Micro-grid and Smart-grid structure

19EEE212_ ELECTRICAL ENERGY SYSTEMS-1

DR. PREETHA PK, AMRITA VISWAVIDYAPEETHAM

 Course Syllabus
• Unit 1
Introduction-Structure of Electric Power System-Conventional, Deregulated Structure, Grid Structure Micro-grid and
Smart Grid Structure; Methods of electric power generations – Conventional- Renewable Energy based generation, need
for interconnected system- necessity of EHV transmission: EHVAC and HVDC transmission, Variable load on power
system- Load Curve and Load Duration Curve, Tariff-Types, Power factor improvement.

• Unit 2
Introduction to Modeling and performance analysis, Transmission line Models- Line parameter estimation- symmetrical and
unsymmetrical spacing of lines, bundled conductor, double circuit lines- corona- Regulation, Efficiency, Real and reactive
power flow in transmission lines- Harmonics- Effects in power system, THD. Compensation- shunt and series compensation.
• Unit 3

Insulators and Underground cables -classification and grading. Mechanical design of transmission lines. Distribution systems
–Types and comparison–Ring main- Radial distribution. Representation of power system: Power system components model,
Single line diagram and per unit representation, reactance/impedance diagram, Bus Admittance and Impedance matrix.
• Lab Practice: Hardware experiments, simulation experiments and field visit – Structure of Electric Power System,
modeling and performance analysis of transmission and distribution systems, power system representation etc.
 Unit 1
Conventional, EHVAC/
Power System Smart Grid, Regulated &
Micro Grid Deregulated HVDC
Structure Structure Systems
Structure

Power
Renewable
Generation Conventional
Energy Based
Methods

Load on Power Load Curves Tariff Power factor

System Load factors Structure Improvement
 Microgrid

DR. PREETHA PK, AMRITA VISWAVIDYAPEETHAM

 Microgrid

• Microgrid is a small scale power supply network that is designed to provide

power for a small community

• It enables local power generation for local loads and comprises of various
small power generating sources that makes it highly flexible and efficient

• Microgrid is connected to both the local generating units and the utility grid
thus preventing power outages and excess power can be sold to utility grid

• Size of a microgrid may range from housing estate to municipal regions

Typical structure of micro grid
 DGS OR DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
 Distributed generation, also called on-site generation, dispersed
generation, embedded generation, decentralized generation,
decentralized energy or distributed energy, generates electricity from
many small energy sources
 DG technologies based on renewable sources typically include
photovoltaic cells (PV), wind turbine generators, fuel cells, micro-
hydel turbines, biomass, gasifiers, etc.
 In a conventional DG unit (e.g., a synchronous generator or an
induction generator), the rotating machine converts the power from
the primary energy source to the electrical power, and also acts as
the interface medium between the source and the microgrid.
 Interconnected microgrids
– power parks

 Practical size of Microgrid is limited to a few MVA

 For larger loads, it is desirable to interconnect many
microgrids to form a larger Microgrid network called
Power Parks
Conventional grid Vs. microgrid

 Efficiency of the conventional grid is very low as compared to

Microgrid
 Large amount of energy in the form of heat is wasted in conventional
grid
 Power sources in Microgrid (often referred to as micro-sources) are
small and are located in close proximity to load
 Microgrid - advantages

 A major advantage of a Microgrid, is its ability, during a utility grid disturbance, to

separate and isolate itself from the utility seamlessly with little or no disruption to

the loads within the Microgrid

 In peak load periods it prevents utility grid failure by reducing the load on the grid

 Microgrid encourages the use of the renewable energy sources. Significant

environmental benefits made possible by the use of low or zero emission generators
 Microgrid - advantages
 The use of both electricity and heat permitted by the close proximity of the

generator to the user, thereby increasing the overall energy efficiency.

Transmission losses gets highly reduced

 Large land use impacts are avoided

 Carbon emissions are reduced

 Microgrid can act to mitigate the electricity costs to its users by generating

some or all of its electricity needs

 Microgrid - disadvantages

 Voltage, frequency and power quality are the three main parameters that

must be considered and controlled to acceptable standards while the

power and energy balance is maintained

 Electrical energy need to be stored in battery banks thus requiring more

space and maintenance

 Resynchronization with utility grid is difficult

 Microgrid - disadvantages

 Microgrid protection is one of the most important challenges facing the

implementation of Microgrids

 Issues such as standby charges and net metering may pose obstacles for

Microgrid

 Interconnection standards need to be developed to ensure consistency.

IEEE 1547, a standard proposed by IEEE may end up filling the void
TYPES OF MICROGRID(MG)
 Smart grid

DR. PREETHA PK, AMRITA VISWAVIDYAPEETHAM

 Smart Grid
• Smart Grids-Next Generation power Transmission Network

• It is merger of Information Technology and Power Technology

• A smart grid integrates advanced sensing technologies, control methods, and

integrated communications into the current electricity grid.

• Boost wide spread use of renewable energy power generations

• Overall objective is the smart/best/optimal utilization of all the available resources

 Smart grid

Definition by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA

A modernized grid that enables bidirectional flows of energy and uses two way
communication and control capabilities that will lead to an array of new
functionalities and applications

Definition by IEEE
 Smart grid is a large “system of systems’, where each functional domain consists of
three layers (1) power & energy layer (2) communication layer (3) IT/computer layer
 Layers (2) and (3) above are the enabling infrastructure that makes the existing power
and energy infrastructure smarter
A smart grid puts information and communication technology into electricity generation,
delivery, and consumption, making systems cleaner, safer, and more reliable and efficient.
 Smart Grid Consists of
“wide range of equipments & systems”
1. Smart meters ( Next generation of watt meter)
2. Home Energy Management System(HEMS)
3. Battery and storage systems
4. Electric vehicles(EV)/Hybrid vehicles
5. Charging infrastructure for EVS
6. Renewable power generation(Distributed generation)
7. Protective Devices with communication capability
8. PLC, SCADA for remote control of devices with communication
capabilities
POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF SMART GRIDS

 Outage – Improved Customer Service

 Loss Detection – Improved Network Operation
 Self-heals
 Motivates & includes the consumer
 Resists attack
 Provides power quality for future needs
SMART GRID PILOT PROJECTS IN
INDIA
Smart grid activities in india