01 RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

Q1. Explain the interdependent relation between Nature, Technology and Institution?

Interdependent relationship between nature, technology and institution. Human being interacts with the
nature through technology and creates institution to accelerate their economic development.

Q2. Define Resource? What is the need for the resource planning?

Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy human needs is known as
Resources. The resources should be technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally
acceptable. We need resource planning because of the following reasons:-

1. An equal distribution of resources has become resourceful and important for human to save depletion
of resources by which we can secure our future generation also.

2. The resources are limited in nature and after depletion of resources our future generation will be in
danger.

3. We should use every resource in pre-planned manner and we should balance the resources in all the
regions for development.

Q3. What is resource planning? Explain different stages of resource planning?

Resource planning refers to a technique of skill of proper utilization of resources. As resources are limited
and unevenly distributed over the country, so resource planning is quite necessary. The different stages
of resource planning are:-

1. Identification and Inventory: Identification and Inventory of resources across the regions of the
country. This involves surveying, mapping, qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of
the resources.

2. Evolving: A planning structure endowed with appropriate technology skill and institutional setup for
implementing resource development.

3. Matching: The resources development plans with overall development plans.

Q4.’ Indiscriminate use of the resources has led to numerous problems’. Justify?

’ Indiscriminate use of the resources has led to numerous problems, which are as follow:-
1. Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of individuals.

2. Accumulation of resources in few hands, which in turn divide the society into 2 segments i.e. Have and
Have not, or Rich and Poor.

3. Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crisis such as, Global warming,
Ozone layer depletion, Environmental pollution and Land degradation.

Q5. ‘Resources can contribute to development only when they are accompanied by appropriate
technological development and institutional changes’. Elaborate the statement with reference to
colonization period?

1. The history of colonization reveals that rich resources in colonies were the main attraction for the
foreign invaders.

2. The region having more resources establishes their supremacy over the other regions and colonies.

3. The development of the region was only based on the availability of the resources and the proper
management of the resources.

4. India has experienced the value of the resources and their importance in different phases like invasion
of British.

5. Therefore, In India development doesn’t means availability of resources particularly but it involves
resource management.

Q6. How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources?

1. During the early period mendon’t have much need, his only concern was for food and shelter.

2. Generally men satisfy his needs from the forest and wildlife as he progressed his needs increased,
technology came into existence and men begun to discover new things. This led to its economic
development.

3. These day the men have been using the resources with the help of new innovation and technologies
and rapid use of these resources has been causing their depletion.

4. Agricultural activities have increased so much that we face land degradation due to excessive use of
fertilizers and pesticides.
Q7. Mention 4 institutional efforts done at global level in response for ‘Resource Conservation’.

1. At the international level, the Club of Rome advocated resource conservation for the 1st time in a more
systematic way in 1968.

2. In 1974, the Gandhian Philosophy was presented once again by Schumacher in his book ‘Small is
Beautiful’.

3. Brundtland Commission report in 1987 introduced the concept of ‘Sustainable development’ and
advocated it as means for resource conservation. This was subsequently published in a book entitled ‘Our
Common Future’.

4. In June 1992, the 1st International Earth Summit was held in Rio de Janerio, Brazil in which heads of
100 states met for addressing urgent problems of environment protection and socio-economic
development at global level.

Q8. Define Sustainable Development? Write a brief note on Earth Summit, 1992?

Sustainable Economic Development refers to the development which takes place without damaging the
environment and development in the present should not be compromise without sacrificing the needs of
the future generations.

Earth Summit, 1992: In June 1992, more than 100 heads of states met in Rio de Janerio, Brazil for the 1 st
International Earth summit.

The International Earth summit was convened for addressing urgent problems of environment protection
and socio-economic development at global level.

The assembled leader signed the declaration on Global climatic change and biological diversity.

The Rio convention endorsed the Global forest principle and adopter Agenda 21 for achieving the
Sustainable Development Goals in the 21st century.

Q9. Mentions the objectives of Agenda 21?

1. The Agenda 21 aims to achieve Global Sustainable Development Goals. It is an agenda decrease
environmental damage, poverty, diseases, etc.

2. It is set ups the Global co-operation for help on common interests, mutual needs and shared
responsibilities.

3. One major objective of Agenda 21 is that every local government should draw is local Agenda 21.
Q10. According to National Forest Policy, how much of the country’s area should be under forest cover
and why?

The National Forest Policy(1952), outline that forest cover should be 33% of the total geographical area
of the country. In India it is only 19.39% of the total geographical area.

1. Forests are essential for maintaining the ecological balance. Plants, animals and micro-organisms
recreate the quality of air, that we breathe and the soil that produce food.

2. Forests are the primary producers on which all other organisms survives.

3. Forests protect the genetic bio-diversity of the plant and animal species for their better growth and
breeding.

4. Forest helps in maintaining the water-cycle. The transpiration for the forest helps in precipitation.
Hence helps in maintaining the global temperature.

5. Forest help in reducing the effects of the soil erosion as the roots of the trees hold the soil and prevent
the soil erosion.

Q11. Define Soil erosion? Mention the main causes of Soil erosion?

The removal of the soil, top soil, either naturally or as result of human activities is called Soil erosion. Soil
erosion is caused by running water or wind. The running water takes away the upper layer of the soil
with it and leaves the land barren.

Similarly, the wind when blows at a greater speed take away the soil particles or deposits the
unnecessary particles on the top soil.

Many times human actions like over grazing also lead to the soil erosion.

Q12. Mentions the steps to control Soil erosion?

The following steps are taken to control soil erosion:-

1. Contour Ploughing: When the fields are ploughed, harrowed and sown along the natural contours of
the hills instead of up and down slopes. This prevents the rain water from flowing down the hills. It
stands in the level furrows and soaks into the ground, so the plant receives more water. This is suitable
for afforestation and grassland development work.

2. Terracing: A series of wide steps are made along the slopes following the contours. This method is very
common in Asian countries in the region of rice cultivation.
3. Strip Cropping: In this method, cover crop such as small grains are planted alternatively with the
cultivated crops. These cover crops absorb the moisture and hold the silt in the gullies.

4. Plugging of Gullies: This done by building dams of stones or fixing wire netting or planting trees
across gullies. These measures check the flood water and also cause filling of the silt in gullies.

5. Planting shelter belts: This method is adopted in the case of the wind erosion. Belt of trees and shrubs
are planted to check the velocity of the wind and movement of the soil.

6. Fallowing: This is allowing the much used land to rest or lie fallow so that the natural forces can act on
the soil.

7. Crop Rotation: To grow different crops on the same piece of land, this prevent the crop from
exhausting one kind of mineral nutrient in the soil. For example – potato requires much potash but wheat
requires nitrate. Thus, it is best to alternate crops in the field.

Q13. Define Land degradation? What are the causes of Land degradation?

1. Deforestation: The cutting down of the trees indiscriminately turns the land into wasteland. As if there
are no trees than there are no rain and if there are no rains the land is automatically degraded.

2. Urbanization: The rapid urbanization not only swallows the land but also renders the surrounding
lands degraded.

3. Soil Pollution: The dumping of the poisonous effluents of the factories degrades the fertility of the land.

4. Mining: The industries require minerals as for the same purpose the mining is conducted which leads
to the removal of the top layer of the soil.

Q14. Differentiate between khaddar and bhangar soils?

Khaddar Soil Bangar Soil

1. Khaddar is new alluvial soil. 1. Bhangar is old alluvial Soil.