguments (parameters) of mt array pointers. 400-403
lot pointers. 398-400 dot clock For. 440-441
Functions in. 417 enhanced graphics adaptor (EGA)
(unction storage classes in. 4(9-420 mt variables. 397-398
if-else structure. 410-411 keyboard input. 437-439 For. 447. 449
IF-THEN-ELSE structure in. 4)0- For loops. 414--4l7 field of. 439
4)1 passing array pointers to functions. frame buffer for. 440. 441
IF-THEN structure in, 410-411 420-42) frame rate for. 439-440
index method of accessing array ele- pointer method of accessing array el- frequencies for. 442-443
ments, 414-416 ements. 416-417 Hercules adaptors For. 447
mt array (integer array) pointers in, polnle.rs and functions with two-di- high-resolution grphics. 460-461
400-403 mensional arrays. 421-423 horizontal sync pulse for. 440
mt (integer) pointers in. 398-400 profit lactor adjustriuent. 389-391. interlaced scanning For. 439-440
mt (integer) variables in. 397-398 400-404. 420-42) monochrome, 440. 442-443. 444
integrated Development Environ- switch structure. 412-413 447
ment For. 391-395 video programming. 458-460 multicolor graphics array (MCGA)
introduced. 395 while structure. 412-413 for. 447
keyboard input library functions for. Cache memory nonmnterlaced scanning (or. 439. 440
423-424 86486. 534, 569 overscan in. 443
library functions For. 423-426 80586. 571 packed pixel storage (or. 445. 446
logical operators In. 407-408 80686. 571 picture element (pci or pixel) oF. 444
math library functions for. 425-426 80786. 571 pitch of. 444
memory models for, 428 82385 cache controller for. 358. planar pixel storage For. 445-446
operator precedence in. 408-409 366-363 plasma displays. 462
output library functions for. 424 cache directory for. 360 programming. See Video pro-
parentheses in. 390-391 direct-mapped. 36C-36 I gramming
passing array pointers to functions DRAM and. 358, 360. 363 RAMDAC For. 450
in, 420-421 fully assocIative. .362-363 raster scanning for439-44O
passing parameters by reference. hit rate for. 358, 360 terminal. 440
400 implementation oF. 358. 360 timing for. 442-443
passing parameters by value, 400 posted-write-through for. 360 vertical sync pulse (or. 440
pointer method of accessing array el- SHAM and. 358. 360, 363 video DAC for, 449-450
ements, 416-417 summary of. 363 video graphics array (VGA) (or. 447
pointers and Functions with two-di- two-way set associative, 36 1-362 449-45'
mensional arrays. 421-423 virtual memory versus, 541 - video monitor. 440
pointers to functions. 423 Caches, dIsk. 477 video RAM (VRAM) For. 446-447
preprocessor directives in, 390 CAE (computer-aided engineering). 379 CBW instruction, 43. 134. 590. 593
program development tools for. 391- CALL Instruction. 43. 100-102. 106- CCD (charge-coupled device) cameras,
395 107. 133-134. 591. 593 464
programs. See C programs Call table. .325, 330 CD (compact disk). 478
prototypes of functions In, 4)7-418 Called modem. 501-502 CD-I (compact digital interactive). 483
register storage class in. 420 Calling functIons inC. 417-41.9 CDQ instruction (80386). 563
relational operators In. 407 Calling modem, 50 (-502 Central processing unit (CPU). See ala,
REPEAT-uNrlL Structure In. 412- Calls Microprocessors
4(3 direct. 101-102. 133-134 buses connected to. 23-26
static storage class in. 420 far (mntersegment). 100, 10l-l02. decoding oF instructions by. 24-2k-
string library functions (or. 424-425 (07. 133-134 defined, 19, 24
switch structure in, 411 -412 indIrect, 101, 102. 133-134 execution oF instructions by. 24-'/'
union data siructure in, 4 -439 near (mntrasegment). (00. 101. 106- fetching of instructions by. 24-26
variable declarations in. 39--398 107. 133 general-purpose. 27
variable storage classes in. 4 19-420 Capacitive keyswitches, 260 microcomputer. 23-26
variable types in, 396-398 Capacitors purposes of. 24
WHILE-DO structure in. 412-413 - bypass. 176. 185 registers in. 24
while structuue in. 412-413 filter. 176. 185 Centronics parallel interface
C programs Carrier sense, multiple access with col- Connections for. 252-255
8086 assembly language programs lision detection (CSMA/CD), 523. pin descriptions For, 252-253
wIth, 426-432 524-525 printer driver program for, 254-25"
adding constants to arrays of data. Carry. auxiliary. 10 SDK-86 connections for. 252. 254-
389-391. 400-404.420-421 Carry flag (CF). 28. 29. 74-75 255
arithmetic average. 414-417. 421- Cascaded devices, 235 liming waveforms for, 254-255
423 Case design. 386 CF (carry flag). 28. 29. 74-75
calling functIons. 418-419 CASE structure. 39 .. 4 I. 81-82. 411- CGA (color graphics adaptor). 447-449
char pointers. 404-406 4)2 CH register, 29-30
char variables. 396-397 Cathode-ray tube (CRTI displays Char (character) polniers in C. 404-
declaring lund Ions. 418-419 -- 6845 CRT controller for. 442-443 406
defining functions. 418-419 8514/A high-resolution graphics Char character) variables in C. 396-
disk file operations. 475-477 ocard for. 447 397

-79 IND(X
 Character generator read-only memory Cod.-, f(on) Controllers
(ROMI. 440-442 terchange Code (EBCDIC). 5. 6. dedicated, 27
Character strings in C. 404-406 266-267 embedded See Embedded con-
Characters frequency modulation IFM). 467.464 trollers
affinnative acknowledge lACK). 5l9 Gray, 3-4, 283-284. 499 Coprocessoi-s. See Math coprocessors
block check (8CC). 5I8-519 Hamming. 364-365 Counters
control. 6 linear predictive ILPC). 481 8253. 221
cyclic redundancy (CRC). 468. 469, Manchester. 524 8254. See 8254 programmable
518. 519, 521 modified irequency modulation timer/counter
end-of-block )ETB). 518 (MFMI, 467-468 address, 24
end-of-text (E1'X}, 518 nonreturn-tO-zero (NRZ). 467 binary, 14
end-of-transmIssion (EOT). 519 run-length-limited IRLL). 468. 472 flip-flops as. 13-14
enquiry (ENQ). 519 trellis, 500 location. 97-98
negative acknowledge INAK). 519 unipolar binary. 306 registers as. 86-89
sentinel method for sendIng. 255 Coding sheets for programs. 45-47 Counting, interrupts for. 2 18-219. 220
start-of-header (SOH). 518 Coding templates. 47-53 CPU. See Central processing unit
start-of-text (STX). 518 Cold-Junction compensation, 298 CRC (cyclic redundancy characters).
sync. 518 Collision of transmissions, 524 468.469.518,5)9,521
token. 523 Color cathode-ray tube )CRT) displays. Critical angle, 505. 506
Charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras. 444-451 Critical frequency. 294
464 Color graphics adaptor )CGA). 447-449 Critical region. 517. 538-539
Ch.'dt (encoding) bits. 364 Color palettes. 445 CR1 displays. See Cathode-ray tube
Chip enable inputs. 15 Combined operators in C. 407 displays
CIM (computer-integrated manuiartuc. Command words. See Control words CS (code segment) register. 29. 30-32.
irsg). 386 Comment fleid, 32 89-90. 581
Circular (ring) buffer, 515-17 Comments in programs. 32. 45, 46 CSMA/CD (carrier sense, multiple ac-
CISC (complex lnstrucuon set com- Common-bus networks. 522. 523 cess with collision detectionl.
puter) processors, 461 Common-mode reJection, 294 523. 524-525
CL register. 29-30 Common-mode voltage, 294 C.'TS instruction (80286). 547
Cladding material. 504 Compact digital interactive (CD-U. 483 Current loops. 300-301. 488. 494
CLC instruction. 44. t34 591, 593 Compact disk (CD). 478 CWD instruction, 43. 135. 590. 594
CLD instruction, 44. (34. 591, 593 Companders (companding coders). 502 CWDE instruction (80386), 563
CLI instructIon, 44. 134, 215, 591. 593 Comparators. 291. 292 CX register. 30
Clock cycles Compare instructions. 8087, 374 Cycles (Instruction and machine). 165
8086 instructions. 592-598 Compare technique for code conver- Cyclic redundancy characters (CRC).
8087 instructions, 599 605 sion. 262-264 468. 469. 518, 519. 521
delay 1oops. 9 1-93. 103-106 : mpier program. 33
Clock waveform, 165 -/'rpIefr dcr4ing. (95 D bit. 48. 49. 590.591
Clocks - tnpiex ir.structiori set computer 0 flip-flop. 13
nonsystein. with 8254. 2.) CIc processors. 461 0 latch. 12-13
real-time. 220-221. 237-2't0 Comp.me , l ej ct,or monttor, 448 D/A converters. See Digital-to-analog
states of. 165 CGMPS/CO1PSB/COMPSW Instruc- converters
Closed-loop gain, 292. 293 tic.na, 43 DAA instruction, 42, 135-136. 590.594
ClosIng flIes. 475-477 Cornputtr,ided ctgineerlog ICAEI. 379 Darlington transistors. 278-279
Clusters on disks, 473 Con ,uter-int.yatcd manufacturing DAS (data acquisition system). 305.
CMC instructIon, 44. 134, 51, 593 (CIM'. 386 319. 322,-323
CMP Instruction, 43, 134-135, 590. Computer riumerh-al control iCNCI ma- DAS instruction, 43, 136. 590, 594
593-594 chines, 250-252 Data aequisitior system (DAS). 305.
CMPS/CMPSB/CMPSW instructions, Computer vision. 463-465 319. 322-323
135. 591. 597-598 Conditional flags, '2fi-29. 74-76 Data arrays. 86-89
CMPXCHG instruction (80486), 570 Conditional Jumps. 71, 76-77. 83-84, Data bases, defined, 21
CNC (computer numerical cont"o() ma- 90-9 I Data bus. 14. IS. 23-26
chines. 250-252 Conditional trariefer nstnictions. 44 Data communication equipment (DCE),
Code conversion Connector flowchart symbol. 38 489. 494
compare technique (or. 262-264 Connector symbols. 185 Data concentrators (multiplexers), 522
XLATii(hod for, 268-267 Constants Data link layer (OSI model). 523. 524
Code segment. 58 8087 instructions for, 375 Data outputs, 14-15
Codc segment (CS) register. 29, 30-32. named. 54-55 Data-ready signal. 84-86
89-90, 581 Constellations (phase-amplitude Data segment. 58
Codecs, 502 graphs). 499-500 Data segment (OS) register. 29. 30-32.
Coders. 502 Contact bounce and debouncing. 260. 34-35. 89-90. 581
Codes 26 1-265 Data statements
7-segment display. 4 Contaciors, 280 binary-coded decimal (BCDI num-
alphanumeric. 4-6 Context (envIronment, or state) of bers In. 56
analog-to-digital IA'D) output. 306 tasks, 537-538 binary numbers in. 55
ASCII. See American Standard Code Context switching. 537 decimal numbers in. 56
for Information Interchange Control bus, 23-26 hexadecimal numbers in. 56
attrIbute. 442-443 Control characters, 6 numbers used in. 55-56
I3CD. See Binary-coded decimal code Control cIrcuitry. 8086. 28. 29 Data storage registers. IS
binary. 306 Control flags. 29 Data terminal equipment )DTE). 489.
bipolar binary. 306 Control words 494
digital-to-analog ID/Al input. 302. 8250. 515. 516 Data transfer instructions
306 8251A. 490-493. 519. 520 8086, 42, 590
error detectingicorrecting (ECCsI, 8254. 224-226. 232 8087. 372
364-365 8255A. 248-250. 255 Data-type conversion Instructions
Extended Binary-Coded Decimal In- 8279, 271-274 (80386). 563

61 INDEX
 Data types in C. 395-396 Digital filters (Cont.) UUB (Coñt.)
DB (define byic) dIrective. 55. 158 principle of. 336-337, 338 terminate-and'stay-resident (TSR)
DCE (data communication equipment). sampling signals for. 338-339. 340 programs and. 535-537
489. 494 software for. 341 Dot-matrix llght .emitting diodes
Dl) (define doubleword) directive. 5, switched capacitor. 342 (LEDs). 267. 276
158 Digital-to-analog (D/Al converters Dot-matrix printers. 479-480
Deadlock, 538 characteristics and specifications. Double-density recording for disks.
Debouncing keyboards. 261-265 301-302 467-468
Debug registers (80386). 552. 553 full-scale output voltage of. 302 Doubie'handshake inpuVoutput (1/0).
Debugger program, 60. 61 input codes for. 302, 306 246-247
Debugging programs linearity of. 302 Double indexed addressing mode. 49.
5-mInute rule for. 68 maximum error 01. 302 89-90
breakpoints for. 68-69 microcomputer interfacing for, 302- Double-precision numbers, 367-368
GO command for. 68 304 Doubleword 132 bits). I
with procedures, 115-116 operatton of. 301 Doubleword type. 55. 158
single-step command for. 68 palette, 449-450 DPSK (differential phase-shift keying)
trace data for. 62. 170. 171-172 RAMDAC. 450 modulation, 499 -
DEC instruction. 42, 136. 590. 594 resolution of. 302 DQ (define quadword) directive, 158
Decimal adjust operation. 10 settling time for. 302 DRAM. See Dynamic random-access
Decimal (base-jO) numbers vIdeo. 449-450 memory
in data statements. 56 Digital video interactive (DVI). 483 DRC (design rule checker) program.
defined, 1 Direct addressing mode, 34-35 380
Declmal-o-binaiy conversion. 2 Direct calls. 101-102. 133-134 Drivers, 255-259
Decimal-to-hexadecimal conversion, 3 Direct Inputloutput (1/01. 189. 193 Drystones. 571
Decision flowchart symbol, 38 Direct Jumps. 72-74. 143 OS (data segment) regIster. 29. 30-32.
Decision operations. 39, 40 Direct memory access (DMA) 34-35, 89-90. 581
Declaring functions inC. 417-419 80186 programmable DMA unit. DT (define ten bytes) directive. 158-159
Decoder 335. 336 DTE (data terminal equIpment). 489.
8086. 28. 29 controller for. See 8237 DMA con- 494
pulse code. 502 troller Dual-ported random-access memory
Decoding instructions. 24-26 defined. 306 (RAM). 448
Dedicated controllers, 27 overview ol. 348 Dual-slope analog-to-digital (A/Dl con-
Dedicated interrupts. 208 principle of. 306 verters. 304-305. 307
Define byte lOB) directive. 55. 158 slave boards, 550-551 Dummy procedures. 115
Define doubleword (DD( directive. 55, Direction flag (OF). 29 Dummy varIables. 128
158 Directives, See Assembler directives DVI (digital video interactive). 483
Define quadworci (DQ) directive. 158 Directory of disks. 473 OW (define word) directive. 55, 159
Define ten bytes (DT) directive. 158- Dirty bit. 542 DX register. 30
159 Disk caches. 477 Dynamic random-access memory
Define-word (OW) dlrecLrt. 55. 159 Dispatcher. 537 (DRAM I
Defining functions InC. 417-419 Display refresh random-access memory 82C08 controller for. 355-357
Delay ioops. 91-93. 103-106 (RAM), 440. 441 block diagram of. 353. 354
Delta (differential) modulation, 482 Displays burst-mode refresh, 355
Dereferencing pointers. 400 alphanumeric. See Light-emitting cache memory and, 358. 360
Derivative feedback. 318-3(9 diodes: Liquid-crystal displays characteristics of. 353-355
Descramblers, 500 CRT. See Cathode-ray tube displays column-address strobe (CAS) for.
Descriptor table. 542-543 drivers for. 274-275 353-354
Design and development tools. See multiplexed, 267-268, 269 - described, 15-16
ElectronIc design automation static, 267. 268 dynamic-mode refresh, 355
Design rule checker (DRC( program. Distributed processing systems. 2 1-23 error detection and correction for.
380 DIV instruction, 43, 136-137, 208, 363-365
Design for test. 384. 386 2(3, 2(6:590. 594 Hamming codes and. 364-365
Destination index (Dl) register. 29. 31 Divide-by-zero interrupts. 208-213.216 hard errors for. 363
Destination for instructions, 32-33 Division microcomputer interfacing for. 355-
OF (direction fiag(. 29 8086 instructions for. 27. 43 357
Dii register, 29-30 8087 instructions for. 373 page mode for. 358. 359
Dl (destination index) register. 29. 31 binary , 9 partly check for. 363-364
Dlbits, 499. 500 programs for, 122-127 precharging, 357
Differential (delta) modulation, 482 DL register. 29-30 refresh controllers for. 16. 354-355
Differential operational amplifiers (op DMA. See Direct memory access row-address strobe (RAS) for. 353.
amps). 291, 294 Do-while Structure in C. 412-413 354
Differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) Documentation of programs. 47 soft errors for. 363
modulatIon. 499 DOS static column mode for. 358. 359
Differential pressure transducer, 300 80386 programs for. 565-566 syndrome words and, 364-365
Differentiators. 291. 294 basic input output system (BIOS) timing in microcomputers. 357
Digital feedback. 285 for. 240-242, 386, 435-439, timing waveforms for. 353-354
Digital filters 45 1-453. 454. 506-5i8. 536-
advantages of. 337 537
block diagram of. 340-341 compatibility box for. 567 EA (effective address), 34, 49-50. 89-.
development tools for, 34 1-342 disk cache with. 477 90, 592
finite impulse response (FIR) algo- file control block (FCB) in. 474 EBCDIC (Extended Binary-Coded Deci-
rithm for. 339 file handle (token) In, 474-475 mal Interchange Code). 5. 6.
hardware for. 339-341 function calls In. 474-475 266-267
infinite impulse response ItIR) algo- Microsoft Windows and. 567-568 ECCa (error detecting/correcting codes)
rithm for. 339 random-access memory (RAM) disks 364-365
operation of. 338-339 with. 477 EDA. See Electronic design automation

INDEX 613
 EDAC (error detecting and correcting) Enumerated data type, 396 FADE) Instruction (8087). 372-373,
device. 364-365 Environment (context. or state) 0! 599-600
Editor program. 59-60 tasks. 537-S.3R FADDP instruction (8087). 600
EEPROM (electrically erasable program- EO (erasable optical) disks. 47 Far (intersegmenti calls. 100. 101-102,
mable read-only memory). IS EOT (end-of-transmission) character. 107, 133-134
Effective address (EM. 34. 49-50. 89- 519 Far (intersegment( Jumps. 72. 142-143
90. 592 EPROM (erasable programmable read- Far (Intersegment) procedures. 121-
EGA (enhanced graphics adaptor). 447. only memory). 15 127
449 Equate (EQU) directive, 54-55. 159 Farm connection scheme, 571
EISA (extended industry standard ar- Erasable optical (EO) dIsks. 478 FAT (file allocation table), 473
chitecture(,bus, 550-551 Erasable programmable read-only mem- FBLI) instruction (8087). 372. 600
Elecirical rule checker (ERC) program. ory)EPROMI. IS FBSTP InstructIon (8087). 372. 600
380 ERC (electrical rule checker) program. FCB lille control block), 474
Electrically erasable programmable 380 FCI-IS instruction (8087), 374, 600
read-only memory (EEPROM). 15 Error detecting/cod reeling codes FCLEX InstructIon (8087), 375. 600
Electromagnetic interference (EMIl. (ECCs), 364-365 FCOM instruction (8087), 374. 600
280. 28) Error detectIng and correcting (EDAC) r'COMP instruction (8087). 374. 600
Electronic design automation (EDA) device. 364-.-365 FCOMPP tostruction (8087). 374. 600
behavioral models for. 382 Error trapping, 264 FCS (frame check sequence). 521
case design. 386 ES (extra segment) regIster. 29. 30-32. FUDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)
computer-integrated manufacturing 89-90. 581 tandard for networks. 526. 527
(dM1 and. 386 ESC (escape) Instruction, 44. 137. 591. FDECSTP InstructIon (8087). 375, 600
design overview and. 379 594 FD!SI instruction 18087). 375. 600
design review committee and. 379 Escape (ESCI Instwction, 44, 137. FDW instruction (8087). 373. 600-601
design for test and. 384. 386 591. 594 FDI\P instruction (8087). 373, 601
gate-level models for, 382 ESDI (enhanced small device interface) FDTVR instruction (80871. 373. 601
hardware models for, 382-383 standard, 472 FDIVRP InstructIon (8087). 60)
initial design. 379-380 ETB (end-of-block) character, 518 Feedback
Introduced. 379 Ethernet, 524-525 derivative, 3i8--319
printed-circuit-board design. 386 TX (end-of-text) character. 518 digital, 285
production and test. 386 EU (execution unit) integral, 3)8. 319
prototyping with sImulation. 380. 8086. 28-30. 32. 581 for motors. 302-303
382-385 80286. 543 negative. 293. 317
schematic capture. 379-380. 381 EVEN (align on even memory address) proportIonal. 318. 319
stimulus files and, 383-384 dIrective, 159-160 FENt instruction (8087). 375. 60)
system software and, 386 Even parity. 4. 75 Fetching instructions. 24-26. 30
time steps for simulation382 Excess-3 binary-coded decimal IBCD) FFREE instruction (8087). 375. 601
Electronic mail. 523 code. 4 F(ADD instructIon (8087). 373. 601
Elements of arrays. 86-89 Exclusive NOR IXNOR( gate. Il. 12 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI(
Embedded controllers Exclusive OR )XOR) gate. II. 12 standard for networks. 526, 527
6801,27 Executing Instructions. 24-26 Fiber-optic data communication. 503-
8048. 27. 265-266 Execution unit (EU) 506
8051 family. 27. 332. 333 8086, 28-30, 32. 581 Fiber-optic local area networks )LANs),
8096 family. 27. 332-333. 334 80286. 543 526. 527
80186 and 80188. 28. 333. 335- ExecutIve programs. 320, 321 FICOM instructlon.(8087), 374, 601
336. 534. 598-599 Extt point. 39 FICOMP InstructIon (8087). 374. 601
80960 famIly. 336 Expanded memory. 540, 541 FIDIV instruction (8087), 373, 601
microprocessors versus. 332 Expansion slots. 345 F)DIVR Instruction (8087), 373. 601
overview of. 27 Expert systems. 572 Fteld programmable logic array )FPLA),
EMI (electromagnetic interference). Exponent of numbers, 367 12
280. 281 Exponential instructIons (8087), 374 F)e(ds
Emulators. 59. 61-62 Extended American Standard Code for of frames, 521
Enable input, 12-13 Information Interchange (ASCII). for statements, 32
Encoding (checkl bits. 364 435-439 FILD instruction (8087). 372. 601
END (end program) directIve. 59. 159 Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Inter- File allocation table (FAT). 473
End flowchart symbol. 38 change Code (EBCDIC(, 5. 6. Ftle control block (FCBI. 474
End-of-block (ETH) character. 518 266-267 File handle (token). 474-475
End-of-text (ETX) character. 518 Extended industry standard architec- File servers. 527-528
End-of-transmission (EOT) character. ture (EISA) bus. 550-55) File,
519 Extended IXMS) memory, 541 cIosing. 475-477
End procedure )ENDP( directive. 159 Extern (global) storage class Ifl t.. 4(9- )ibramy. 60
End program (END) directive. 59. 159 420 - iink. 60. 122
End segment (ENDS) directive. 53-54. External (EXTRN) directtve, 122. 160. lIst, 57. 60
159 162 object. 60. 122
ENDP lend procedure) directIve. 159 External hardware synchronization in- opening. 475-477
ENDS (end segment) directive. 53-54. struCtions. 44-45 path to. 473
159 Extra segment. 58 source, 60
Enhanced graphics adaptor (EGAI. 447, Extra segment (ES) register. 29. 30-32. stimulus, 383-384
449 89-90. 581 Filter capacitors. 176. 185
Enhanced small device interface (ESDI( EXTRN (external) directive, 122. 160. Filters
standard. 472 162 active, 29). 294-295
Enquiry )ENQ( character. 519 bandpass. 295
ENTER instruction dIgital See Digital filters
80186/80188. 44. 336. 598 F2XMI instruction (8087). 599 (ormant, 481-482
80286. 546 FABS instruction (8087), 374, 599 high-pass. 291, 294-295
Entry point. 39 Factorials. I I 7- 12 I iow. pass, 291, 294, 295. 338
614 INDEX
 FIMUL instruction (8087). 373. 602 Flowcharts (Cont.) FTST Instruction (8087). 374. 605
FINCSTP instruction (8087). 375. 602 comparing strings. 98 Fuli-duplex communication. 487. 488
FINIT instruction (8087). 375. 602 data sampiing. 38,' 104 FunctIon storage classes in C. 419-420
Finite impulse response (FIR) algo- described, 37 Functions of programs, 47
rIthm, 339 downloading program. 510 Fuidamerital frequency. 337
FIR (finite Impulse response) algorithm. factorials. 118 Fusible matrixes, 12
339 IF-THEN-ELSE structure. 40. 78. 8! Fuzzy logic. 574
Firmware. defined, 24 IF-THEN structure. 40 FWAIT instruction (8087). 375. 605
FIST instruction (8087), 372, 602 keyboard input. 26!. 262 FX2MI instruction (8087), 374
FISTP instruction (8087). 372. 602 micromputer-based industrial FXAM instruction (8087). 374. 605
FIStJB instruction (8087). 373. 602 pracess-control system. 320. 321 FXCH inStruction (80.37). 372. 605
FISUBR instruction (8087), 602 microcomputer-based scale, 308- FXTRACT instruction (8087). 374. 605
FLxed-point numbers. 367 309 FYL2X instruction 18087). 374-375.
Fixed-port instructions. 78. 193 REPEAT.UNTIL structure, 40, 86.87 599, 605
Flag bits. 518 sequence structure. 40 - FYL2XPI instruction (8087). 375. 599.
Flag field of frames. 52! strobed input. 86 605
Flag register, 28-29. 592 symbols for. 37-38
Flag seUclear instructIons. 44 WHILE-DO structure. 40, 83
Flag transfer instructions. 42 FM (frequency modulation) coding for Gain-bandwidth product, 293
Flags disks. 467. 468 Gate-level models. 382
auxiliary carry (AF). 2. 29. 74. 75 FMUL instruction (8087). 373, 603 Gates. See Logic gates
carry )CF). 28. 29. 74-75 FMULP instruction (8087). 373. 603 Gateways (bridges) for networks. 526
conditional. 28-29, 74-76 FNCLEX instruction (8087). 375, 600 General-purpose central processing
control. 29 FNDISI instruction (8087). 375, 600 unit (CPU). 27
defined, 28 FNENI instruction (8087). 375. 60! General-purpose registers. 29-30
direction (DF). 29 FNINT instruction (8087), 375. 602 Generators
interrupt (IF). 29. 207-209. 213- FNOP instruction (8087). 375. 603 audio-tone. 230
216 FNSAVE instruction (8087), 375, 603 ramp. 29). 294
overflow (OF), 28, 29. 74. 76. 214 FNSTCW instruction (8087). 375. 604 square-wave. 229-230
parity (PF), 29. 74. 75 FNSTENV Instruction (8087). 375, 604 timed Interrupt, 228-229
sign (SF). 28. 29, 74. 75 FNSTSW insiruction (8087). 375. 604 Ciigabyte (unit). 27
trap )TF). 29. 207-209. 213-216 FOR-DO loop. 4!. 90. 4i3-417 GLOIIAL directive. 160
zero )ZE3. 28. 29, 74. 75 FOR loop inC. 413-417 Global (externi storage class in C. 419-
Flash (parallel comparator( analog-to- Force transducers. 298-300. 307. 308. 420
digital )AJD( converters. 304. 309 - GO command. 68
306-307 Formal arguments (parameters) of func' Graphical user interfaces )GUIs). 567-
Flash electrically programmabie read- tions, 417 568
only memory (flash EPROM). 15 Formant filters, 481-482 Graphics
FLDI instruction (8087). 375, 602 Forward jump, 74 color. 444-447
FLD2T instruction (8087), 375 Four-phase stepper motors. '281-28:3 high-resolution. 460-46!
FLD instruction (8087). 372, 602 Fourier serIes, 337-338 monochrome. 444
FLDCW instructIon (8087). 375. 602 FPATAN instruction (8087). 374. 599. Graphics processors. 460-46)
FLDENV instruction (8087). 375. 602 603 Gray code. 3-4. 283-284. 499
FLDL2E instruction (8087). 375. 602- FPLA (field programmable logic array). GROUP dIrective, 160
603 12 GUIs (graphical user interfaces), 567-
FLDLG2 instruction )8087L 375, 603 FPREM instruction (8087). 374, 603 568
FLDLN2 instruction (8087). 375 FP'FAN instruction (8087). 374, 599,
FLDPI instruction (8087). 375, 603 603
FLDZ instruction (8087) 375. 603 Frame check sequence )'CSl. 521 Half.duplex communIcation. 487. 488
Fiip'flops Frames of messages. 520-521 Hall effect keyswitches. 260-261
as counters, i3-l4 Frequency.domain descrIption. 337. Halt (HLT( Instruction. 44. 137. 584,
D I]ip. flop. 13 338 59!. 594
Float (floating . poini( pointers InC. Frequency modulation (FM) coding for Halt state. 44. 137. 584
403-404 disks. 467. 468 Hamming codes. 364-365
Float (floating-point) variabies in C. 398 Frequency. shIlt keying )FSK) moduls' Hand .codtng programs. 35, 45-47. 52.
Floating. point numbers, 367 tlon. 498-499 53. 68
Floating point (float) pointers in C. Fricatives, 48) Hard disks
403- 404 FRNDiNT instruction (8087). 374, 603 access times for. 467
Floating-point processors. See Math F'RSTOR insiruction (8087). 375. 603 backup storage for. 477
coprocessors FSAVE lnsruction (8087) 375. 603 cy)inders of, 466-467
Floating-point (float) variables inC. 398 FSCALE instruction (8087). 373, 599, enhanced small device Interface
Floppy disks 603 (ESDT( siandard for. 472
8272A floppy-disk coniroiler for. FSK (frequency-shift keying) modula- formatting. 474
469-472 Uon. 498-499 hardware interfacing for. 472-473
access times for. 466 FSQRT instructior'(8087(. 373. 599. interface software for. 475-477
formats for, 468-469 603 interleave factor br, 472. 474
formatting. 473 EST Instruction (8087). 372, 603-604 logical drives for. 474
hardware interfacing for. 469-472 rs'rcw Instruction (8087). 375. 604 overview of. 466-467
index holes in. 465. 466 FSTENV instruction (8087). 375, 604 parking zone for. 467
overview of. 465-466 FSTP instruction (8087). 372. 604 partitionIng. 474
packages for, 465 FSTSW instructIon (8087). 375, 604 small computer systems interlace
sizes for. 465 FSUB instructIon (8087). 373. 604 (SCSI) standard for, 472-473
soft-sectored. 468-469 FSUBP Instruction (8087). 373. 604 ST-506 standard for. 472
Flow sensors, 300 FSUBR instruction (8087(. 373. 604 Winchester. 467
Flowcharts FSU8RP Instruction (8087), 373, 604- Hard errors. 363
CASE structure. 40 605 Hardware, defined. 24

)NDX 615
 Hardware interrupts. 44. 134. 156. Industrial process control. See also Mi- Integer lint) poInters in C. 398-4/yJ
168. 207. 208. 213-216, 379. crocomputer-based Industrial Integer transfers (8087), 372
583-504 process control ystern Integer (Intl variables In C. 397398
Hardware models. 382-383 data acquisition system (DAS) for. Integral feedback. 318. 319
Hardware-triggered strobes. 230-231 305. 319. 322-323 Integrated Circuits (ICs)
Hardwlred matrtxes. 12 overview of. 31 7-320 buffers usIng, 277-278
Harmonic frequencies. 337 proportional Integral derivative )PID) handling. 202-202
Harvard archItecture. 340. 571 Control 1oops and. 319. 320. 321 RAMDACs, 450
HDLC (high-level data link control) pro- residual error and. 319 on schematic dIagrams. (85
tocol. 520-522 servo control and. 317-3 18 troubleshootIng. 201-202
Head pointer. 515-517 set points and. 317-318 Integrated Development Environment
Heap area of memory. 458. 460 Industry standard architecture USA) for C. 391-395
Hercules display adaptor. 447 bus. 550 Integrated services digital network
Hexadecimal (base-16) numbers Infinite Impulse response (liR( algo- (ISDN), 503, 504
in data statements. 56 rithm. 339 Integrators. 291. 294
defined. 3. 9-10 Infrared injection laser diodes (ILDs). Interlaced scanning, 439-440
Hierarthicaj charts. 100 503-504 Interleave factor. 472. 474
High byte. 35 Infrared Iighl-.ernitting diodes (LEDs). Internal addresses, 224
High-level data link contxl (HOLd pro- 219, 220 International Standards Organization
tocol. 520-522 Initialization IlSOl
High-level language interface Instruc- Instructions for. 45. 66. 67. 209 high-level data link control )HDLC(
tions 180186/80188). 44 of programmable perIpheral devices. protocol. 520-522
High-level languages. 33 223-224, 235-240 open systems Interconnection IOSI)
High-pass filters. 291. 294-295 of segment registers, 58-59 model, 523-524
High Performance FIle System (HPFS). Ink-Jet printers. 480-481 Interpreter program, 33
567 Input flowchart symbol. 38 Interrupt flag IIFJ. 29. 207-209. 213-
High-power buffers. 302--303 Input impedance. 293 216
High-resolution graphics. 460-461 Input/output (I/O) Interrupt Input/output (1/0), 216-2(9
HLT (halt) Instruction. 44. 137. 584. 8086 addressing of, 582 Interrupt-pointer (interrupt-vector) ta-
591. 594 Basic Input Output System (HIOSI ble. 208
House. DavId. 570 for. 240-.'242. 386. 435-439, Interrupt-service procedures. 116-117.
HPFS (High Pei4ormance File System). 45 1-453, 454, 506. 518. 536 .- 168. 207-212, 217-218. 219
567 537 Interrupts
Uypercube topology. 571-572 direct, 189, (93 8086 response to, 207-208
Hysteresis. 292 double-handshake. 246-247 80286. 544. 545
drivers for. 255 available. 208
interrupt. 216-219 Basic loput Output System (BIOS)
ICs. See Integrated circuits memory-mapped. 289. 193 procedure calls with, 240-242
iDly instruction, 43. 137-138, 208. mlcroconiputer, 23-26 breakpoint. 208, 214
213. 216. 590. 594 polled. 216-217. 218 CLI Instruction for, 44, 134. 215.
IF (Interrupt flag). 29, 207-209, 213- ports for. See Ports 591. 593
216 read signal for, 24-26 for counting. 228-219. 220
Il-else Structure in C. 410-4 Il simple, 245. 246 dedIcated. 208
IF-THEN-ELSE structure. 39. 40. 77- simple strobe, 245-246 divIde-by-zero, 208-213, 216
82.410-411 single-handshake. 246 hardware, 44, 134, 156. 168. 207,
IF-THEN structure, 39. 40. 77. 410- write signal for, 24-26 208, 223-216, 379, 583-584
411 Input ports INT instruction for. 44, 52, 139--
iGBTs (isolated-gate bipolar trarisls- described. 23-26 (40. 207. 214. 216. 240-242.
tors). 279-280 IN instruclion for, 42. 52. 78. t39, 591. 594
hR (InfInite impulse response) algo- 293, 590. 594 INTO instruction for, 44, 140. 214.
rithm. 339 program for reading. 45-47 216. 591. 594
ILDs (infrared injection laser diodes). INSIINSB/INSW instructions (80186/ IRET instruction for. 44, 140, 209,
503-504 80188). 43, 599 2(6, 591, 594
Immediate addressing mode, 33 INS instruction (80286). 546 maskable (INTRI. 44. 134, (56. (68.
Impact prInters. 479 Instruction cycle. 165 207. 215-216. 583-584
Impedance, input. 293 Instruction pipellning, 569. 571 nonmaskable (NMI), 134, 168, 207.
IMUL instruction Instruction pointer (IF') register. 24. 29, 208.213-214.216.379.583
8086. 590. 594 30-31 overflow, 208, 214. 216
80i86/80l88. 43. 138-139. 336. Instruction unit (101(80286). 543 PlC for. See 8259A priority interrupt
598 Inst rucilons controller
80286. 546 decoding. 24-26 priority of. 216
IN Instruction. 42. 52. 78, 139. 293. executing. 24-26 for real-time clocks, 220-221
590. 594 fetching. 24-26. 30 reserved, 208
in-line code. 127 overhead, 92 single-step. 208. 213. 216
INC instruction, 42. (39. 590. 594 pipeltned. 30. 569. 571 software, 44. 52, 139-140, 207.
INCLUDE directive. (60 Instrument prototyping. 33i.--332 214. 216. 240-242.591.594
Incremental shaft encoders. 284-285 Instrumentation operationl amplifiers STI instruction for. 44. 156. 215,
Index field of dIsks. 468. 469 (op ampa(. 291. 294 591. 597
Index holes In disks, 465, 466 mt array )integer array) pointers In C. timed Interrupt generators. 228-229
Index of relraclion. 505. 506 400-403 for timing, 219-221
Index regIsters. 29, 32 4NT instruction, 44. 52, 139-140. 207. intersegmeni (far) calls. 100. 101-102.
Index scaling, 563 214. 216, 240-242, 591. 594 107. 133-134
Indexes of arrays. 89 Int (inleger) pointers In C. 398-400 Intersegment (far) Jumps. 72. 142-143
IndIrect calls. 201, 102, 133-134 mi (integer) variabIe in C, 397-398 Inlersegment (far) procedures, 121-127
!ndireci jumps. 72. 143 integer array lint array) pointers in C. INTO Instruction, 44, 140, 214. 2(6.
Inductive kick. 279 400-403 591. 594
616 INDEX
INTR (maskable) Interrupts. 44. 134. JNO Instruction. 44. 76. 143. 591, LCDs. See Liquid-crystal displays
156. 168. 207. 215-216. 583- 594-595 LDS instruction, 42, 144.590. 595
584 JNP instruction, 44. 76. 143. 591, LEA Instruction. 42. 144- 145. 590. 595
Intrasegment (near) calls. 100, 101. 594-595 Least significant bit (LSB}. 1
106-107, 133 JNS instruction, 44, 76. 143. 591. Least significant digit (LSD). 2. 3
Intrasegment (near) Jumps. 72-74. 594-595 LEAVE instruction
142-143 JNZ instruction, 44. 76. 143. 591. 80186/80188, 44. 336, 598
Intrasegment (near) procedures. 103- 594-595 80286. 547
106 JO instruction, 44. 76, 143-144. 591, LEDs. See Light-emitting diodes
INVD instruction (80486). 570 594-595 LENGTH operator. 161
Invertera, ii JP instruction. 44. 76, 144. 591. 594- LE.S instruction, 42. 145. 590, 595
Inverting buffers. II 595 LFS instruction (80386). 563-564
Inverting operational amplifiers (op JPE instruction. 44. 76. 144. 591. LOOT instruction (80286), 547
amps), 291. 293 594-595 LOS instruction (80386). 564
INVLPG instructIon (80486), 570 JPO instruction. 44. 76. 143. 591. Library file. 60
L/O. See Inputloutput 594-595 LI[)T instruction (80286). 547
IP (instruction pointer) regIster. 24. 29. JS Instruction, 44. 76. 144, 591. 594- Light-emitting diodes (LEDsI
30-31 595 7-segment. 4. 267-276
IRE'F instruction, 44, 140, 209, 216. Jukebox optical disk systems. 479 7 .segment display code for. 4
591. 594 Jump table. 82 18-segment. 267. 276
ISA (industry standard architecture) Jumps 8279 controller for. See 8279 dedi-
bus. 550 backward, 72-74 cated display controller
ISDN (Integrated services digital net- conditional, 71, 76-77, 83-84, 90- described, 267
work). 503, 504 91 directly driven (statIc). 267, 268
ISO. See International Standards orga- direct. 72-74. 143 dot-matrix, 267. 276
nization far (intersegment), 72. 142-143 Infrared. 219, 220
Isolated-gate bipolar transistors forward. 74 in optical couplers. 228
()GBTs), 279-280 Indirect, 72, 143 software-multiplexed. 267-268. 269
Iteration control instructions, 44 near (intrasegment). 72-74. 142- Light sensors. 295-296
Iteration operations, 39-41 143 LIM/EMS (Lotus-Intei .Microsoft Ex-
IU (instruction unit) (80286). 543 short, 72-74, 76. 83-84 panded Memory Standard). 540
unconditional. 71. 72-74 Linear predictive coding (LPC). 481
JZ instruction, 44, 76. 141, 591, 594- Linear ramp, 294
JA instruction, 44, 76, 140. 591, 594- 595 Linear variable differential transformers
595 (LVI)Ts). 299-300
Jack (JI symbols. 185 Link file. 60. 122
JAE Instruction, 44. 76-77, 140, 59!, Kbyte (kilobyte). 30 Link map, 60
594-595 Keyboard input, 84-86. 217-219. 237- Linker program. 60
JB Instruction. 44. 76. 141. 591, 594- 240. 262-264. 423-424, 435- Liquid-crystal displays (LCDs)
595 439 backplane drive of. 276
JBE instruction, 44. 76. 141. 591, Keyboards described, 267
594-595 circuit connections, 261-262 dynamic scattering type. 276
JC inStrution, 44, 76. 14!, 594-595 compare code conversion technique field-effect type. 276
JCXZ instructIon, 44. 91. 141, 591. for, 262-264 microcomputer interfacing of. 276-
594-595 debouncing. 261-265 77
JE instruction, 44, 76. 141. 591. 594- dedicated microprocessor encoders operation of. 276
595 For. 265-266 reflectIve-type, 462
JO instruction. 44. 76, 141-142. 591. detecting keypress on. 261-265 screen-type, 461-462
594-595 EBCDIC to ASCII conversion for. transmisston-type. 462
JOE instruction, 44, 76. 142. 591, 266-267 List file. 57. 60
594-595 encoding keypress on. 261-265 LLDT instruction (80286). 547
JL Instruction, 44, 76. 142, 591.594- hardware interfacing for. 264-267 LMSW Instruction (802861. 547
595 keyswitch types (or. 260-26.1 Load cells, 299. 300, 307, 308. 309
JLE instruction. 44, 76. 142. 591, N-key rollover for. 273 Local area networks (LASs)
594-595 software interfacing for, 262-264 lOBaseT (thin Ethernet). 525
JMP instruction. 43, 72-74. 142-143, two-key lockout for. 262. 2.3 application example of. 526-529
591. 595 two-key roilover for. 265. 273 backbones for. 526. 527
JNA InstructIon. 44. 76, 141, 591. XLAT code conversion technique for. bridges (gateways( for. 526
594-595 266-267 distributed processing systems and.
JNAE instruction, 44. 76, 141. 591. Keypad interfacing. 268-274 2 1-23
594-595 Kilobyte (Kbyte). 30 Ethernet. 524-525
JNB instruction, 44, 76, 140. 591, Kosko. Bart, 574 Eiber Distributed Data Interlace
594-595 (E'DDI) standard for. 526. 527
JNBE Instruction, 44. 76, 140. 591. ler . optic, 526. 527
594-595 LABEL directive, 160 file server for. 527-528
JNC instruction, 44. 76. 140. 594-595 Label field. 32 overview of, 522
JNE instruction. 44. 76. 143. 59). Labels in programs. 45. 46. 58 print server (or. 527-528
594-595 LAfW Instruction, 42. 144. 590. 595 .r' tocols for. 522. 523-524
JNG instruction. 44. 76. 142. 591. LANs. See Local area networks so tware overview for. 528-529
594-595 LAR inStruction (80286). 547 topologies for. 522-523
JNGE instruction. 44. 76, 142. 591. Laser printers, 480 Location counters, 97-98
594-595 Latches Locator program. 60
JNL instruction. 44. 76. 142. 591. 0 latch. 12-13 LOCK InstructIon. 45. 145. 584. 591.
594-595 defined, 12 595
JNLE instruction, 44, 76. 14 1-142. Latency time for disks. 466 LODSJLODSB1LODSW insiructlons, 43.
591. 594-595 Lathe. 250-252 145. 591. 597-598

INDEX 617
Logarithmic instructions (8087). 374- Msgn.tir disks (Cont,) Memory (Cont.)
375 double-density recording For. 467- nonvolatllc. 14
Logic. fuzzy. 574 468 overlay area of. 539
Logic analyzers error detection br. 468-469 purposes of, 23
block diagram of. 169 file allocation table (FAT) for, 473 RAM. See Random-access memory
clock qualifier for. 17l-l72 floppy. See Floppy disks read signal for. 24-26
display formats of. 170 frequency modulation (FM) coding ROM. See Read-only memory
external clock for, 169-170 for. 467. 468 segmentation of. 30--32. 34-35
Internal clock for. 169-170 hard. See Hard disks types of, 23
memory access time measurement ID fields of. 468. 469 vIrtual. 541-543
with. 172 Index field of. 468, 469 volatile, IS
operation of. 169-171 latency time for. 466 write signal for. 24-26
overview of. 168-169 modified frequency modulation Memory-management unit )MMU), 539,
trace data with, 62. 170. 171-172 (MFM( coding for. 467-468 54 1-543
triggering of. 169-171 - nonreturn-to-zero )NRZ) coding for. Memory-mapped Input/output (hO),
troubleshooting perspective for. 467 189, 193
202-203 run .length-limited (RLLI coding for, Memory models for C, 428
word recognizer for. 169. 171 468. 472 Metal-oxlde-semicortductOr field-ei'Iect
Logic arrays. 12 seek time for. 466 transistors (MOSFETs). 279-280
Logic gates single-density recording for. 467. MFLOPS (million floating-point opera-
A8D gate. II 468 tions per second). 461. 571-572
exclusive NOR (XNORI gate. Il, 12 tracks of, 465, 468-469 MFM (modified frequency modulation)
exclusive OR (XOR) gate-. II. 12 types of. 465 coding for disks. 467-468
NAND gate. II Magnetic tapeS. 465 MicroChannel Architecture (MCA) bus.
NOR gate. II Magneto-optical (MO) recording, 478 55 1-552
OR gate. 11 Mail, electronic, 523 MIcrocode. 27
Logical addresses. 541-543 Mainframes. 19 Microcomputer-based industrial pro-
Logical drIves. 474 Mainline programs. 320. 321 cess.control system
Logical instructions. 43 Manchester code. 524 8086 assembly language program
Logical operators in C, 407-408 Mantissa (significand) of numbers. 367 for. 323-331
Logical segment. 53-54. 58 Marking state. 488 block diagram of. 319-320
LOOP instruction. 44, 90-91. 145- Maskable (INTR) interrupts. 44. 134. flowchart for. 320. 321
146. 591. 595 156. 168, 207, 215-216. 583- hardware for. 320, 322-323
Loop networks. 522-523 584 overview of, 320, 32 I
LOOPE instruction. 44. 91. 146. 591, Masking bits. 69-70 Microcomputer'based Instrument pro-
595 Master device, 235 totyping. 331-332
LOOPNE instructIon, 44. 91. 146, 591. Math coprocessors Microcomputer-based sc-ale
595 8087. See 8087 math coprocessor 8086 assembly language programs
LOOPNZ'instruction. 44. 91. 146, 591. 80287, 544 for. 309-317
595 80387. 569 algorithm for. 308-309
Loops 80486 built-in. 534. 568-569 flowchart for. 308-309
delay. 91-93. 103-106 80786 buIlt-in. 571 Input circuitry for, 308, 309
FoR-DO. 41. 90 defined. 365 overview 0f, 307-308
structure for, 40. 41, 90-91 Math library functions In C, 425-426 Microcomputer-controlled lathe. 250-
LOOPZ InstructIon. 44. 91, 146. 591. MAU (multistation access unIt). 525, 252
595 52 Microcomputer development system.
Lotus-Intel-Microsoft Expanded Mertiory Maximum mode, 168, 346, 348. 581- 33. 59
Standard (LIM/EMS). 540 582. 588. 589 M;c,is. puters
Low byte. 35 Mbyte (megabytel. 30 8086-based. See 8086-based
Low-pass filters. 291, 294, 295. 338 MCA (MicroChannel Architecture) bus. microcomputers SDK.86
LPC (linear predictive coding). 481 551-552 address decoders for. 185-186
LSB (least significant bit). I MCGA (multicolor graphics array). 447 block diagram of. 23
LSD (least significant digit). 2. 3 Mechanical keyswltches, 260 buses of. 23-26
LSL instruction (80286). 547 Mechanical relays. 280 CPU of. 23-26
LSS instruCtion (80386). 564 Megabyte (Mbyte). 30 evolution of. 570-571
LTR Instruction (80286), 547 MEGAFLOPS (million floating-point op- 1/0 section of. 23. 26
LVDTS (linear variable differential erations per second), 461. 571- introduced, 19. 21
transformers). 299-300 572 memory sectIon of, 23
Membrane keysw)tches. 260 motherboards for, 345. 346. 347
Memory port decoders on. 188-189. 193-
Machine cycle. 165 8086 organization of. 189-lOt. 581 195
Machine language. 32 access time measurements, 172 random-access memory (RAM) ad-
Machines. computer numerical control bank .switched. 539-540 dress decoding on, 187-188,
)CNC). 250-252 blocks of. 255 192- 193
Macros. See Assembler macros cache. See Cache memory read-only memory (ROM) address de-
Magnetic disks DMA' for. See Direct memory access codtngon. 186-187, 191-192
access times for. 466. 467 expanded. 540. 541 three-slep program for. 24-26
address marks on. 468-469 extended )XIsIS). 541 troubleshooting. 200--204
boot record of. 473 heap area of, 458. 460 Microcontrollers. See also Embedded
clusiers on, 473 Lotus-Intel-Microsolt Expanded controllers
cyclic redundancy characters (CRC) Memory Standard )LIMIEMS), overvle4' of, 27
on. 468. 469 540 MIcroprocessors. See also Central pro.
data bit formats for. 467-468 microcomputer use of, 23-26 cessing unli
date field of. 468. 469 multluser/multltasking operating 4-bit, 26. 27
directory of. 473 system management of. 539-543 8-bit, 26-27
DOS function calls for. 474-475 named. 109, lii -16 bit 27-28

618 INDEX
 Move and expand instructions (80386). Networits (ConL)
Microprocessors (Coot.) loop. 522-523
32-bit. 27 564
MOVS/MOVSB/?4OVSW instructions. neural. 572-574
ALLI categorization of. 26 ring. 522. 523
complex instruction set computer 43. 147, 591, 597-598
MOVSX Instruction (80386). 564 software overview for. 528-529
(CISC). 461 star, 522
defined, 19 MOVZX instructiOn (80386). 564
MSB Imost significant bill, I. 2.28. 29 token-passing ring. 522. 523. 525-
embedded controllers versus. 332 526. 527
evolution of. 26-27. 570-571 MSD (most significant digit). 2. 3
MUL instruction. 43. 147-118. 590. topologies for, 522-523
reduced instruction set computer Neural networks. 572-574
IRISC). 461, 571 595
Multicolor graphics array (MCGA). 447 Neuron model. 572
Scalable Processor Architecture
Multilevel simulators. 383 Nibble (4 bits), I
ISPARCI. 571 NMI (nonmaskablel interrupts. 134.
Micrsoft WIndows. 567-568 Multimode fibers, 506
Multiple Virtual DOS Machines 168. 207. 208. 2 13-214. 216,
MictcsepPiflg. 283 379. 583
Million hosting-Point operationS per (MVDM). 567
second (MEGAFLOPS or Multiplexed displays. 267-268. 269 No operation (NOt') instruction. 45.
MFLOPS(. 461. 571-572 Multiplexers (data concentratorS), 522 148. 596, 599
Multiplication Noninterlaced scannIng. 439, 440
MinicomputerS. (9, 20 Noninterruptible power supply iNPS).
Minimum mode. 168. 197-200. 346, 8086 instructions for, 27, 43
348. 581-582. 586. 587. 589 8087 instructionS for. 373 357
Mixed-mode simulators, 383 binary. 8-9 Noninverting buffers. Ii, 293
programs for. 53-59 Noninverting operational amplifiers lop
Mixers. 291, 293-294
MMU )memory-managemeflt unit). 539. Multiprocessing systems. 2 1-23 amps), 291. 292-293
Multistatlon access unit )AU(. 525. Nonmaskable INMI) Interrupts. 134,
541-543 168. 207. 208. 213-2)4. 2)6.
Mnemonics for instructiOns, 32. 45. 46 526
MO (magneto-optical) recording, 478 Multitasking systems. 20-22. 35 379. 583
MOD bit patterns. 48-50. 590. 591.592 Multiuser/multitaSking operating Nonreentrant procedures. Ill
Mode words. See Controi words systems Nonreturn'to-zero (NRZ) coding. 467
Modems accessing resources with, 538 Nonvolatile memory. 14
amplitude modulation (AM) for, 498. defined. 535 NOP (no operation) instruction, 45.
499 environment preservation for. 537- 148. 596. 599
answer, 501 538 NOR gate. II
called. 50 1-502 layers of. 539 Normalizing numbers. 367
calling. 50 1-502 memory management for. 539-543 NOT instructIon. 43. 148, 596
defined. 488-489 protection in, 538-539 NPS (noninterruptible power supply).
frequency-shift keying )FSK( modu- scheduling for. 535-537 357
lation for. 498-499 tasks of. 535 NRZ (nonreturn-to-zecol coding. 467
handshake sequence for, 50 1-502 Mutual exclusion of tasks. 538 Null modems. 496
hardware overview of. 500-501 MVDM (Multiple Virtual DOS Ma- Number systems. See Binary numbers
high-speed transmission problems chines), 567 Decimal numbers: Hexadecimal
with. 500 numbers
introduction to. 498
null. 496 N-key rollover. 273
NAK (negative acknowledge) character. Object FIle. 60. (22
originate. 50) Odd parity, 4. 75
phase-shill keying (PSE) modulation 519
for. 499-500 NAME directive, 161 OF (overflow flag). 28. 29. 74. 76. 214
RS-232C connections for. 494-497 Named addresses. 58 Off-page connector flowchart symbol,
XMODEM protocol for. 519 Named constants. 54-55 38
Modes of fibers. 506 Named memory, 109. III OFFSET operator, 161
Modified frequency niodulatior. IMFM) Named variables. 55-58 Offsets )dispiacernents) of addresses,
coding for disks. 467-468 NAND gate. II 31. 34, 88-90. 542
Modulator-demodulators. See Modems National PACE microprocessOrs. 27 On-off (bang-bang) control. 331
Modules ol programs. 39. 60. 122 Near (intrasegment) calls, tOO, (01. One-shots. 227-228
Monitor program. 47. 61 106-107. 133 Onionskin diagram, 539
Monochrome cathode-ray tube )CRT( Near (intrasegment) jumps. 72-74. Op amps. See Operational amplifiers
dIsplays. 440, 442-443. 444, 447 142- 143 Opc ode field, 32
MOSFETs (Metal-oxide-semIconductor Near (intrasegment) procedures. 103- Opcodes (operation codes). 32. 45, 46.
field-effect transistors). 279-280 106 48, 590-598
Most significant bit (MSB). I. 2. 28, 29 NEC Instruction. 43. 148. 590, 595-- Opefl . IOOp gain, 292. 293
596 (.)pen systems Interconnection (OSli
Most significant digit (MSD). 2, 3
Motherboards, 345, 346. 347 Negative acknowledge (NAN) character. model. 523-524
Motors 519 Opening tiles. 475-477
absolute shaft encoders for. 284- Negative feedback. 293. 317 Operartd tieid, 32
285 Nested procedures. 99-100 OperandS. 32. 45. 46
digital-to-analog ID/A) converters Netlist (wiring list) program. 380 Operating systems
and. 302-303 Network layer lOSt model). 523. 524 80386 protected mode. 566
drivers for. 279-280 Networks Basic Input Output System (BIOS)
feedback for, 302-303 lObaseT (thin Ethernet). 525 of. 240-242. 386, 435-439. 451-
Incremental shaft encoders for. 284-- application example of. 526-529 453. 454. 506-S 18. 536-537
285 broadband bus (tree-structured). DOS See DOS
npttcat shaft encodrrs for. 283-285 522. 53 mu(tiusermoliilasklflg. See
servo control of. 317-318 common-bus. 522. 523 Muitiuserniultitasktng operating
stepper. 281-283 Ethernet. 524-525 svs I ems
Motise devices. 462-463 integrated services digital network OS'2. 566-5u7
MOV Inst ruetton. 42. 48-53. 146-147. )ISDN). 503. 504 Operation code', . ,.pcodesJ 32. 45. 46.
590. 595 LANs See Local area networks 48. 590-595

-80 INDEX 619

 Operation flowchart symbol. 38 Parallel data transfer (Coot.) Polled input/output (1/0). 216-217. 218
Operational amplifiers top amps) simple strobe inputloutput 11101. POP instruction. 42. 107-108 149.
as actIve filter,, 291. 294-295 245-246 590. 596
as adders (mIxers). 291. 293-294 single . handshake inputloutpul POl"A Instruction
characteristics ol. 290, 292 11/0), 246 80186/80188. 42. 336. 598
as comparators. 29 I 292 Parallel processing. 571-572 80286. 546
differential. 291. 294 Parameter passing POPF Instruction. 42. 149. 590. 596
as differentlators, 291. 294 by reference. 400 Ports
instrumentation. 291. 294 by value. 400 addressing and decoding. 174. 182.
as Integrators (ramp generators). in named memory. 109. III 193- 195
291, 294 in regIsters. 109, 110 decoders for, 188-189, 193-195
inverting. 291. 293 summary of, 1)5 described. 23-26
neuron model using. 572 to macros. I 2P fixed'port instructions br, 78, 193
noninverting, 291. 292-293 using pointers. 111-113 IN instruction for. 42, 52, 78, 139.
saturation of. 294 using the stack. 113-115 193. 590. 594
voltage gain of, 290, 292 Parameter, OUT instructIon for. 42. 78, 149.
Operator precedence In C. 408-409 actual arguments parameters) of 193, 590,596
Optical couplers, 228 (uncttons. 418 variable . port instructions for. 78. 193
Optical disks. 478-479 defined. 108 Postfix operatIons. 409
Optical motor shaft encoders. 283-285 formal arguments (parameters) of Powers of 2. 2
Op9cal read . oniy memory (OROM), 478 functions. 417 Precedence of operators in C. 408-409
Optical scanners. 464 Parity Precision (accuracy) of numbers. 367
OR I! defined. 4 Preemptive priori ty . based scheduling.
OR 3rslructlori. 43 70--71. 148-149. even, 4. 75 537
591. odd. 4. 75 Prefix operations. 409
Oil nail) .....12 Pary bit. 4. 363-364 Preprocessor directives. 390
Origoate 0'1G) dIrective. 161 Parity flag (PF). 28. 29. 74. 75 Presentation layer (OSl model), 523-
Originale :':den, 501 Parking zone for hard disks, 467 524
OiOM top' .1 read-only memory). 478 Partitioning hard disks. 474 Presentation Manager (PM). 567
OS/2 oeratl' 'g system. 5661.567 Passing parameters. See Parameter Pressure transducers. 299-300
OS! (onell , y tems interconnection) passing Primary statIon, .521
n Jet 523-524 Path to (lies. 473 Print servers, 527-528
OUT i:o..rucLton, 42. 78, 149. 193. PCL )prtnter control language). 480 Printed-circuit-board design. 386
596 PCM (pulse-code modulation). 502 PrInter control language (PCL(. 480
Output wchart symbol, 38 Pet )picture element or pixel). 444 Printer drivers. 255-259
Output library functions In C. 424 PF (parity flag). 28. 29. 74. 75 Priritet Output. 240-242
Output ports Phase-shift ke-..Jng (P8K] modulation. Printers. See also Centronics parallel
de'..ribed 23-26 I n)erface
' . 1 ' ..l inuc . ion for. 42, 78. 149. I oneme syr.h::'.;. 482 (10)-matrix. 479-480
193, '30. 596 Photocell,. 290-.-2.,6 ink-jet, 480-481
OW'S InsInt, lIon (80286), 546 irdlodes. 29a-.,I6 laser. 480
'!OUTSW instructions toteslstrs, 205_291, page. 480
i'i.1l '.30188) 43. 336. 599 °tran 5turS. 219, 223. 223 parallel driver program [or. 255-259
rdrImpe response. 318 il . d .'lriresses. 31 -32. 34. 49. 39.. parallel interface connections for.
flow 30. 541-543 252. 254-255
(IUIR rft .4. 76 r-l.,i la yer (OSi model), 524 P rtvliege-level bits. 542
.,113...lt5 1Th-'icai sc.enl. 56 Procedure (PROd directive. 16!
(OF). 28, 29, 74, 76. 214 PlC. See 82595 priority )merrup coo. Pr,, edo rca
Os :r.' rrupts. 208. 214. 216 tolicr CALL Instructiort for. 43. 100-102.
Overhead. l2 PIcture dement (pel or pixel), 444 106-107, 133-134. 591 593
Overlays. 539 PID (proportional integral derivative) debugging programs containing.
)"-racan. 443 cetrol loops. 311. 320. 321 ItS-I 16
Orh.t, 317-318 Ptpe'tined addrrases. 548-549 defined. 99
'ipelined instructions. 30. 569..57] dummy, 115
Pitch far (inlet-segment). 121-127
&rorocessors. 27 ol displays. 444 flowchart symbol for, 38
.'a'i'-coded decimal (8CD) of sounds. 481 Interrupt service. 116- 117
'9-71. 109-115.366.372 Plel (picture element or Pd). 444 macros versus. 127. 128-129
?IX storage. 445. 446 ('LA (programmable logic array). 12 near (mntrasegment). 103-106
01 data, 523 Planar pixel storage. 445-.-446 nested. 99-100
vite whels, 300 Plasma displays. 462 nonreentrant. Ill
0g' prtnters, 480 Plug I)') symbols. 185 parameters of. defined. 108
r'AL iprograrnmable array logic). 12 PM (Presentation Managerl. 567 passing parameters to and from
Palette digilal-to. anaiog ID/A) convert. Pointer )PTR) directive. 161 in named memory. 109, III
ers, 449-450 Pointers in regIsters. 109, 110
Palettes, 445 char (character), 404-406 summary of, 115
Paper tape readers. 250-252 dereferencing. 400 usingpointers, 111-113
Parallel c.'nnparalor (flash) analog.to. float (floating-poInt). 403-404 using the stack, 113-115
digital AID) converterS. 304. head, 515-517 program flow for, 99-100
306-3d7 mt (integer). 398-400 recursive, 117-121
Parabel data transfer. See also 8255A lot array (lr.teger array). 400-403 reentrant, 116-117. 537-538
programmable parallel port: inlerrupt'po)nter table. 208 RET Instruction for, 43. 100. 101,
Centronics parallel interface passing parameters using. 111-113 102, 107, 151,591. 597
.ri"-handshake Input/output registers as. 86-89 single, 99. 100
1101. 246-247 .111. 515-517 slacks and. See Stacks
simple lrtpuliouiput 1110). 245. 246 to functions. 423 slobs, li5

620 INDEX
Process control. See Industrial process Protocols (Coat.) Random-access memory (RAM) (Coat.)
control defined, 518 video (VRAM). 446-447
Process flowchart symbol. 38 high . level data link control (HDLC) volatile nature of. 15
Processes. See Tasks protocol. 520-522 Random-access memory (RAM) disks.
Processor control instructions open systems Interconnection lOS!) 477
8086. 44-45. 59! model (or. 523-524 Raster scanning. 439-440
8087. 375 synchronous dala link control RCL instruction
Program development algorithm. 6t, 62 (.SDLC}. 520 8086. 43. 70. 149-ISO. 590. 596
Program development tools, 59-62. XMODEM. 519 80186/80188. 599
391-395 Prototvping RCR Instruction
Program execution transfer instn.ic- functions In C. 417-418 8086. 43. 150-151. 590, 596
lionS. 43-44. 59! of microcompuler.based lnsru. 80186/80188. 599
Programmable AND matrixes. 12 ments. 331-332 Read-only memory IROM(
Programmable array logic (PAL). 12 simulailon for. 380. 382-385 address decoding for, 186-87.
Programmable controllers, 320 Pseudo operations. See Assembler di- 191- 192
Programmable logic array (PLA). 12 rectives character generator. 440-442
Programmable OR matrIxes. 12 Pseudocode description of. 14-15
Programmable read-onl y memory CASE structure, 40. 81 electrically erasable programmable
(PROM). 12, 15 comparing strings. 98 (EEPROMi, 15
Programmers model. 163 data samplIng. 104 erasable programmable (EPROM(. IS
Programming languages described. 39 flash EPROM. 15
8086 assembly language. See 8086 downloading program. 510 mask-programmed. 15
assembly language factorials, 118 microcomputer use of. 23
C. See C programming language FOR-DO loop. 41,90 nonvolatile nature of. 14
high-level. 33 IF-THEN-ELSE structure, 40. 77. optical (OROM). 478
machine language. 32 78,80.81 programmable (PROM). 12. 15
for parallel computers, 572 IF-THEN structure, 40. 77 Read-wrIte memory. See Random-ac-
Programs. See also Software interrupt input. 2t7 cess memory
8086 assembly language. See 8086 moving strings. 95-96 READY input. 164-167. 173. 175.
assembly language programs REPEAT.UNTIL structure, 40. 84, 196- 197
abstracts for. 47 86. 87. 88 Real mode
algorithms of. See Algorithms sequence structure, 40 8086, 28
assembler. 33. 45, 53. 60 strobed input. 86 80286. 543. 544. 546-547
bottom-up design of. 39 terminal emulator. 507 80386. 552. 553
compiler. 33 WHILE . DO structure. 40. 82. 83 Real numbers. 366-368
debugger. 60.6! PSK Iphase-shilt keyingl modulation, Real-time clocks. 220-221. 237-240
debugging. See Debugging pro- 499-500 Real transfers (8087). 372
grams F'TR (pointer) dIrective, 161 RecursIve procedures. (17-121
design rule checker (DRC(. 380 PUBLIC directive. 122. 160, 161-162 Red-green-blue (RGB( monitor. 444-
documentation of, 47 Pulse-code modulation IPCMI. 502 445
editor, 59-60 PUSH instruction Redirected data, 471
electrical rule checker (ERC). 380 8086. 42, 107-108. 149. 590. 596 Reduced Instruction set computer
error trapping for. 264 80 186/80188. 336, 598-599 (RISCI processors. 461. 571
executive. 320, 321 80286. 546 Reentrant procedures. 116-117. 537-
flowcharts for. See Flowcharts PUSFIA instruction 538
functions of. 47 80186/801811. 42, 336. 599 Refresh controllers, 16. 354-355
Interpreter. 33 80286. 546 REG bIts. 48. 49,590. 591. 592
linker. 60 PUSHF instruction, 42. 149. 590. 596 Register addressing mode, 33-34
locator, 60 Pythagorean theorem. 375 Register storage class in C. 420
loops I a. See LOOPS Register-to-register architecture, 332.
maInline. 320. 321 333
modules of. 39. 60. 122 QAM (quaiernary amplitude modula- Registers
monitOr. 47. 6! tion). 499-500 80386. 552. 553. 562-563
netllst (wiring listl, 380 Quadblts, 499-500 accumulator (AL). 29-30
pseudocode br. See Pscudocode Quadword type. 158 All. 29-30
relocatable, 60. 74 Qualernary amplitude modulation AX. 30
schematic capture. 379-380, 38! )QAM1, 499-500 base pointer (HP) 29. 3!
slmulaior. 380. 382-385 Queue registers. 29. 30 HO. 29-30
structured. 39-42 BL. 29-30
stubs In. 115 BX. 30
subprograms. 30 R (resell irrpuis. 13 CH, 29-30
system. 47 RM bii patterns. 48-50. 590, 59!. 592 CL. 29-30
top-down design of. 39-42. 100 RAM. See Random . acccss memory code scgmeni (CS), 29, 30-32 89-
PROM (programmable read-only mem. RAM (random-access memory) disks.477 90. 581
orvI 12, 15 RAMDACS. 450 as counters. 86-89
Proportional feedback. 318, 319 Ramp generalors. 29!. 294 CX. 30
Proportional Integral derivative I PIDI Random-access memory (RAM) data segment (OS). 29. 30-32 34-
cortirol loops. 3)9. 320, 32! address decoding for, 187-188. 35. 89-90. 58!
l'rotected mode 192- 193 data storage. 13
80280. 543. 545-546. 547 displa y refresh, 440. 441 debug (80386). 552. 553
80380. See 80386 protected mode DRAM See D ynamic random,acce,s destmrmation Index )D1L 29. 31
['rot cob a, croon, DII, 29-30
1)1 nan' Sy nch roltous Corn rn un ra dual-ported. 448 DL. 29-30
tion Protocol (Ill SYNC I. 5 18-520 microcomputer use of. 23 DX. 30
ho . or,enIed (1101'). 520-522 Static (SHAM). 15-16. 353. 358, extra segment (ES). 29, 30-32. 89-
t, y le . oru'ni.',I Ilt('I'). 518-520 360. 363 90. 581

INDFX 621
 Registers (Coot.) S (set) inputs. 13 SDK-86 (Coot.)
flag. 28 29. 592 SAllE instrurtlon. 42. 152. 590. 597 8284 clock generator. 173. 174.
general-purpose, 29-30 SAL instruction 175. 177
index. 29. 32 8086. 43. 153. 590. 597 8283) control anti data transceivers,
Instruction pointer dPi. 24. 29. 30- 80186:80188. 599 174, 179
3! Sampling theorem. 340 block diagram of. 174
passing parameters in, 109. I 10 SAR instruct iii, bypass caparitors It',. 176. 185
as pointers, 86-89 8086. 43. 153-154. 590. 597 dock frequency of. 173
queue. 29, 30 80186.80188. 599 description of. 173-175. 178-179.
segment, 29, 30-32. 34-35. 58-59, Saturation of atnpiifier. 294 185
58 I SOB instruction, 42. l5'I. 597 display driver for. 274-275
shift, 13, 464 Scalable Processor Architecture downloading programs to. 494.
source index (SI). 29. 31 (SPARC). 57! 496-497. 508-518
stack pointer ISP). 29, 3! Sc,e See Microcontputer . based scale tiller capacitors in. 176. 185
stack segment )SS(. 29.30-32. 89- a./','SCASB/SCASW instruclions. 43, GO command. 68
90. 58! 155. 591. 597-598 inputioutput il:Oi addressing attd
Relational operators In C. 407 Scheduler, 537 decoding on. 174. 182. 193-t95
Relay drivers. 278-280 Seltedutttig instrument prototyping with. 33! -
Relays preerttptis. e priorily'bascd. 537 332
mechanical, 280 tertninale-and'stay-restdent ) I'SR( keypad interfacing with. 266-274
solid-state, 280-281 programs and. 535--537 off-board decoder. 174. 180. 195-
Relocatable programs, 60. 74 titneslire, 537 196
REP (repeat) instruction, 43. 96-97. Schematic diagrams parallel printer connectii,n to. 252.
151, 59!, 596 capture programs for, 379-360, 254-255
REPE instruction. 43. 151. 596 38 I parallel printer driver program for,
Repeat (REP) inslruction. 43. 96-97 connector symbols on, 185 255-. 259
IS!, 591. 596 ICson. 185 port addressing and decoding on,
REPEAT-UNTIL structure. 40. 41. 84- input signal lines on. 377. 378 174. 182. 193-195
89. 9!. 412-413 jack (dl symbols on. 185 printer driver progrant for, 255-259
Repetition operatIons. 39-4! outpul signal lines on. 377. 378 random-access memor y (RAM) ad-
REPNE instruction. 43, 151. 596 plug (P1 symbols on. 185 dress decoding on, 174. 175,
REPNZ instruction, 43, 151. 596 resistor packs on. 185 181. 192-19:3
REPZ instruction, 43, I5l. 596 SDK-86. 176-184. 185 read-only memor y fROM) address de-
Reserved interrupts. 208 zone coordinates for, 185. 377 coding on, 174. 175, 176, 191-
Reset (RI inputs, 13 Scientific notation, 367 192
RESET response of 8086. 164. 168. Scramblers, 500 RS-232C interface for, 494, 496-
583 Scrubbing process. 365 497. 508-518
Residual error. 319 SCSI (small computer systems later schematic diagrams of. 176-184.
Resistance temperature detectors face) siaadard. 472-473 185
(RTDs). 298 SDK-86. See also Mlerocompitter-based single-step command. 68
Resistor packs, 185 industrial process control system: wait-stale generator. i74. 175. 177,
RET instruction. 43. 100. 101. 102. Microcomputer . based scate 196-197
107. IS!, 591. 597 7-segment LCD interfacing with. SDK .386, 549, 560, 566
Return address. 100. 133 276-277 SDLC sy nchronous data Itok control)
Reversed division instructions. 8087. 7-segment l.ED display interfacing protocol, 520
373 wilti. 268-275 Secotd-getierat ion microprocessors. 27
Res'ersed subtraction instructions. 74LS 138 address decoder added to. Secondar y stalititIs. 521
8087. 373 222. 223 Seek time for disks. 466
RGB (red .greeri .bluc( monitor. 444- 74LSl64 watt-slate generaior, 174. Segment base address, 30. 31, 32, 34.
445 175. 17'. 196-197 49--50. 89-90
Ring (circular) buffer. 5)5-517 741.S244 drivers. 174. 179 Segment basc:offset form of addresses.
Ring networks, 522, 523 74LS393 baud rate generator. 174. 31. 35
RISC (reduced instruction set com- 175. 178, 184 SEGMEN'I directive. 53-54. 162
puter) processors. 461. 57! 745373 address latches, 174. 175, Segment mail instructtr,ns 80:186).
RLI. lrun-lerigth-limited( codIng for 178. 185 563-564
disks. 468, 472 2I42SRAM, 174, 173. 18!, l92- Segment override trt'tix, 49, 51 -.52.
Robots and robotics, 332, 464-465 193 591. 592
ROL instruction 23l6/2716 PROM 174, 175. 176. Segment registers. 29. 30-32. 34-35.
8086, 43. 70. 151-152. 590, 597 191- I 92 58-59. 581
80186/80188, 599 3625 I/O decoder. 174. 182. 193- Segment selector, 542
ROM. See Read . onty Memory 195 Segmentation of memory. 30--32 .34-
ROR Instruction 3625 ofl'board decoder, 174. 180. 35
8086. 43. 152. 590. 597 195- 196 Seginc'n Is
80186/80188. 599 3625 PROM decoder. 174. I 75, 176. code. 58
ROTATE tnstruriion I 91 - 192 data. 58
80l8680!88. 336 3625 RAM decoder, 174, l7, 181. extra. 58
80286. 546 192-193 initializing segment regIsters, 58-
Rotate instructions. 8086. 43 825 IA USANT. 174, 175. 184 59
RS . 232C standard. 494...497 8254 programmable timer counter logical, 53-54. 58
RS-422A standard. 497-498 addcti to. 222. 22:3 physical. 58
RS-423A standard. 497 8235A programmable parailel poos. stack. 49. 58
RS . 449 standard 498 174. 75, 180 Scicci on flowchart scitibrit . :18
RIDs (resistance temperature detec- 8259A priorit y interrupt c'ont roller Sciect ii,tt opera i ions. 39. 40
tors). 298 I PlC) added to. 222. 223, 2:35 Semaphores. 5.18 519
Ruritengttt . I (tnt led ) tiLL) coding for 8279 speciahzed '0 device. 174. Sertuc ottdw tor teropt'ratiire sctisors.
disks. 468. 472 178-179, l82 296-297

622 INDEX
Sensors. See also Transducers Single-step interrupts. 208. 213, 2(6 Stop bit. 488
defined. 290 Slave device, 235 Stop flowchart symbol. 38
flow. 300 SLDT instruction 180286), 547 STOS/STOSB/STOSW 'nStructions. 43.
light. 295-296 Slice. 27 156, 591. 597-598
temperature. 296-298. 320, 322 Small computer systems Interface STR instruction (80286). 547
Sentinel method. 255 (SCSI) standard. 472-473 StraIn gages, 298-299
Sequence structure. 39. 40. 65-67. SMSW instruction (802861. 547 Streaming tape systems. 477
69-71 Snubber circuits. 281 String instructions. 43. 95-99. 591
Serial data communication. See also Soft errors, 363 String library functions in C. 424-425
825 IA USART Soitware. See also Programs Strings
asynchronous. 488 defined, 24 comparing, 97-99
baud rate for, 488 upward-compatible. 28 defined, 43, 95
full-duplex. 487. 488 Software inierrupts. 44. 52, 139-140. moving. 95-97
half.duplex, 487, 488 207. 214. 216, 240-242. 591, Strobe input/output (I/O). 245-246
marking state for. 488 594 Strobes
modems [or. See Modems Software-triggered strobes. 230. 231 described, 84-86
RS. 232C standard for. 494-497 SOH (start-of-header) character, 518 hardware-triggered. 230-231
RS-422A standard for. 497-498 Solar cells. 296 software-triggered. 230, 23!
RS-423A standard for. 497 Solenoid drivers. 279-280 Structured programming. 39-42
RS-449 standard for. 498 Solid-state relays. 280-281 Stubs. 115
simplex, 487-488 Source file. 60 STX (start-of-text) character. 5(8
start bit for. 488 Source index ISIl register. 2'). 31 SUB Instruction, 42. 154-155, 590.
stop bit for. 488 Source for Instructions, 32-33 59-8
synchonous. 488 SP (stack pointer) register. 29. 31 Subprograms. See Procedures
Servo control, 317-318 SPARC (Scalable Processor Architec- Subrouline flowchart symbol. 38
Session layer (OSI model). 523. 524 ture), 571 Subroutines. See Procedures
Set (S) inputs. 13 Speech recognition. 481. 482-483 Subtraction
Set memory flag word instruction Speech synthesis, 48 I -482 8086 Instructions for, 42-43
(80386). 564 Square-wave generators. 229-230 8087 instructions for. 373
Set points, 317-3l8 Square waves. 337-338 binary. 8
Settling time, 3 17-318 SRAM (static random-access memory). binary.coded decimal (BCDI. 10
SETxx instruction (80386). 564 15-16. 353, 358. 360. 363 Successive approximation analog-to.
SF (sign flag). 28. 29. 74, 75 SS (slack segment) register. 29, 30-32. digital (ND) converters. 305, 307
SGDT instructIon (80286). 547 89-90. 581 Summing point. 294
Shaft encoders SSB instruction, 590 Supercomputers. 19. 20. 571-572
absolute. 283-284 ST-506 standard. 472 Supersets of instructions. 28
defined. 283 Stack diagrams. 102-103. 106-107. Supervisor. 537
Incremental. 284-285 108. 113-115. 118-121 Switch structure In C. 411-412
Shift between words instructions Stack overflow, 113-I 15 Switched capacitor digital fIlters. 342
(80386). 564 Stack pointer (SP) register. 29. 31 Switched phone lines, 488
SHIFT instruction Stark segment. 49. 58 Symbol table, 57. 60. 211
80186/80188. 336 Stack segment (SSI register. 29. 30-32. Sync characters, 518
80286. 546 89-90. 581 Synchronization instructions. 44-45
Shift instructions. 8086. 43 Stacks Synchronous communication. 488
Shift registers, 13. 464 8087, 369-370 Synchronous data link control (SD[.Cl
SI- IL instruction data sampling program using. 103- protocol. 520
8086, 43. 153, 590. 597 106 Syndrome word, 364-365
80186180188. 599 defined. 30 Syntax of assembly language. 47
S(1I.D instruction (80386). 564 operation of. 102-103. 106-107 System commands. 47
Short jumps. 72-74. 76. 83-84 passing parameters using. 113-115 System degradation for time-sliced sys-
SHORT o perator. 162 POP instruction for, 42. 107-108. tems, 537
SIIR Instruction 149. 590. 596 System expansion slots, 345
8086. 43. 155-156, 590, 597 PUSH instruction for. 42. 107-108, System program. 47
80186,80188. 599 149, 590. 596
SIIRD instruction (803861, 564 top of stack. 31
SI (source index) register. 29. 31 uses for, 102-103 Tachometers. 317-318
Sign hit. 6-8 Standard structures, 39-42 Tail pointer. 515-517
Sign ilag (SF). 28. 29. 74. 75 Star networks. 522 Tape readers, 250-252
Stgnai assertion level. II Start bit, 488 Tasks
Signed numbers. 6-8 Start flowchart symbol, 37-38 blocked, 538
Stgnificand (mantissa) of numbers. 367 Start-of. header (SOH( character, 518 defined, 534
Simple ittpuUoutput (I/O). 245. 246 Start-of-text ISTX( character. 518 environment (context, or state) of,
Simple strobe input/output (I/O). 245- State (context. or environment( of 53 7-538
246 tasks, 537-538 mutuat exclusion of. 538
Simplex communication, 487-488 States TDM (time-division mullipiexing). 502-
Simulator programs. 380, 382-385 ol clocks. 165 503
Single-board computers. 19. 21 undefined. 223 Temperature sensols. 296-298. 320.
Slngle . density recording for disks, 467. Static dIsplays. 267. 268 322
468 Static randota-access memor y (SHAM). Templates fur instructions, 47-53
Single . hartdshake Input/output (1.0). 15-16. 353. 358. 360. 363 Ten-byte t ype. 158-159
246 Stahc storage class in C, 420 Terabyte )unit(. 27
Single indexed addressing mode. 49. STC instruction, 44. 156. 591, 597 Terminal emulator program. 507-508.
89-90 STD instructIon, 44. 156. 591, 597 509
Single-mode fibers. 606 Stepper motors, 28 1-283 Termlnais, 443
Single . precision numbers, 367 STI instruction, 44, 156, 215, 59!. 597 Terminate-and-stay-resident (TSR) pro-
Single-step command. 68 Stimulus files. 383-384 grams. 535-537

INDEX 623
 TEST instruction. 43. 156-157. 590. Transducers (Coot.) VERW instruction (80286). 547
598 force. 298-300. 307. 308. 309 VGA (video graphics array), 447, 449.
Texas Instruments Graphics Architec- pressure. 299-300 45 I
ture (TIGA) standard. 461 Transistor buffers, 278-280 Videø cameras. 463-464
TF (trap flag). 29. 207-209. 213-216 Transistors Video digitai-to-anaiog (D/A) converters.
Thermal printers. 479-480 Darltngton. 278-279 449-450
Thermal sensitive resistors (lherrnis- isolated-gate bipolar )IGBTs) 279- Video graphics array (VGA). 447. 449-
(or-a), 298 280 451
Thermocouples. 297-298 metai-oxide-semiconductor field-ef- Video monItors. 440
Thin Ethernet I lOBaseT) networks, 525 fect )MOSFETs), 279-280 Video programming
ThrashIng process, 36! Transport layer (OSi model), 523, 524 high-level. 458-460
Three-state outputs. 14-15. 24 Trap flag )TF). 29. 207-209. 213-216 introduced. 45!
TIGA (Texas Instruments Graphics Ar- Tree-structured (broadband bus) net- low-level. 451-458
chitecture) standard. 46! works. 522, 523 Video random-access memory (VRAM).
Time-division multiplexing (TDM). Trees (structures). 117 446-447
502-503 Trellis code. 500 Vidicons. 463-464
Time-domain description. 337. 338 Triacs, 280-28! Virtual 8086 mode (80386). 561-562
Time-multiplexed systems. 20-22. 35 Tribits. 4-9 Virtual address mode, 28
Time-slice scheduling. 537 Trigonometric instructions (8087). 374 Virtual addresses, 54 1-543
Time-sliced systems. 20-22. 35. 320 Troubleshooting microcomputers. 200- Virtual ground. 293-294
Timed interrupt generators. 228-229 204 Virtual memory, 541-543
Timesharing systems. 20-22. 35 TSR (terminate-and-stay-resident) pro- Vocal tract mode). 481
Timing grams, 535-537 Voiced sounds. 481
8086 bus, 584 Two-key lockout, 262, 273 Volatile memory, 15
8086 instructions. 91-93. 592- Two-key rollover. 265, 273 Voitage gain. 290. 292
598 Type byte, 34, 55, 158 Von Neumann architecture. 339
8087 instructions. 599-605 Type conversion instructions (80386), VRAM (video random-access memory),
delay loops for, 91-93, 103-106 563 446-447
effective address (EAI. 592 Type doubleword, 55. 158
Interrupts for. 219-22! Type error, 34
segment override prefix. 592 TYPE operator. 162
Timing parameters. 8086. 197-200 Type quadword. 158 W bIt. 48. 590. 591
Timing waveforms Type ten bytes. 158-159 WAIT Instruction. 44. 157. 584. 591.
8086 maximum mode. 588. 589 Type word. 34, 55. 159 598, 599-605
8086 minImum mode. 197-200. WAIT states. 164-167. 175. 196-197
586, 587. 589 WBINVD instruction 180486), 570
8086 sysiem timing. 164-167, 583. I/ART (universai asynchronous receiver- WHILE-DO structure. 40, 4!. 82-84.
584 transmitter). 488. See olso 8250 412-413
8237 DMA controller, 351-352 UART While structure in C. 412-4 13
8254 programmabk timer/counter. Winchester hard disks. 467
Unconditional jumps. 71. 72-74 Windows program. 567-568
226-23! Unconditional transfer instructions. 43
8255 handshake data input from a Undefined states. 223 Wiring list (netlist) program. 380
tape. 251-252 Underdamped response. 317-318 Word transfer instructions. 42
8219.269-27! Underilow, 8 Word type. 34. 55. 159
Centronics parallel interface. 254- Words
Union data siructure in C. 437-439 8086 storage of, 35
255 Unipolar binary-coded decimal (BCD)
clock. 165 binary. See Binary words
codes. 306 command. See Control words
data acquisition system )DAS). 322- Unipolar binary codes, 306
323 Unity-gain bandwidth. 293 cotttrol, See Control words
double-handshake inputiouiput defined, 1
Universal asynchronous receiver-trans- mode. See Control words
(VOL 246-247 mitter )UART). 488. See also
dynamic random-access memory 8250 UAI4T syndrome. 364-365
(DRAM). 353-354 Workstations, 571
Universai Synchronous/Asynchronous Write once.read many WORM) disks,
simple inpul/outpul (I/O). 245, 246 Receiver Transmitter (USART).
simple strobe input/output (I/O). 478
174, 175. 184, 488. See also
24 5-246 825 IA USART
single-handshake input/output (I/O), Unpacked binary-coded decimal (BCD(
246 code. 69-7! XADI) instrUction (80486). 570
Token, defined, 523 Unvoiced sounds. 48! XCFIG instruction. 42, 157. 590. 598
Token (file handle), 474-475 Upward-compatible software. 28 XLAT instructiOn. 42, 157. 266-267,
Token-passing ring networks. 522. USART (Universal Synchronous/Asyn- 590. 598
523. 525-526. 527 chronous Receiver Transmitter). XLATB instruction. 157, 598
Top-down design, 39-42, (00 174. 175. 184. 488. See also XMODEM protocol. 519
Top of stack, 3! 825 IA USART XMS (extended) memory . 54!
Topologies XNOR lexciusive NOR) gale. II, 12
hypercube. 571-572 XOR (exclusive OR) gate. IL 12
network, 522-523 Variable-port InstructIons. 78. 193 XOR instruction. 43. 157-158, 59!,
Trace data. 62. 170, 171 - 172 Variable storage classes inC. 4 19-420 598
Trackballs. 462-463 Variables
Tracks of disks, 465. 468-469 char (character). 396-397
Transceivers. 524 dummy. 128 Z80 microprocessor. 27
transcendentai instructions (8087) float boating-poInt). 398 Zadeh, Loiti A.. 574
3 74-3 75 ml lIrile-ger). 397-398 Zero flag )ZH. 28. 29, 74. 7
Transducers. See also Sensors named. 55--58 Zero . poitii switching. 28!
defined. 298 types in C. 396-398 ZF (zero flagL 28. 29, 74. 75
differential pressure. 300 VERR instruction (80286). 547 Zone coordinates. 185. 377

624 INDEX