Industrial Training Report File
BACHELORS OF TECHNOLOGY
(Electronics and Communication)
NSUT EAST CAMPUS
Formerly(AIACTR)
Submitted To: Rashmi Gupta Mam
Submitted by: Yash
CLASS: ECE-2
SEMESTER: 6th
Enrollment No: 08310102819
RESEARCH INTERNSHIP / TRAINING REPORT
“Infrared Image processing”
(Internship/Training Period: 16.11.21 to 16.01.22)
Undertaken At Solid State Physics Laboratory
(SSPL)
Defence Research and Development Organization
(DRDO) Ministry of Defence (MoD), Government of
India Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi – 110054
Submitted by
Mr. YASH PASSI , 3rd Yr. UG Student, ECE at
NSUT East Campus(formally AIACTR)
[email protected] Under the Guidance & Supervision of
Ms. Archana Singh Morye, Sc.D, SSPL-DRDO
[email protected] In partial fulfillment of the degree
Bachelor of Technology – Electronics &
Commuication Engineering (ECE)
NSUT East Campus (Formerly Ambedkar
Institute Of Advanced Communication
Technologies & Research),
Krishna Nagar Road Chacha Nehru Bal Chikitsalaya, Geeta
Colony, New Delhi, Delhi 110031
ABSTRACT
This report is based upon the online research on the topic of “Study
Infrared Image processing”
Report will discuss Infrared Imaging, IR Image Sensors: their development
and applications in detail.
Vision is a major source of information for human beings. Earlier it was
impossible to achieve but due to the development of new technologies it
has been made possible’. Image processing has its impact on
communication devices also. By digital image processing we can enhance
the image, extract the text from image, edges of images can be detect and
we can apply other effects also. We can get any details about the images.
There are many applications of digital image processing. Almost this
technique is use in every fields like medical field, robotics, neural
networking, also useful in Crime branch for investigation purposes.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Training is an integral part of the engineering curriculum providing
engineers with first-hand and practical aspects of their studies. It gives me
great pleasure in completing my Winter Research Internship/training on
the Topic: “Study of Readout Electronics for SWIR Imaging” at IEEE
Division of Solid State Physics Laboratory (SSPL), Defence Research and
Development Organization (DRDO), Delhi, and submitting the training
report for the same
I record my sincere thanks to Dr. Seema Vinayak Scientist ‘H’, Director,
Solid State Physics Laboratory (SSPL), Defence Research and
Development Organisation (DRDO), Timarpur, Lucknow Road, Delhi –
110054, for providing me an excellent opportunity to undergo training in
her esteemed organization through which I could gain an exposure to the
Research and Development environment and getting acquainted with the
latest advancements in Infrared technologies.
I would sincerely like to thank my mentor and Guide Ms.
Archana Singh Morye, Sc.D, SSPL-DRDO, Infrared Electronics
Evaluation & Engineering (IEEE) at SSPL, DRDO for permitting
me to work in his division and making me aware of recent trends
in Infrared technologies.
I like to thank the Infrared Electronics Evaluation & Engineering
(IEEE) Department, SSPL for providing us support and
encouragement during my Winter Internship/training
Intern/Trainee,
YASH
2019-2023,ECE,B.Tech
Electronics & Commuication Engineering (ECE) NSUT East Campus (Formerly Ambedkar Institute Of
Advanced Communication Technologies & Research)
Krishna Nagar Road Chacha Nehru Bal Chikitsalaya, Geeta Colony, New Delhi, Delhi 110031
ABOUT: THE ORGANIZATION PROFILE
Defence Research and Development Organisation
(DRDO)
Ministry of Defence, Government of India
The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is the
premier agency under the Department of Defence Research and
Development in the Ministry of Defence of the Government of India,
charged with the military's research and development, headquartered in
Delhi, India. It was formed in 1958 by the merger of the Technical
Development Establishment and the Directorate of Technical Development
and Production of the Indian Ordnance Factories with the Defence Science
Organisation. Subsequently, Defence Research & Development Service
(DRDS) was constituted in 1979 as a service of Group 'A' Officers /
Scientists direct under the administrative control of the Ministry of
Defence.
With a network of 52 laboratories, which are engaged in developing
defence technologies covering various fields, like aeronautics, armaments,
electronics, land combat engineering, life sciences, materials, missiles, and
naval systems, DRDO is India's largest and most diverse research
organization. The organization includes around 5,000 scientists belonging
to the Defence Research & Development Service (DRDS) and about
25,000 other subordinate scientific, technical, and supporting personnel.
Vision
Empowering the nation with state of art indigenous Defence
technologies and systems.
Mission
• Design, develop and lead to the production of state-of-the-
art sensors, weapon systems, platforms, and allied
equipment for our Defence Services.
• Provide technological solutions to the Services to optimize
combat effectiveness and to promote the well-being of the
troops.
• Develop infrastructure and committed quality manpower
and build a strong indigenous technology base.
Solid State Physics Laboratory (SSPL)
Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO)
Solid State Physics Laboratory (SSPL) is Laboratory under
DRDO. Located in Delhi. its primary function is research in
the field of Solid-State Materials, Devices, and Sub-
systems. Their activities include the development of
semiconductor materials, solid-state devices, electronic
components/subsystems, and the investigation of solid-state
materials/devices for futuristic defence applications.
Several solid-state devices like Gunn, Schottky Barrier, and
IMPATT Diodes, monolithic microwave integrated circuits,
high-power laser diodes, quadrant detectors, single pole
single throw switches, PIN photodiodes, space-quality solar
cells, accelerometers, linear infrared Arrays, Thermoelectric
coolers, phase shifters, SAW-based e-Nasika have been
developed at SSPL
RESEARCH
INTERNSHIP /
TRAINING Certificate
Index
S.NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
1. INTRODUCTION TO INFRA-RED 11
(IR)
2. Electromagnetic Radiation 11
Spectrum
3. What are Infra-Red Radiations 12
(IR)
4. Properties of Infra-Red 13
Radiations (IR)
5. Table: Regions of Infra-Red 16
Radiations (IR)
6. Where do we use Infra-Red 16
Rays?
7. Applications of Infra-Red (IR) 18
Rays?
8. Infra-Red & Thermal Imaging 21
Cameras & Pixels
9. IR Cameras with Micro- 23
Bolometer Detectors
10. What is an Infra-Red Detector or 26
Sensor
11. Examples of SWIR Imaging 28
Applications
12. STAGES IN IMAGE PROCESSING 29
13. APPLICATIONS 30
14. ADVANTAGES AND 31
DISADVANTAGES
15. Filters use for image processing 34
16. Infrared Image processing using 36
MATLAB
17. CONCLUSION 40
Introduction
01) INTRODUCTION TO INFRA-RED (IR)
In this first chapter, we will be discussing various aspects
related to the InfraRed (IR) Radiation Waves which will
include: 1.1 Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum, 1.2 Infra-
Red (IR) - History, 1.3 Properties, 1.4 Characteristics, 1.5
Regions of Infra-Red, 1.6 Uses of IR, 1.7 Applications of
IR.
02) Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum
The visible light that we see every day is a small portion of
the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic
spectrum includes all types of radiation ranging from the X-
rays used at the hospitals, to radio waves used for
communication. Electromagnetic Radiations, In such a
wave, time varying electric and magnetic fields are
mutually linked with each other at right angles and
perpendicular to the direction of motion. An
electromagnetic wave is characterized by its intensity and
frequency ν of the time variation of the electric and
magnetic fields.
Radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum is categorized
Page | 11
by wavelength. Short wavelength radiation such as
Gamma, X-rays, and ultraviolet is of high energy and can
be very dangerous. Longer wavelength radiation such as
radio, microwaves, and infrared are less harmful.
Figure 01: Electromagnetic Spectrum
a.What are Infra-Red Radiations (IR)
Infrared Radiation (IR), sometimes known as infrared
light, is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with
wavelengths longer than those visible light. Hence, it is
undetectable by the human eye, although IR of
wavelengths up to 1050 nanometers (nm)s from specially
pulsed lasers can be seen by humans under certain
conditions. Infrared light extends from the suggested red
edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nanometers to 1
millimeter. Most of the thermal radiation emitted by
objects near room temperature is infrared. As with all
EMR, IR carries radiant energy and behaves both like a
wave and like its quantum particle, the photon.
Depending on the wavelength and frequency, infrared is
Page | 12
commonly divided into five categories as Near, Short,
Mid, Long & Far wavelength infrared. British
astronomer William Herschel discovered infrared light in
1800, according to NASA. In an experiment to measure
the difference in temperature between the colors in the
visible spectrum, he placed thermometers in the path of
light within each color of the visible spectrum. He
observed an increase in temperature from blue to red, and
he found an even warmer temperature measurement just
beyond the red end of the visible spectrum. Within the
electromagnetic spectrum, infrared waves occur at
frequencies above those of microwaves and just below
those of red visible light, hence the name "infrared."
Waves of infrared radiation are longer than those of
visible light, according to the California Institute of
Technology.
b.Properties of Infra-Red Radiations (IR)
Much of the energy from the sun reaches the Earth in the
form of infrared radiation. The balance between absorbed
and emitted infrared radiation has a critical effect on the
Page | 13
Earth’s climate. Infrared waves have longer wavelengths
than visible light and can pass through dense regions of
gas and dust in space. Below, we have listed the
properties of Infrared waves:
1) Transverse Waves: According to Serway’s College
Physics, an infrared wave is said to be a transverse wave,
i.e., the displacement of the wave is in right angles to the
direction of the wave propagation.
2) Wavelength: The wavelengths of infrared waves are
unique and are usually measured in microns. A micron is
defined as one-millionth of a meter. The shortest
wavelength of an infrared wave is about 0.7 microns.
The longest wavelength of an infrared wave is 350
microns. According to studies, the upper limit of any
infrared wave is 1000 microns.
3) Speed: The speed at which infrared waves travel is
299,792,458 m.s-1 .
4) Particle or Wave? According to quantum theory,
infrared waves can exist as either wave or as a particle at
the same time.
5) Absorption and Reflection: The absorption and
reflection of infrared waves depend on the nature of the
substance that the waves are made to strike. Materials
such as ozone, carbon dioxide, and water vapor absorb
infrared radiation. Snow and aluminum foil are the
materials that reflect infrared radiation.
Page | 14
6) Thermal Properties: Infrared radiation can be the
source of heat as they have thermal properties. When
infrared radiation strikes the oxygen or nitrogen
molecules, the radiation makes the molecules move
faster as they gain more energy. So it can be concluded
that infrared radiation makes materials hotter and
therefore can be used as a heat source.
1.4 Characteristics of Infra-Red Radiations (IR)
1) Infrared radiations are also referred to as heat or
thermal waves or electromagnetic waves. This is because
they have a heat-inducing property. Sometimes infrared
rays are used in applications where heat production is
required like in infrared heaters or for therapeutic
purposes where a patient requires physical therapy.
2) Sometimes infrared rays themselves are classified as
near-infrared and far infrared rays.
3) Near-infrared rays are used in electronic applications
like TV remote sensors and photography. Their
applications can be somewhat similar to visible light
applications since their wavelength ranges are close.
4) Far infrared rays are more thermal. Anything
generating heat gives out far infrared radiation. Even the
human body (at 37°C) gives off infrared radiations of
around 800 nm wavelength.
Page | 15
Table: Regions of Infra-Red Radiations (IR)
Where do we use Infra-Red Rays?
We make use of infrared rays in the following:
1) Communications: Infrared lasers are used for free-
space optical communications as these are relatively
inexpensive. These also find applications in areas that are
densely populated.
2) Spectroscopy: Infrared vibrational spectroscopy is
used for identifying the molecules by analyzing their
bonds as the molecule vibrates at different frequencies.
The unit used to express the radiation is cm-1
Page | 16
3) Astronomy: Optical components like mirrors, lenses,
and digital detectors are used to study the objects that are
in space. These objects glow when they are exposed to
the radiated heat.
Page | 17
03) Applications of Infra-Red (IR) Rays?
Heat Source
Two different industries use infrared radiation as a heat
source and they are:
▪ Medical uses: Infrared radiation finds application as a
heating source. There are infrared saunas that are used
for treating high blood pressure, rheumatoid arthritis, and
high blood pressure which are chronic health problems.
Infrared radiation is considered to be one of the safest
methods of physiotherapy.
▪ Manufacturing industries: Industries that concentrate on
manufacturing processes such as forming of plastics,
curing of coatings, plastic welding, etc use infrared
heaters in place of contact heating and convection ovens.
Cosmetology Application
▪ Infrared rays are widely used for cosmetic applications
such as for treating skin injuries, smoothing of wrinkles,
reducing the occurrence of dandruff, blackheads, etc. The
reason why infrared rays are used is that they can
penetrate through the skin up to 3-4 mm. They also warm
the skin resulting in improved blood circulation,
continuous supply of oxygen and other nutrients to the
skin.
Page | 18
Astronomy
▪ Astronomers use optical devices such as mirrors, solid-
state digital detectors, lenses to study objects from space
with the help of infrared waves. The images from these
optical devices are obtained with the help of an infrared
telescope.
Figure 02: Space through an IR Telescope
Infrared Photography
Infrared filters are used for capturing pictures in infrared
photography. This imaging is done for objects that are
placed in the near-infrared spectrum. Most digital
cameras use infrared blockers making the near-infrared
appear as purple-white color in the final image
Page | 19
Figure 03: IR Image of Taj Mahal, Agra
Figure 04: IR Image of a Deer in a Forest
Infrared Communication
▪ Data transmission with the help of infrared radiation is
very common in short-range communication. For
encoding the data infrared light-emitting diodes are used
which emit infrared radiation and are focused into a
narrow beam with the help of a plastic lens. At the
Page | 20
receiver end, a photodiode is placed for converting
infrared radiation into electric current
Page | 21
04) Infra-Red & Thermal Imaging Cameras &
Pixels
Thermal Infrared Imaging requires the use of special
cameras. The imaging sensors in these cameras are
sensitive to wavelengths in the infrared region of the
electromagnetic spectrum. Thermal IR Imaging is also
referred to as “non-visible” imaging since the infrared
spectrum is not visible to the human eye. This subtopic
discusses the infrared spectrum and the different types of
available infrared cameras and detectors used to make
the invisible – visible.
Figure: 10
▪ The above illustration, from left to right, shows the
visible spectrum (400nm to 700nm). That is the spectrum
that we can perceive as humans with our eyes. As the
wavelengths become longer, we enter the near infrared
(NIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) region 0.9µm to
Page | 22
1.7µm.
▪ Adjacent to the SWIR spectral band is the mid-wave
infrared (MWIR) band. The extended MWIR band spans
from 1µm to 5µm. The MWIR region is followed by a
gap that isn’t covered from 5µm to 8µm. H2O and CO2
molecules tend to attenuate the infrared radiation
significantly in that region. Hence, that band is not as
useful for thermal infrared imaging. Then further to the
right is the longwave infrared region (LWIR). It spans
from 8µm to 13µm and sometimes 14µm. 22
▪ To recap, there are infrared cameras available with
special detectors for the SWIR, MWIR, and LWIR
bands. Each one of these cameras has its special
applications that they are good for. The majority of all
thermal cameras sold and used today, operate in the
LWIR band. These LWIR detectors are also called
micro-bolometer detectors, or short µbolo. These
detectors do not measure photons. Instead, they convert
infrared radiation to a change in electrical resistance in
their detector elements.
IR Cameras with Micro-Bolometer Detectors
▪ The below illustration depicts a single pixel in a micro-
bolometer detector of a thermal camera. The pixel size is
25µm x 25µm. The pixel has a thin connection leads to
reduce thermal bleed pixel element to the substrate
below. Thousands of these pixels are working in
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conjunction to form a thermal image in a thermal camera
of this type.
Figure 11: Micro-Bolometer
▪ One drawback of this detector type is the fixed
integration time. The integration time, also referred to as
the exposure or shutter time invisible camera, is the time
it takes a pixel to produce a useful conversion. The pixel
converts infrared radiation (heat) into a change in
resistance of the pixel. The connected read-out
electronics then convert the change in resistance into a
voltage and in turn into a temperature reading for a
radiometrically calibrated camera. 23
▪ Examples of cameras that contain these types of
detectors are the FLIR AX8, FLIR A35, FLIR A65,
FLIR A310, FLIR A315, FLIR A615, and many
handheld cameras. The detectors of these cameras are
made from a MEMS device and contain miniature
thermocouple elements as their pixels. It takes a finite
time to warm up the pixels.
▪ The materials used for these detectors are either
Page | 24
Vanadium Oxide (VOX) or Amorphous Silicon (a-Si).
These types of cameras are relatively inexpensive and
range from $1,000 to $20,000 or above. The pixel
resolution of these cameras (or thermal cameras in
general) is still relatively low. Resolutions range from 80
x 60 pixels to 1.2Mp at the date of this article. A camera
without calibration can only display relative hot/cold
image information.
Page | 25
05) What is an Infra-Red Detector or Sensor
An infrared detector/sensor is a transducer of radiant
energy, converting radiant energy in the infrared band
into a measurable form. There are many detector
materials with response curves that fit within the
mentioned infrared spectrum. Infrared detectors are
classified into thermal types, that have no wavelength
dependence, and quantum types that are wavelength
dependent
Thermal / Non-Quantum Sensors
▪ A thermal/Non-Quantum Sensor is a detector/sensor
which changes temperature depending upon the
impacting radiation.
▪ The temperature change creates a voltage change in the
thermopile and a change in resistance in the bolometer,
which can then be measured and related to the amount of
incident radiation.
▪ This includes a thermocouple, thermopile, bolometer,
and pyroelectric detectors. One of the most attractive
characteristics of thermal detectors is the equal response
to all wavelengths.
▪ This contributes to the stability of a system that must
operate over a wide temperature range. Also, that thermal
detectors do not require cooling.
▪ The most common thermal/non-quantum detector is
VOX microbolometer.
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Quantum Sensors
▪ The quantum type is a detector/sensor that operates
based on an intrinsic photoelectric effect and interacts
directly with impacting photons.
▪ These materials respond to infrared radiation by
absorbing photons that elevate the material’s electrons to
a higher energy state, causing a change in conductivity,
voltage, or current.
▪ There is a need to cool down to cryogenic temperatures
to increase infrared detection efficiency/sensitivity.
Cooling methods include Stirling cycle engines, liquid
nitrogen, and thermoelectric cooling.
▪ Cooled thermal imaging cameras are the most sensitive
to small differences in scene temperature.
▪ Quantum detector materials include – InSb, InGaAs,
PbS, PbSe, HgCdTe
Page | 27
06)Examples of SWIR Imaging Applications
Seeing in Low Light – Night Vision
Seeing through Smoke and Fire
Foreign Material Inspection
Page | 28
07) STAGES IN IMAGE PROCESSING
Page | 29
08) APPLICATIONS
Almost in every field, digital image processing puts a
live effect on things and is growing with time to time and
with new technologies.
Image sharpening and restoration-
It is the process in which we can modify the image. We
can convert the color image to grey image, sharpening,
enhancement of the image, detecting edges, and
recognition of images.
Medical field-
Now a days if we have brain tumor through the image
processing the tumor is detect that where the tumor is.
Also it is used to detect any kind of cancer. Xray
imaging, medical CTScan , UV imaging depends on the
functioning of digital image processing.
Robot -Vision-
There are several robotic machines which work on this
technique. Through this technique robots find their ways.
Like they can detect the hurdle and line follower robot.
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Pattern- recognition-
It involves study of image- processing. It is also
combined with the artificial intelligence such that
computer-aided diagnosis, handwriting- recognition and
images- recognition can be easily implemented.
Video processing-
The collection of frames and pictures are arranged in
such a way that movement of pictures become faster. It
involves frame rate , motion detection, reduction of noise
and color space conversion etc.
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09) ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantage
1. Processing of images are faster. It require less time to
process the image. There is no need of films and other
photographic equipment.
2. Interactive method for detecting face, recognizing
fingerprints, detecting cancer .
3. It is ecofriendly process since it does not require
chemicals while processing images.
4. We can change the quality of image. We can compress
, enhance , quality of image produced are good.
5. Image can be made in any required format.
6. Now a days each and every book is available on the
digital stage. The demand and needs of people are
changing so having optimized digital book is need of
todays generation so the digital image processing plays
vital role in publishing world.
7. Errors in images can easily be rectified.
8. It analyse blood cells and their composition in our
body.
Page | 32
9. Through this technique robots can detect their visions.
10. Its also helps in pattern recognition.
Disadvantage
1. It is more time consuming.
2. It is cost effective.
3. More complex program are required for implement
digital image processing.
Page | 33
10) Filters use for image processing
Gaussian’s filter
• The use of “weighted” masks makes it better for
detecting edges than some uniform blurring
filters
• Multiple iterations with a given filter size have
the same blur effect as the larger one
• Useful as a pre-processing step for image size
reduction
Candy filter
• The Canny edge detector is an edge detection
operator that uses a multi-stage algorithm to detect
a wide range of edges in images.
Sobel filter
• The Sobel filter is used in image processing and
computer vision mainly with the purpose of edge
detection. Formally is a differential operation to
obtain the gradient of the function of the intensity of
the image. Basically, we use a matrix as a kernel and
apply a convolution for each pixel on the original
image.
Log filter
• Laplacian of a Gaussian (LoG) is just another linear
filter which is a combination of Gaussian followed by
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the Laplacian filter on an image. Since the 2 nd
derivative is very sensitive to noise, it is always a
good idea to remove noise by smoothing the image
before applying the Laplacian to ensure that noise is
not aggravated
Prewit filter
• Prewitt operator is used for edge detection in an
image. It detects two types of edges: vertical edges
and horizontal edges. We use OpenCV function
filter2D to apply Prewitt operator to images.
Gray Image filter
• Neutral grey filters are something like sunglasses for
the camera system. The intensity of all wavelengths
is more or less evenly dampened. A uniform
reduction of the image brightness avoids the
overexposure of the scene.
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Page | 36
11) Infrared Image processing using MATLAB
Code01
• RI = imresize(image,[512 640]); %resize image
• BI=im2bw(image); %convert rgb to binary
• se = strel('disk',15);
• background = imopen(BI,se); %make background
• I2 = BI - background; %remove image from background
• I3 = imadjust(I2);
• equilzed_image=histeq(I3); %equilized image
• PSF = fspecial('motion',21,11);
• Idouble = im2double(I2);
• blurred = imfilter(Idouble,PSF,'conv','circular');
• wnr1 = deconvwnr(blurred,PSF);
• add_noise = imnoise(I2,'salt & pepper',0.02);
• Kaverage = filter2(fspecial('average',3),add_noise)/255;
• noisefree = medfilt2(add_noise); %remove noise %plots
•
• subplot(2,3,1);imshow(image);title('original img');
• subplot(2,3,2);imshow(RI);title('resize');
• subplot(2,3,3);imshow(BI);title('binaryimg');
• subplot(2,3,4);imshow(background);title('background
image');
• % subplot(2,3,5);imshow(I2);title('backgroundremoved');
• %
subplot(2,3,6);imshow(equilzed_image);title('equilizedima
ge') ;
• % subplot(2,3,5);imshow(blurred);title('blurred image');
• subplot(2,3,5);imshow(wnr1);title('Restored Blurred
Image');
• subplot(2,3,6);imshow(noisefree);title('noise free');
Page | 37
Page | 38
Code2
• info=imfinfo('C:\Users\Yash\OneDrive\Desktop\
image.jpg');
• image_name=info.Filename;
• image_size=info.FileSize;
• %size of image
• image_width=info.Width;
• %width of image
• image_hight=info.Height;
• %height of image
• color_depth=info.BitDepth;
• %colour depth of image
• color_Type=info.ColorType;
• %colour type
• sample_no=info.NumberOfSamples;
• %No of Samples in image
• codding_method=info.CodingMethod;
• %coding Method
• codding_process=info.CodingProcess;
• %coding process
• add_noise=imnoise(image,'salt & pepper',0.03);
• red_channel=add_noise(:,:,1);
• green_channel=add_noise(:,:,2);
• blue_channel=add_noise(:,:,3);
• the_filter=fspecial('gaussian',[10 10],4);
• red_channel=imfilter(red_channel,the_filter);
• green_channel=imfilter(green_channel,the_filt er);
• blue_channel=imfilter(blue_channel,the_filter );
• f=cat(3,red_channel,green_channel,blue_channe l);
• gray=rgb2gray(f);
• x=edge(gray,'sobel');
• y=edge(gray,'canny');
Page | 39
• subplot(2,3,1);imshow(image);title('original img');
• subplot(2,3,2);imshow(add_noise);title('added noise');
• subplot(2,3,3);imshow(f);title('gaussian filter');
• subplot(2,3,4);imshow(y);title('canny edge filter');
• subplot(2,3,5);imshow(x);title('sobel edge filter');
• subplot(2,3,6);imhist(f);title('hist image');
Page | 40
12) CONCLUSION
In a discpline of computer vision digital image processing
is becoming popular day by day.
Edge detection is the initial step of recognizing object.
Edges describe the boundaries of the object that is useful
for identification of objects that are presented in the scene
such as X-ray image. Edge detection is mostly use in image
– segmentation . But all the edge detection techniques are
not same. They are different from each other. In this paper
we have made attempt to detect the edges in the input
images using different methods. This different edge
detection technique is implemented through the software
‘MATLAB R2021b’. It has been observed that canny edge
detection is more superior than prewitt , sobel , log , roberts
edge detector.
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Advantages and disadvantages of edge- detectors
Page | 42
