FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
ENV 416 PRACTICAL
NAME : .......................................................... DATE : .......................................
EXPERIMENT 1
TITLE : A. POLARITY OF COVALENT COMPOUNDS
B. MISCIBILITY OF LIQUIDS
OBJECTIVES : A. TO STUDY THE POLARITY OF COVALENT COMPOUNDS
B. TO STUDY THE MISCIBILITY OF LIQUIDS
THEORY :
The formation of ionic or covalent compounds depends on theelectronegativity values of the atoms
in the bonds. If the difference in electronegativity between the atoms is more less than 1.7 , the
bonds between the atoms is ionic. On the other hand, if the difference is less than 1.7, the bond is
considered as covalent.
If the difference in electronegativity between the atoms are within 0.5 and 1.7, the molecule is polar.
In polar molecules, usually one atom is more electronegative, which pulls a pair of electrons more
stongly towards itself and thus has a small negative charge is formed. The other atom would have a
small positive charge on it.
Molecules such as CH4, CCI4, and BCI3 are non polar. molecules that are polar will be attaracted to
substances that are charged and molecules that are not polar or neutral will not affected by
substances that are charged. Miscibility of substances in a solvent depends on the type and strength
of the bond involved. Usually, ionic compounds or molecules which are polar will dissolve in ionic or
polar solvents. Molecules that are not polar or neutral will dissolve in non polar solvents.
APPARATUS :
Experiment A : Experiment B :
1. Buret 1. Test-tubes
2. 250 ml beaker
3. Flannel cloth
4. Rubber rod. Glass rod
CHEMICALS :
Experiment A : Experiment B
1. 50 ml Benzene 1. Distilled water
2. 50 ml distilled water 2. Methanol
3. 50 ml methanol 3. Benzene
4. 50 ml hexane 4. Hexane
1
PROCEDURES :
Experiment A :
1. Set up the apparatus for experiment A as shown by your lecturer.
2. Fill in the buret with 50 ml distilled water.
3. Charged the glass rod by rubbing it hard with the flannel cloth.
4. Control the outlet of the buret to get a flow of water that is slow and continous.
5. Put the charged rod close of the flowing water from the buret and detect any movement or
reflection of the water.
6. Note your observation and repeat steps 2 until 5 by replacing the distilled water with the
other solution i.e. benzene, hexane and methanol.
Experiment B :
For each pair of the solutions A to F in the following table, do as follows :
1. Fill in a test-tube with 30 drops of sovent, followed with 10 drops of solute.
2. Mix the solutions carefully and note if the solutions are miscible in the test-tube.
3. Only for G – in a conical flask, add 20 ml carbon tetrachloride followed by 30 ml distilled
water. The, add in a few iodine crystals and mix the solution. Note your observation.
Solute Solvent
A. hexane distilled water
B. Benzene distilled water
C. methanol distilled water
D. benzene Hexane
E. methanol hexane
F. methanol benzene
2
DATA/RESULTS :
Experiment A :
Name of substances that reflects (polar) Name of substances that do not reflect
(non polar)
Experiment B :
Solute Solvent Miscible/Non Miscible
A. hexane distilled water
B. Benzene distilled water
C. methanol distilled water
D. Benzene Hexane
E. methanol hexane
F. methanol Benzene
RELATED QUESTIONS :
1. From your observation in experiment A and Experiment B, complete the following
table.
Polar substances Non Polar substances
2. Which substances would reflect towards a charged rod, the polar or non polar
substances. Explain your answer.
3. Explain briefly the miscibility of polar solute and non polar in polar solvents.
