Real-Time High Quality Rendering

GAMES202, Lingqi Yan, UC Santa Barbara

Lecture 7:
Real-Time Global Illumination

(in 3D)
 Announcements
• GAMES101 homework submission reopening soon!

- Recruiting graders!

• Homework 2 will be released soon

- Ideally by the end of this week

- Will be about PRT for diffuse scenes

GAMES202 2 Lingqi Yan, UC Santa Barbara

 Last Lecture
• Shadow from environment lighting

• Background knowledge

- Frequency and filtering

- Basis functions

• Real-time environment lighting (& global illumination)

- Spherical Harmonics (SH)

- Prefiltered env. lighting

- Precomputed Radiance Transfer (PRT)

GAMES202 3 Lingqi Yan, UC Santa Barbara

 Today
• Finishing up

- SH for glossy transport

- Wavelet

• Real-Time Global Illumination (in 3D)

- Reflective Shadow Maps (RSM)

- Light Propagation Volumes (LPV)

- Voxel Global Illumination (VXGI)

GAMES202 4 Lingqi Yan, UC Santa Barbara

 Recap: PRT
• Precompute lighting and light transport 

for each individual shading point*

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Z
Lo (p, !o ) = Li (p, !i )fr (p, !i , !o ) cos ✓i V (p, !i ) d!i
⌦+

Shading
result Lighting Light transport

GAMES202 5 Lingqi Yan, UC Santa Barbara

 Recap: Spherical Harmonics (SH)

• A set of 2D basis functions with different frequencies

• Any 2D function can be projected to SH

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X
f (x) = ci · Bi (x)
i
l=0

• Any 2D function can be

l=1

reconstructed from 
 l=2

(a truncated number of) SH l=3

… −2 −1 m=0 1 2 …

GAMES202 6 Lingqi Yan, UC Santa Barbara

 PRT (Diffuse Case)
• A slightly different derivation than in the last lecture

• Separately precompute lighting and light transport

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Z
Lo (p, !o ) = Li (p, !i )fr (p, !i , !o ) cos ✓i V (p, !i ) d!i
⌦+
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X <latexit sha1_base64="QdpMz2sOX9A4EnQC5ywGCMCHwUI=">AAACFXicdVDLSgMxFM3UV62vqks3wSJUkDLTh9pdqRuXFfqCThkyadqGJpNpkhFL6U+48VfcuFDEreDOvzF9iA/0wIXDOeeS3OOHjCpt2+9WbGl5ZXUtvp7Y2Nza3knu7tWViCQmNSyYkE0fKcJoQGqaakaaoSSI+4w0/MHF1G9cE6moCKp6FJI2R72AdilG2khe8qSadgUnPeTRY+iiMJTiBroq4t4QYjNlb/gV8JIpO1Ms5rKFIpyRfL4wJ1knB52MPUMKLFDxkm9uR+CIk0BjhpRqOXao22MkNcWMTBJupEiI8AD1SMvQAHGi2uPZVRN4ZJQO7AppJtBwpn7fGCOu1Ij7JsmR7qvf3lT8y2tFunveHtMgjDQJ8PyhbsSgFnBaEexQSbBmI0MQltT8FeI+kghrU2TClPB5Kfyf1LMZ5zTjXOVTpfKijjg4AIcgDRxwBkrgElRADWBwC+7BI3iy7qwH69l6mUdj1mJnH/yA9foBVimeVw==</latexit>

X
L(!i ) ⇡ cp Bp (!i ) T (!i ) ⇡ cq Bq (!i )
p q

lighting basis light transport basis

coefficient function coefficient function

GAMES202 7 Lingqi Yan, UC Santa Barbara

 PRT (Diffuse Case)
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Z
Lo (p, !o ) = Li (p, !i )fr (p, !i , !o ) cos ✓i V (p, !i ) d!i
⌦+
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XX Z
= cp cq Bp (!i )Bq (!i ) d!i
p q ⌦+

X
•
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Why is it a dot product? (This seems to 
 L(!i ) ⇡ cp Bp (!i )

be O(n 2) rather than O(n)?)

p
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X
T (!i ) ⇡ cq Bq (!i )
- Hint: a property of SH q

GAMES202 8 Lingqi Yan, UC Santa Barbara

Glossy Case
∫
𝐿(𝐨) = 𝐿(𝐢)𝑉(𝐢)𝜌(𝐢, 𝐨)max(0,𝒏 ⋅ 𝐢)d𝐢
Ω
∑
𝑇𝑖(𝐨) ≈ 𝑡𝑖𝑗𝐵𝑗(𝐨)
∑
𝐿(𝐨) ≈ 𝑙𝑖𝑇𝑖(𝐨)
transport basis
matrix function
∑ (∑
𝐿(𝐨) ≈ 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑗)𝐵𝑗(𝐨)

reflected radiance
light coefficient
coefficient
≈ ∗ transport
matrix

⦿ Rendering: vector-matrix multiplication

Time Complexity
⦿ #SH Basis : 9/16/25
⦿ Diffuse Rendering
● At each point: dot-product of size 16
⦿ Glossy Rendering
● At each point: vector(16) * matrix (16*16)
 Glossy Rendering Results

No Shadows/Inter Shadows Shadows+Inter

• Glossy object, 50K mesh
• Runs at 3.6 fps on 2.2Ghz P4, ATI Radeon 8500
Interreflections and Caustics
interreflections

none 1 bounce 2 bounces

Transport Paths
LE LGE
L(D|G)*E LS*(D|G)*E
Runtime is independent
of transport complexity
caustics
Recall: Precomp. of light transport
∫
light transport 𝑇 ≈
𝑖 B𝑖(𝐢)𝑉(𝐢)max(0,𝒏 ⋅ 𝐢)d𝐢
Ω
⦿ Just regular computation with some weird lighting
..
.
Basis 16

Basis 17 illuminate result

Basis 18
..
.
 Arbitrary BRDF Results

Anisotropic BRDFs Other BRDFs Spatially Varying

Results
Summary of [Sloan 02]
⦿ Approximate Lighting and light transport
using basis functions (SH)
● Lighting -> lighting coefficients
● light transport -> coefficients / matrices
⦿ Precompute and store light transport
⦿ Rendering reduced to:
● Diffuse: dot product
● Glossy: vector matrix multiplication
Limitations [Sloan 02]
⦿ Low-frequency
● Due to the nature of SH
⦿ Dynamic lighting, but static scene/material
● Changing scene/material invalidates
precomputed light transport
⦿ Big precomputation data
Follow up works
⦿ More basis functions
⦿ dot product => triple products
⦿ Static scene => dynamic scene
⦿ Fix material => dynamic material
⦿ Other effects: translucent, hair, …
⦿ Precomputation => analytic computation
⦿ …
More basis functions
⦿ Spherical Harmonics (SH)
⦿ Wavelet
⦿ Zonal Harmonics
⦿ Spherical Gaussian (SG)
⦿ Piecewise Constant
Wavelet [Ng 03]
⦿ 2D Haar wavelet

⦿ Projection:
● Wavelet Transformation
● Retain a small number of
non-zero coefficients

⦿ A non-linear
approximation
⦿ All-frequency representation
Non-linear Wavelet Light
Approximation

Wavelet Transform
Non-linear Wavelet Light
Approximation
⎡ L01 ⎤⎤
⎢ L ⎥⎥ Non-linear
⎢ 2 ⎥⎥ Approximation
⎢ L03 ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥⎥
L0
⎢ 4 ⎥⎥
⎢ L05 ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥⎥
⎢ L6 ⎥⎥
⎢ !⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ L0N ⎥⎦⎥⎦
Retain 0.1% – 1% terms
low frequency vs all frequency
Teapot in Grace Cathedral

Low frequency (SH) All frequency (Wavelet)

 My First Paper
• Accurate Translucent Material Rendering under Spherical
Gaussian Lights

• Pacific Graphics 2012

GAMES202 24 Lingqi Yan, UC Santa Barbara

Questions?
 Today
• Finishing up

- SH for glossy transport

- Wavelet

• Real-Time Global Illumination (in 3D)

- Reflective Shadow Maps (RSM)

- Light Propagation Volumes (LPV)

- Voxel Global Illumination (VXGI)

GAMES202 26 Lingqi Yan, UC Santa Barbara

 Introduction
• Global Illumination (GI) is important but complex

[Ritschel et al., The State of the Art in Interactive Global Illumination]

GAMES202 27 Lingqi Yan, UC Santa Barbara

 Introduction
• In RTR, people seek simple and fast solutions

to one bounce indirect illumination

[Image courtesy of Prof. Henrik Wann Jensen]

GAMES202 28 Lingqi Yan, UC Santa Barbara
 Understanding
• From GAMES101 (Lecture 16): 

Any directly lit surface will act as a light source again

[Image courtesy of Prof. Henrik Wann Jensen]

GAMES202 29 Lingqi Yan, UC Santa Barbara
 p

Direct illumination
 p

One-bounce global illumination (dir+indir)

 Key Observations

• What are needed to illuminate any point p with 


indirect illumination?

• Q1: Which surface patches are directly lit

- Hint: what technique tells you this?

• Q2: What is the contribution from each surface patch to p

- Then sum up all the surface patches’ contributions

- Hint: each surface patch is like an area light

GAMES202 32 Lingqi Yan, UC Santa Barbara

 Reflective Shadow Maps (RSM)
• Q1: Which surface patches are directly lit

- Perfectly solved with a classic shadow map

- Each pixel on the shadow map is a small surface patch

• The exact outgoing radiance for each pixel is known

- But only for the direction to the camera

• Assumption

- Any reflector is diffuse

- Therefore, outgoing radiance is uniform toward all directions

GAMES202 33 Lingqi Yan, UC Santa Barbara

 Recall: Light Measurements of
Interest

Light Emitted Light Falling Light Traveling

From A Source On A Surface Along A Ray

“Radiant Intensity” “Irradiance” “Radiance”

GAMES202 34 Lingqi Yan, UC Santa Barbara

 Reflective Shadow Maps (RSM)
• Q2: What is the contribution from each surface patch to p

- An integration over the solid angle covered by the patch

- Can be converted to the integration on the area of the patch

GAMES202 35 Lingqi Yan, UC Santa Barbara

 Reflective Shadow Maps (RSM)
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Z
Lo (p, !o ) = Li (p, !i ) V (p, !i )fr (p, !i , !o ) cos ✓i d!i
⌦patch
Z
cos ✓p cos ✓q
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= Li (q ! p) V (p, !i )fr (p, q ! p, !o ) 2

dA
Apatch kq pk

• For a diffuse reflective patch

- fr = ρ/π
Φ
- Li = fr ⋅ dA (Φ is the incident flux or energy)
- Therefore,

->2

GAMES202 36 Lingqi Yan, UC Santa Barbara

 Reflective Shadow Maps (RSM)

• Not all pixels in the RSM can contribute

- Visibility (still, difficult to deal with)

- Orientation

- Distance

GAMES202 37 Lingqi Yan, UC Santa Barbara

 Reflective Shadow Maps (RSM)
• Acceleration

- In theory, all pixels in the shadow map can contribute to p

- Can we decrease the number?

- Hint: Steps 1 and 3 in PCSS

• Sampling to the rescue

GAMES202 38 Lingqi Yan, UC Santa Barbara

 Reflective Shadow Maps (RSM)

• What is needed to record in an RSM?

- Depth, world coordinate, normal, flux, etc.

GAMES202 39 Lingqi Yan, UC Santa Barbara

 Reflective Shadow Maps (RSM)
• Often used for flashlights in video games

- Gears of War 4, Uncharted 4, The Last of US, etc.

https://www.gdcvault.com/play/1020475/In-Game-and-Cinematic-Lighting
GAMES202 40 Lingqi Yan, UC Santa Barbara
 Reflective Shadow Maps (RSM)

• Pros

- Easy to implement

• Cons

- Performance scales linearly w/ #lights

- No visibility check for indirect illumination

- Many assumptions: diffuse reflectors, depth as distance, etc.

- Sampling rate / quality tradeoff

GAMES202 41 Lingqi Yan, UC Santa Barbara

Questions?
 Next Lecture
• Real-time global illumination cont.

- In 3D (VXGI)

- In the image space (SSAO, SSDO, SSR, etc.)

[SSDO] [VXGI by NVIDIA]

GAMES202 54 Lingqi Yan, UC Santa Barbara

Thank you!