TWI
Nondestructive Tests
Prepared by:
Mostafa Mohammed Ahmed Aref
Introduction
We use Non Destructive Testing (NDT) when we wish to
assess the integrity of a structure without destroying it
Types of NDT used are:
Dye penetrant inspection (PT)
Magnetic particle inspection (MT)
Radiographic inspection (RT)
Ultrasonic inspection (UT)
Dye penetrant inspection
(PT)
Introduction
Surface breaking defects only detected
Penetrant applied to the component and drawn
into the defects by capillary action
Applicable to all non- porous materials.
Procedure
Procedure
First the work must be cleaned thoroughly, then a
penetrant is applied for a specified time
Once the contact time has elapsed, the penetrant is
removed and a developer is then applied
Any penetrant that has been drawn into a crack by capillary
action will be drawn out into the developer
Two types of penetrants are:
1) Colour contrast 2) Fluorescent Penetrant
Method
Apply Penetrant Clean then apply Developer Result
Magnetic particle inspection
(MT)
Introduction
Surface and slight sub-surface detection
Relies on magnetization of component being tested
Ferro-magnetic materials only can be tested
Methods of applying a magnetic field, yoke, permanent magnet
and prods.
Any defect which interrupts the magnetic field, will create a
leakage field, which attracts the particles
Method
Electro-magnet
(yoke) DC or AC
Collection of ink
particles due to
leakage field
Crack like
indication
Prods
DC or AC
Crack like
indication
Procedure
First the work must be cleaned and a whitener applied for
contrast. A magnetic flux is then applied by permanent magnet,
electro magnet, or straight current
A magnetic ink is applied which will concentrate in areas of
flux leakage, as those caused by flaws
The weld length must be crossed at 90 ° by the magnetic field
The types of magnetic media used are:
1) Wet ink 2) Dry powder 3) Fluorescent ink
Method
Contrast paint Magnet & Ink Result
Radiographic inspection
(RT)
Introduction
Radiation is transmitted to varying degrees dependant upon
the density of the material through which it is travelling
Thinner areas and materials of a less density show as darker
areas on the radiograph
Thicker areas and materials of a greater density show as
lighter areas on a radiograph
Applicable to metals, non-metals and composites
Procedure
A film is placed inside a cassette between lead screens.
It is then placed to the rear of the object to be radiographed
A radiographic source, is exposed to the work and film for a
pre-calculated time
Any imperfections in line with the beam of radiation will be
shown on the film after exposure and development
The 2 types of radiation used in industrial radiography:
1) X rays (from Cathode Ray Tube)
2) Gamma rays (from a Radioactive Isotope)
Method
Source
Image quality indicator
Radiation beam
Test specimen
Radiographic film
Method
Source
Image quality indicator
Radiation beam
Test specimen
Radiographic film with latent image after exposure
Ultrasonic
inspection
(UT)
Introduction
This detection method uses high frequency sound waves,
typically above 2MHz to pass through a material
A probe is used which contains a piezo electric crystal to
transmit and receive ultrasonic pulses and display the signals on
a cathode ray tube or digital display
The actual display relates to the time taken for the ultrasonic
pulses to travel the distance to the interface and back
An interface could be the back of a plate material or a defect
Procedure
First the work must be cleaned thoroughly, then a couplant is
applied to increase sound transmission
A probe is then applied with the correct angle for the weld
preparation and sound waves are transmitted
Any imperfections will rebound the sound waves causing a
signal to occur on the cathode ray tube
Method
Apply Couplant Sound wave Result
CRT display
Signal rebounded
from Lack of fusion
Method
defect Back wall
initial pulse echo echo
Material Thk
defect
0 10 20 30 40 50
Compression Probe CRT Display
