OFFICE MACHINE MAINTENCE HAND OUT | DANIEL ALEMAYEHU

SATCOM INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY

OFFICE MACHINES
MAINTENACE handout

DEPAERMENT OFFICE MACHINES MAINTENACE

Daniel alemayehu

CONTENT
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NO DESCRIPTION

1 PRINTERS

2 Printer driver installation and uninstallation

3 SCANNERS

4 DIGITAL COPY MACHINE

5 FAX MACHINE

6 LCD PROJECTOR

CHAPTER ONE

PRINTER

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1. INTRODUCTION TO PRINTER

No other piece of your computer system is available in a wider range of styles, configurations,
and feature sets than a printer, or at such a wide price variation. What a printer can and can't do
is largely determined by the type of printer technology it uses that is, how it gets the image onto
the paper. Modern printers can be categorized into several broad types: impact printers (dot
matrix and daisy wheel) and non-impact printers (inkjet printers, dye-sublimation printers,
thermal printers, laser printers, and solid ink printers).

2. TYPES OF PRINTERS

2.1. IMPACT PRINTERS

Printers that create an image on paper by physically striking an ink ribbon against the paper's
surface are known as impact printers. While daisy-wheel printers (essentially an electric
typewriter attached to the PC instead of directly to a keyboard) have largely disappeared, their
cousins, dot-matrix printers, still soldier on in many offices. While dot-matrix printers don't
deliver what most home users want-high-quality and flexibility at a low cost-they're still widely
found in businesses for two reasons: dot-matrix printers have a large installed base in
businesses, and they can be used for multipart forms because they actually strike the paper.

Impact printers tend to be relatively slow and noisy, but when speed, flexibility, and print
quality are not critical, they provide acceptable results. PCs used for printing multipart forms,
such as point of sale (POS) machines that need to print receipts in duplicate, triplicate, or more,
represent the major market for new impact printers, although many older dot-matrix printers
remain in use. Dot-matrix printers (Figure 20-1) use a grid, or matrix, of tiny pins, also known
as print wires, to strike an inked printer ribbon and produce images on paper. The case that
holds the print wires is called a print head. Using either 9 or 24 pins, dot-matrix printers
treat each page as a picture broken up into a dot-based raster image. The 9-pin dot-matrix
printers are generically called draft quality, while the 24-pin printers are known as letter quality
or near-letter quality. The BIOS for the printer (either built into the printer or a printer driver)
interprets the raster image in the same way that a monitor does, "painting" the image as
individual dots. Naturally, the more pins, the higher the resolution.
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2.2. NON IMPACT PRINTERS

In those kinds of printer there is no direct physical contact between the writing mechanism and
the paper. Most the printer types are categorized in this class, such as inkjet printers, dye-
sublimation printers, thermal printers, laser printers, and solid ink printers but in this section we
will discuss only the most widely used printers, i.e. Laser jet printer and ink jet printer.

3. LaserJet printer
A printer uses a toner powder and laser light for printing a document on the paper. It is the most
common monochromatic printer.

Laser jet printer has six main parts

3.1 laser unit

3.2 toner cartridge
3.3 transfer charger
3.4 fixing unit
3.5 paper feeding path
3.6 electrical system
3.1 laser unit

Laser unit is used to convert arrays of digital data from computer to light image .the light image
then forms image on the photosentive drum . It produces high-quality text and graphics (and
moderate-quality photographs) by repeatedly passing a laser beam back and forth over a
negatively-charged cylinder called a "drum" to define a differentially-charged image.

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Laser diodes appear very similar to ordinary light-emitting diodes. When the appropriate
amount of voltage and current is applied to a laser diode, photons of light will be liberated that
have the characteristics of laser light (coherent, monochromatic, and low divergence). A small
lens window (or "laser aperture" allows light to escape, and helps to focus the beam. Laser
diodes are not very efficient devices-a great deal of power is required to generate a much
smaller amount of light power, but this trade-off is usually worthwhile for the small size, light
weight, and high reliability of a semiconductor laser.

Generating a laser beam is only the beginning. The beam must be modulated (turned on and off)
while being swept across the drum's surface. Beam modulation can be accomplished by turning
the laser on and off, as needed (usually done with semiconductor laser diodes), as shown in fig
above , or by interrupting a continuous beam with an electro-optical switch (typically used with
gas lasers, which are difficult to switch on and off rapidly). Mirrors are used to alter the
direction of the laser beam, and lenses are used to focus the beam and maintain a low
divergence at all points along the beam path one illustration of a laser-writing mechanism, but it
shows some of the complexity that is involved. The weight of glass lenses, mirrors, and their
shock mountings have kept EP laser printers bulky and expensive.

3.2 Toner cartridge

The toner cartridge in a laser printer is so named because of its most obvious activity supplying
the toner that creates the image on the page. To reduce maintenance costs, however, many other
laser printer parts, especially those that suffer the most wear and tear, have been incorporated
into the toner cartridge. Although this makes replacement of individual parts nearly impossible,
it greatly reduces the need for replacement; those parts that are most likely to break are replaced
every time you replace the toner cartridge

Toner cartridge has two units and six parts

a. drum unit
b. developing unit

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a. drum unit

Drum unit has three parts

I. OPC (organic photo conductor)

OPC (organic photo conductor) is used to form image by process called xerographic. It is made
up aluminum tube coated with light sensitive material. Opc become conductor in light area and
insulator in dark area.

II. primary charger

Primary charger is a rubber roller which is used to charge the opc with negative charge .

III. cleaning blade

Cleaning blade is used to cleaning the reaming toner from the opc after the image is transfer
from pc to paper.

B. Developing unit

I. toner – is a black powder made up of iron and plastic. The iron part makes the toner to
have magnetic

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a. Property. The plastics gives the toner to have the property of melt able and
chargeable.

II. Magnetic roller - is used to charge the toner with negative charge. it is also used form
uniform contact between the toner and the surface the opc.

III. Doctor blade

Doctor blade is used to limit the flow of toner,

3.3 Transfer charger

Transfer charger is used to charge the paper with positive charge.

3.4 Fixing unit

Fixing unit is used to fuse the toner with the paper using heat and pressure. Fixing unit has the
following parts.

I. Heat element

A heating element converts electrical energy into heat through the process of Joule heating

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II. Thermistor

Thermistors an electronic device that measures the temperature of its environment and converts
the input data into electronic data to record, monitor, or signal temperature changes.

It used to check the ambient temperature inside the fixing unit

III. Thermal switch

A thermal switch is an electromechanical device which opens and closes A contacts to control
the flow of electrical current in response to temperature change. It cuts off the current to critical
machinery when a temperature limit is exceeded preventing potential burn out or failure.

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IV. Fuser film

Fuser film can be carbon or metallic tube which support the passage of the paper through
fixing unit

V. Pressure roller

Pressure roller a metallic roller covered with a plastic material provides force against the
paper

3.5 Paper feeding path

The path through which the paper are is pass during printing process .

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3.6 Electrical parts

3.6.1 Electrical boards
3.6.2 Motors
3.6.3 Fan
3.6.4 Solenoids

3.6.1 Electrical boards

Electrical boards in laser jet printers are at least two
a. Main board
b. Formatter board

a. Main board
Main board has three section

I. LV -low voltage
Low voltage power supply is used to convert high voltage ac to low dc voltage

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II. HV –High voltage supply

High voltage supply convert low dc to high dc voltage supply. The high-voltage power supply
applies an 'overlap of DC and AC voltage to the primary charging roller and the developing
roller. This circuit also applies a positive or negative DC voltage to the transfer roller according
to the instructions from the engine control unit. This circuit also controls the image density by
changing the primary AC voltage and the developing AC bias according to the print density
setting. High voltage is disabled when the printer door is open.

III. ECU Engine Control Unit/Power System:

Engine control unit is used to control the overall activities of the printer. The engine control unit
(ECU) coordinates all print engine activities, drives the laser, and coordinates print data from
the formatter with the image formation process. The ECU also includes power supply and
distribution circuitry. In several other HP LaserJet products, the ECU is also known as the
controller PCA or the DC controller PCA. The ECU controls the following systems and
functions:

 Printer Engine Control System

 Paper Motion Monitoring and Control: The ECU controls paper motion in the printer
by continuously monitoring the various paper sensors and coordinating the timing with
the other print processes. For a detailed explanation of paper movement and the
interaction of the photo sensors and solenoid with the paper movement process.

 Motor: The motor is controlled by the ECU. The motor provides all of the printer paper
movement.

 Printer Laser/Scanner Drive: The ECU sends signals to the laser/scanner assembly to
modulate the laser diode "on" and "off'” and to drive the laser/scanner motor.

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 Power System on ECU: The AC, DC, and high-voltage power supply circuits are all
contained within the ECU.

 AC Power Distribution: The AC power circuitry supplies AC voltage whenever the

power cord is connected to the AC power source. AC voltage is distributed to the DC
power supply circuitry and to the AC driver circuitry, which controls AC voltage to the
fuser assembly heating element.

 DC Power Distribution: The DC power distribution circuitry, located on the ECU,

distributes +3.3 V DC, +5 V DC, and +12 V DC as follows:

b. Formatter board
Formatter board is the system communication board

Block diagram for electrical system of laser jet printer

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3.6.2 Motors

Laser jet printer has a least two motors

a. Main motor
Main motor is used drive the paper feeding path

b. Scanning motor
Scanning motor is used to rotate the scanning mirror

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6.3 solenoid
Electromagnetic system control the rotation of the pickup roller

6.4 fan
Fan is used reduce temperature inside the machine due to fixing part

IMAGE FORMATION PROCESS

The Electro photographic Printing (EP) process for putting the image on the page is divided
into six distinct steps. Though some sources disagree on which step occurs first, the important
thing to remember is that this process occurs as a cycle within the printer, so order of the steps
is critical. During this process, the printer cleans and charges the photosensitive drum to prepare
it for the image. A laser beam "writes" the data to the drum. Toner is then attracted to the areas
of the drum where the laser "wrote" the image. The image is then transferred and bonded to the
page for final output each step of this process is explained as follows:

Cleaning

When an image has been deposited on the paper and the drum has separated from the paper, any
remaining toner must be removed from the drum. A printer may have a blade that scrapes all
excess toner from the drum. Some printers use an AC voltage on a wire that removes the charge
from the drum surface and allows the excess toner to fall away.

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Charging

This step involves removing the old latent image from the drum and conditioning the drum for a
new latent image. Conditioning is done by placing a special wire, grid, or roller that receives a
negative charge of approximately - 600 volts DC uniformly across the surface of the drum. The
charged wire or grid is called the primary corona. The roller is called a conditioning roller.

Writing

The writing process involves scanning the photosensitive drum with the laser beam. Every
portion of the drum that is exposed to the light has the surface charge reduced to about - 100
volts DC. This electrical charge has a lower negative charge than the remainder of the drum. As
the dnm1 turns, an invisible latent image is created on the drum.

Developing

In the developing phase, the toner is applied to the latent image on the drum. The toner is a
negatively-charged combination of plastic and metal particles. A. control blade holds the toner
at a microscopic distance from the drum. The toner then moves from the control blade to the
more positively charged latent image on the drum.

Transferring

In this step, the toner attached to the latent image is transferred to the paper. The transfer, or
secondary corona, places a positive charge on the paper. Because the drum was charged
negatively, the toner on the drum is attracted to the paper. The image is now on the paper and is
held in place by the positive charge.

Fusing

In this step, the toner is permanently fused to the paper. The printing paper is rolled between a
heated roller and a pressure roller. As the paper moves through the tilted roller and the pressure
roller, the loose toner is melted and fused with the fibers in the paper. The paper is then moved
to the output tray as a printed page.

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Common problem of laser jet printers

1. Print quality

2. Mechanical

3. Electrical parts problem

1.print quality

Print quality problem is related with paper image formation process. Laser printers usually
manifest problems by creating poor output. One of the most important tests you can do on any
printer, not just a laser printer, is called a diagnostic print page or an engine test page. This is
done by either holding down the On Line button as the printer is started or using the printer's
maintenance software. Most of the laser jet printer prints quality problems are discussed below.

A. White print out

Cause 1. The laser unit is blocked

 The laser unit is blocked.

 The laser unit protection door mechanism malfunction

Cause 2. The paper is not charged

 Transfer charger has loss connection

 Corrosion on the contact point

 High voltage supply malfunction

Case3. The toner is not charged

 Loss connection between tonner cart edge and charging unit on the
printer

 Problem on the with magnetic roller

 High voltage power supply malfunction

B. Black dark

Case1. The OPC is not charged

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 Loss connection with primary charger

 Corrosion high voltage power supply

C. black strips

case1. Scratch on the OPC

Case2.Opc is not cleaned well

case3. Excess toner on the magnetic roller

case4. Scratch on the fuser film

D. white strips

Cause

 Laser unit is partially blocked

 paper not charged uniformly

 uneven toner distribution in toner cartridge

E. ghost image

Cause

 OPC is not cleaned well by cleaning blade

 fuser film problem

F. light image

 dusted laser unit

 opc life time

 toner quality

G. spotting

 scrutch on the opc

 scrtch on the fuser film

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 toner quality

2. mechanical problem

2.1 noisy printer

Cause

 lack of lubrication

 parts those are not fitted well

 Brocken or worn out gears

 Foreign materials

Check

 Toner cartridge

 Fixing unit

 Gear box

 Other moving parts

2.2 paper jamming

Paper jamming is related with paper feeding path

Types of paper jamming

1. paper tray jam

Paper is not picked from paper tray

Cause 1: Poor paper quality

Many businesses try to save money by using lower-quality, thinner

paper than what’s recommended for their printer model. This
type of paper, however, is more likely to curl up and get stuck inside the
printer.

How to fix this issue

Check your printer’s manual or search online to find out what kind of
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paper works best with your machine. A good rule of thumb is to use
thicker, higher-quality paper to reduce the risk of jams. Load the new
batch of paper and try printing again.

Cause2: Incorrect paper size settings

If you try printing on a sheet of paper that’s too small for your printer
model, it can get stuck and cause a jam. This is because smaller sheets
caught on the edges of the printer’s rollers as it tries to feed paper
through. Or if you try to print on a sheet that’s too large for your
machine, it can cause the paper to bunch up and jam.

How to fix this issue

Make sure to use the required paper size when printing. If you
inserted the wrong size, simply insert the correct one and print
again.

Cause 3: Paper feed problems

If you find that your paper jams happen on only one side of the
printer, there could be an issue with the paper feed. Often, something
is blocking the path of the paper as it is fed through the rollers, such
as a torn piece of paper.

How to fix this issue

Open your printer to look for any object that might be blocking the
paper’s path. Remove any obstructions, then try printing again.

5. Dirty printer rollers

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If your paper jams are happening randomly and you can’t identify
the cause, it could be that your printer rollers are dirty. Over time,
dust and debris can build up on the rollers and cause the rollers to
grab onto paper unevenly, which can lead to paper jams.

How to fix this issue

To clean your printer’s rollers, open the machine and access the
paper tray. Wipe the rollers down with a soft cloth dampened with
water or rubbing alcohol. Be careful not to get any water on other
parts of the printer, especially the electrical components, as this can
damage the machine. Once the printer is dry, try printing again.

Case: 3 pickup solenoid is failed

How to fix this issue

Replace the pickup solenoid, replace the main control boar

2. jam under toner cartridge

cause1: OPC drum is not rotating

If the OPC is not rotating the paper is not able pass through it. So the
paper will stack under toner cartridges without image.

How to fix this issue

Replace the toner cartridge if the OPC has the issue. Check the OPC
driving gear engage and disengage with OPC when the door is opened
and closed if not check the gear box.

Cause2: The fuser film is not rotating

If the fusser film is not rotating at all the paper will stack at the edge
of the fixing unit with image on it.

How to fix this issue

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You can solve the problem just by replacing the fuser film . In some
cases even the pressure roller will replaced if it is damaged

3. jam in fixing unit

case1: delivery sensor

When the sensor shaft is broken or misplaced the paper is not

sensed so that the paper will stop at fixed position when exit.

How to fix this issue

Check if the sensor is dusted or disconnected. Check whether the

sensor shaft is broken or misplaced.

Case2: fuser film is not rotating well

If the fuser film lubrication dry up the film is not rotating well. Due
to high frication the paper will stacked inside the fixing unit.

How to fix this issue

Lubricate the fuser film.

Case3: the paper wrinkled inside the fixing unit

How to fix this issue

Clean the obstacle which the block the paper not exit from the
fixing unit.

4. startup jam

The machine start with jamming error with out paper.

Cause: delivery sensor or registration sensors are shifted from initial

poison

How to fix this issue

Either the sensor shaft or the the sensor shift is misplaced so re

palace them well

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3. electrical parts problems

a. low voltage power supply related

Symptom –power dead

Check

 power cable

 switch

 power supply

b. high voltage

Symptom - charging problem

-toner cartridge is not installed massage

Check –loss connection

Replace high voltage power supply

e. ECU related

Symptom- false error codes

- abnormal functionality

F. formatter board related

Symptom one- the printer doesn’t print from then computer

Check - operating system and driver compatibility

-driver

- operating

-formatter

Symptom two- the printer is not recognized by the computer

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Check – data cable

- brocken or loss connecting port

- formater board

symptom three- no display

- white print out

- massge on display like firm ware update ,memory full etc

- replace formater board

Hp laser jet printer error codes

02 - Warming Up
10 - Supplies Memory Error
Your printer has a problem with the printer cartridge chip, which it's having trouble reading.
This could be due to it being dislodged, scratched or not installed in the printer correctly.
11 - Paper Out
12 – Open or no EP.
13 – Paper Jam
14 – No EP Cartridge
16 – Toner Low
20 – Memory Overflow
The current print job exceeds the memory of the printer, this error code can be resolved by
reducing the size of the job this can be achieved in a few ways.

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22 – I/O Configuration
Error code 22 indicates there is a communication error between the computer and printer. Try
plugging the printer in to a different computer port, if this doesn’t work try a different cable. If
the error code remains it could be a hardware fault.
24 – Job Memory Full
Printer queue has been overloaded, there are too many jobs in the queue, due to this issue being
similar to error code 20 and 21 the solution to the this error code is the same, please refer to
these error codes for answers.
25 - XXX Memory Full
This error code indicates the same problems as error code 24, please refer to error codes 20 and
21 for solutions. All of these issue share the same solution.
30 - PS Error 16
A PostScript error, this will require you to try another PostScript file alternatively try resetting
the PostScript SIMM. You’ll be able to find more information regarding this inside your printer
manual.
30.1.1 - Disk Failure
Printer hard disk drive crash, simply press the “SELECT” button on the printer should resolve
this issue. If the error code contains to display you may have a hardware fault.
41 - Temporary Print Engine Error
49 - Printer Error or Communication Error
This error code can appear for a few reason such as cable issues, firmware errors or hardware
faults.
50.x - Fuser Error
If you have a “50.” Error code these all indicate fuser issues, whether this is in relation to the
supporting circuits, power or the fuser its else will depend on the number after the “.”.
50.1 - Fuser Error
This lets you know the fuser is still warming up.
50.2 - Fuser Error
The fuser had failed to warm up, showing the warm up period has timed-out. This is usually
related to the power or circuit fault.
50.3 - Fuser Error
Fuser temperature to high, this can be a result of a circuitry error.
50.4 - Fuser Error
Poblem with the fuser caused by faulty or bad power supply.

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50.5 - Fuser Error

Wrong type of fuser.
50.6 - Fuser Error
Fuser cut out, this can occur due to overheating.
50.7 - Fuser Error
Failure with the fuser pressure release mechanism. This error will appear when the drive motor.
has failed or the pressure release hasn’t worked.
50.8 - Fuser Error
Sub-thermistor has detects a fault, this code indicates a lower fuser temperature.
50.9 - Fuser Error
Sub-thermistor has detects a fault, this code indicates a high fuser temperature.
51 - Beam Detect Error
This error code can mean one of two things depending on how old the LaserJet printer is. Firstly
on older models this error code informs the user that the tab that opens the laser shutter is
missing. On new models the problem can be a fault with the entire laser scanner unit
52 - Incorrect Scanner Speed Error
54 - Printer Error Cycle Power
55 - Internal Communication Problem / Controller Error
If a reset doesn’t get rid of the error code, a HP engineer would need to take a look.
56 - Printer Device Error
Depending on what model LaserJet printer, this code can mean a few different things. Try these
following stops to clear the error code:
57.xx - Fan Failure / Gears Seized / Memory Card Error
58.xx - Error
A common error code which can mean a range of issues, many of which can be a result of faulty
sensors, memory control, fans, power or DC control.
59 - Motor Error
61 - Formatter, Memory Error
Memory has been fitted incorrectly or faulty memory SIMMs if this is the case you can try
reseating the memory chips. If the error code continues to display you may have to replace the
chips.
62 - Memory Error, Defective Formatter Board
Issue and solution is similar to error code 61, refer to the code 61 for answers.
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63 - Defective Formatter Board

4. INK JET PRINTERS

INTRODUCTION

Ink jet printers also known as desk jet, office jet and design jet based on their printing size .ink
jet printers are basically used for color printing .there are four basic for color printing such as
magenta, cyan ,yellow and black

Inkjet printers use ink in cartridges, rather than ribbons, to create text or graphic printouts. The
ink cartridge in an inkjet printer contains a small pump, which forces ink out of the reservoir,
through a nozzle, and onto the page. Inkjet printers create printouts line by line, so they are
considered line printers, but their print mechanisms do not make contact with the page, so they
are considered non impact printers.

Most inkjet printers use heat to move the ink, while a few use a mechanical method. The heat
method printers use tiny resistors or electro-conductive plates at the end of each tube, which
literally boil the ink; this creates a tiny air bubble that ejects a droplet of ink onto the paper, thus
creating portions of the image. The ink is stored in special small containers called ink
cartridges. Older inkjet printers had two cartridges: one for black ink and another for colored
ink. The color cartridge had separate compartments for cyan (blue), magenta (red) and yellow
ink, to print colors using a method known as CMYK. If your color cartridge ran out of one of
the colors, you had to purchase a whole new color cartridge or deal with a messy refill kit.

The two key features of an inkjet printer are the print resolution-that is, the density of ink,
which affects print quality-and the print speed. Resolution is measured in dots per inch (dpi);
higher numbers mean that the ink dots on the page are closer together, so your printed
documents will look better. Resolution is most important when you're printing complex images
such as full-color photos, or when you're printing for duplication and you care that your
printouts look good. Inkjet printers provide much better resolution than dot matrix printers, and
are capable of using colored ink. Unlike dot matrix printers, inkjets can combine basic colors to
procure a wide rage of colors.

Print speed is measured in pages per minute (ppm), and this specification is normally indicated
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right on the printer's box. Most prints have one (faster speed. For monochrome printing that is,
using only black ink-and another for full-color printing. Inkjet printers are not nearly as loud as
dot matrix printers and are much faster.

Printer manufactures began to separate the ink colors into three separate cartridges, so that
printers may come with four cartridges: one for each color and a forth for black. This not only
was more cost-effective for the user, but it also resulted in higher quality printouts. Today you
can find color inkjet printers with six, eight, or more color cartridges. In addition to the basic
CMYK inks, the other cartridges provide for green, blue, gray, light cyan, dark cyan, and more.
Typically, the more ink cartridges a printer uses, the higher the quality of the printed image -
and the higher the cost of the printer. As you might expect, inkjet and bubble jet printers,
because of their ability to print in color, are most popular with consumers and end users.

Another feature of inkjet printers is that they can support a staggering array of print media.
Using an inkjet printer; you can print on a variety of matte /dull/ or glossy photo papers; iron-on
transfers, and other special media; some printers can print directly onto specially coated optical
doses, or even fabric. Imagine running a T-shirt through your printer with your own custom
slogan, the inks have improved over the years, too, now delivering better quality and longevity
than every. Where older inks would smudge if the paper got wet or start to fade after a short
time, modern inks are smudge proof and of archival quality-for example, some inks by Epson
are projected to last up to 200 years.

A variant of the inkjet printer is the bubble jet printer. Bobble jets resemble inkjets, but their ink
cartridges contain heating elements rather than pumps. When a chamber receives the command
to' spray ink, an electrical signal is sent to energize the heating element. The heating element,
in contact with the ink, heats up very quickly causing the ink to vaporize, resulting in a build up
of pressure in the chamber. This pressure forces the ink out the pinhole forming a "bubble" of
ink on the page. As the vapor expands, the bubble gets large enough to break 'off into a droplet.
The rest of the ink is drawn back into the chamber due to the surface tension of the ink. This
process is repeated for each drop that needs to be sprayed. Although this process sounds messy,
bubble jets actually provide better printouts than the original inkjets. Generally, the term inkjet
is used to refer to all printers that use ink (inkjets, bubble jets, and desk jets).

Inkjet printers typically use friction-feed rollers to move the paper through the printer. In

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friction feed, a stack of pages is kept in a feeder tray. A rubber or plastic roller uses friction to
grab the top page and pull it into the printer. Some, advantage to this type of feed are that you
don't have to worry about lining up the page perforations or the holes and sprockets, and you
don't have to separate pages from one another when the printout is finished. Unlike tractor-feed
prints, friction-feed printers can be used to print on paper that has an irregular shape or size.
You can even print on envelopes and cards.

4.1 INSIDE AN INKJET PRINTER

Parts of a typical inkjet printer include:

4.1.1 Print Head Assembly

Print head: The core of an inkjet printer, the print head contains a series of nozzles that are
used to spray drops of ink.

Ink cartridges: Depending on the manufacturer and model of the printer, ink cartridges come
in various combinations, such as separate black and color cartridges, color and black in a single
cartridge or even a cartridge for each ink color. The cartridges of some inkjet printers include
the print head itself.

Print head stepper motor: A stepper motor moves the print head assembly (print head and ink
cartridges) back and forth across the paper. Some printers have another stepper motor to park
the print head assembly when the printer is not in use. Parking means that the print head
assembly is restricted from accidentally moving, like a parking brake on a car.

Belt: A belt is used to attach the print head assembly to the stepper motor.

Stabilizer bar: The print head assembly uses a stabilizer bar to ensure that movement is precise
and controlled.

4.1.2 Paper Feed Assembly

Paper tray/feeder: Most inkjet printers have a tray that you load the paper into. Some printers
dispense with the standard tray for a feeder instead. The feeder typically snaps open at an angle
on the back of the printer, allowing you to place paper in it. Feeders generally do not hold as

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much paper as a traditional paper tray.

Rollers: A set of rollers pull the paper in form the tray or feeder and advance the paper when
the print head assembly is ready for another pass.

Paper feed stepper motor: these stepper motor powers the rollers to move the paper in the
exact increment needed to ensure a continuous image is printed.

4.1.3 Power Supply

While earlier prints often had an external transformer, most printers sold today use a standard
power supply that is incorporated into the printer itself.

4.1.4 Control Circuitry

A small but sophisticated amount of circuitry is built into the printer to control all the
mechanical aspects of operation, as well as decode the information sent to the printer from the
computer.

4.1.5 Interface Port(s)

The parallel port is still used by many printers, but most new printers use the USB port. A few
connect using a serial port of small computer system interface (SCSI) port.

4.2 TROUBLE SHOOTING AND MAINTENANCE OF INKJET PRINTER

Periodic cleaning, however, not only enhances the look of the printer, but also maintains it in
optimum condition. Cleaning may also make it easier to diagnose a problem visually. The
interior and exterior of the printer should be examined for smudges, dust, etc. Clean the exterior
with a soft cloth moistened with mild detergent and water. Open the access door and examine
the interior areas of the printer. Any accumulation of paper or lint should be carefully removed
by brushing the loose material onto a cloth, or by using a small computer vacuum cleaner.

4.2.1 Maintaining Print Cartridges

In order to maintain optimum print quality, the printer automatically performs the operations of
"Spitting", wiping, and capping the print cartridge nozzles. These operations are not visible to
the user and require no user intervention. Although print cartridges require no routine
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maintenance, proper use and handling of them will help ensure optimum print quality and print
cartridge life. Read "Print Cartridge Tips" in this section for tips on using and handling the print
cartridges.

Print Cartridge Safety: Ink used in the print cartridge does not pose a health hazard to
customers. During the development of ink formulas, all the ingredients are screened and
researched for known potential health related issues. Only those chemicals that meet or exceed
worldwide safety and regulatory requirements are used in HP inks.

Cleaning the Print Cartridge: Desk Jet printer automatically carry out "spits and wipes" to
help maintain the print cartridge. This printer also has a print cartridge cleaning routine to
restore print cartridges to optimum functioning.

Print Cartridge Tips

 Do not use print cartridges after the expiration date.
 Keep the print cartridges sealed in the packaging container until ready for use. The print
cartridges have a longer life sealed in this container than in the printer.

 Keep opened print cartridges in the printer or in the print cartridge storage container.
 Turn off the printer by pressing the Power button rather than unplugging the power adapter.
Turning the printer off with the Power button caps the print cartridge, extending the life of
the print cartridge.

 Do not allow the print cartridge contacts and nozzles to touch any surface or object,
including your fingers. Oil and dust can cause print quality problems.

 If printouts are missing dots, read "Printout Missing Rows of Dots" in chapter 5.
 Print cartridges left out of the printer may experience a crusting of dried ink on the print
cartridge nozzles.

 Clean the dried ink off of the nozzles before installing the print cartridge in the printer

4.2.2 Printing Problems

4.2.2.1 Problem Probable Cause and Solution

Printing is skewed or slanted.
 Sheets are not feeding into the printer correctly.

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 The print on your pre-printed forms is slanted.

The printer appears to be printing, but nothing is printed.
 The tape(s) that cover the ink nozzles of a new print cartridge have not been removed.
 The print cartridge wasn't snapped into place.
 The print cartridge is empty.
 First remove the print cartridge from the printer. Then remove the tape(s) covering the ink
nozzles and re-install the cartridge.

 Remove and re-install the print cartridge, making sure that you push the top of the cartridge
forward until it snaps into place.

 Replace the print cartridge.

The printout is not correct
 The appropriate printer driver has not been selected in the software.
 Check the printer driver selected in the software application.
 The font specified in the document is not the font on the printout
 The font specified in the document has not been installed in the software.
 The font was not correctly specified in the software.
 Check the printer driver selected in the software application.
 Check the software manual for instructions on specifying fonts.
 Printed fonts, line length and/or character spacing do not match what you see on the screen

 Screen fonts are either not available or not correctly installed.

 Refer to the software application manual.

4.2.2.2 Solving Carriage Stall Conditions

A carriage stall error condition occurs if the printer detects a problem with the movement of the
print cartridge cradle along the printer carriage. In order to exit from a carriage stall, you have
to turn the printer off. The Change Cartridge light is on when the DeskJet printer detects a
service station motor stall. The service station is the part of the mechanism below the print
cartridge when the print cartridge is at the right end of the mechanism (the "home" position). It
serves to cap the print cartridge so that the nozzles will not dry out.

4.2.2.3 Troubleshooting Paper Feed Operations

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If you are using manual feed, printer does not pick up sheets fed by hand.
1. Wait for the printer paper feed rollers to stop turning. Then insert the media in the paper
feed slot again.
2. Make sure that the sheet you are feeding is aligned with the molded line in the paper
feed slot. Hold the sheet squarely in position until the printer pulls it in.

3. Make sure that you have selected the manual feed option in your software. If the
software does not allow you to specify the media source, use Menu mode or the
Menu configuration utility to select the Manual Feed printer setting.

4. Make sure that the media you are feeding is not torn or dusty and that its edges are
not curled.

5. Open the printer door and switch the envelope lever to Envelope if you are printing
envelopes, labels or thick paper. Remember to switch the Envelope lever back to
paper.

Problem Resolution: If you are using the paper tray, media loading from the paper tray
is skewed or slanted

1. Media of different types or weights may be loaded together in the IN tray. If so, remove
all the media and replace with a single type.

2. Reload the media. Make sure that:

 The stack of media is pushed against the right side of the IN tray.

 The paper width adjustment selector is pushed against the left edge of the media.

3. If more than a 0.2 inch (5 mm) stack of media is loaded in the IN tray, remove
some of it.

Printer loads multiple sheets from the paper tray

1. Media of different types or weights may be loaded together in the IN tray. If so,
remove all the media and replace with a single type.

2. Make sure that there is no more than 0.2 inch (5 mm) of media in the IN tray. If
you are printing transparencies, make sure than you have loaded no more than 20
sheets into the IN tray.

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3. Do not load paper on top of paper already in the IN tray. Load the paper into an
empty IN tray as a single stack.

4. If media are stuck together, remove the stack, separate the sheets and reload into
the IN tray.

Clearing Paper Jams

1. Turn off the printer and remove the paper from the paper tray.

2. Open the printer door and remove it by grasping its sides and pulling it up.

3. Open the paper separator (the flap that separates the printed pages from the blank sheets)
by pulling it toward you.

4. Grip the jammed paper firmly by its sides and pull it out slowly.

5. Close the paper separator and re-attached by placing the door flat on the paper tray. Then
align the hinges on the printer door with the pins on the printer. Press the printer door down
until the printer door clicks into place.

6. Close the printer door. Load paper and turn on the printer

4.3.2.4. Paper is Out-of-Specification

IN tray is too full; Make sure that the stack of paper in the IN tray is no more than 0.2 inch (5
mm) high.

Paper is too long

 Use only media sizes recommended in chapter 1.
 Do not use continuous Z-fold paper in the printer.
Paper is not loaded correctly
 Make sure the paper is not buckled.

4.3.2.5. Print Skew Problem

Print skew results when the movement of paper in the mechanism is not square to the cartridge
movement. The result is inconsistent print margins along the paper's edge. Print skew is
determined by three elements:

 The printer itself may skew paper that is otherwise within specification and loaded correctly.
 The paper may not be square.

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 The paper may not be properly loaded.

The square of the paper can be measured. Any paper skew will be added to or subtracted from
the print skew attributable to the printer itself, resulting in a "total print skew." Total print skew
can be measured by the procedure described on the next page. From the total print skew you can
subtract the paper skew to determine whether the print skew attributable to the printer itself is
within acceptable tolerances. It is possible to reduce total print skew by proper loading and
handling of the paper. Review the instructions included with the user documentation to ensure
that the paper was properly loaded.

4.3.2.6. Solving Power Dead Problems Problem Solution

1. Verify that the correct power adapter has been used.
2. Verify that the power adapter connector is fully seated in the printer's power
socket.
3. The user may not be pressing the Power button long enough. Press the Power
button until the light turns on.

4. Check the voltage out of the power adapter. Replace the power adapter if it is faulty.
5. The printer may be faulty. Return the printer for repair.
6. The power cable problem or power cable connection problem
7. Printer on/off switching mode is damaged or it's cable is disconnected
8. Finally checking the printer power supply board

4.3.2.7. Increasing the Printing Speed

Printing Speed Factor Solution: Computer and printer configuration

1. Upgrade your computer or use a more powerful computer.

2. Use the paper tray rather than feeding sheets manually into the printer. Paper handling is
quicker with the paper tray.

3. Use best mode of the printer. The printer prints faster in colorfast mode (best mode).

4. Read the documentation included with the software application for tips on enhancing the
output performance.

5. When the documents have many different colors, the printing speed will be slow.

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6. Periodic service can increase the printing speed.

4.3.2.8. Common Windows Printer Driver Problems

Difficulty in installing the printer driver

1. Close all other applications and memory resident programs.

2. Reinstall the printer driver using the HP Printer Setup program (SETUP). Do not
install through the Control Panel.

4.3.2.9. Printer won't print from Windows

1. Make sure the printer is on, the Power light is on, and the printer is properly
connected to the computer with the appropriate cable.

2. Verify the correct printer model and ports are selected in the Control Panel or Printer
Setup menu.

3. Verify the printer is the "Default" device in the Control Panel, is selected as the
active printer in the application, and the correct port is selected.

4. Are any of the printer lights flashing? If so, the printer detects an error (for example out-
of-paper or a paper jam) and the printer is offline. See "Printer Light Indications" in chapter
5 for more information on light error patterns.

4.4. SERVICING AND SAFETY

Cleaning the Printer and Accessories: The Desk Jet series printer has automatic media size
sensors. Media type has to be specified in the LCD menu. These measures have been
implemented to prevent printing on the platen or rollers when there is no paper in the printer. If
the main OOPS sensor does not detect any paper the printer will not print. However, if ink has
spilled on any parts of the printer, it can be removed with a damp Cloth.

Ink Cartridge Safety: Ink used in the ink cartridge does not pose a health hazard to customers.
During the development of ink formulas, all the ingredients are researched for known potential
health related issues. Only those chemicals that meet or exceed worldwide safety and regulatory
requirements are used in HP inks.
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CHAPTER TWO

PRINTER DRIVER SOFTWARE INSTALL / UNINSTALL

1. LOADING AND UPDATING PRINTER DRIVERS

1.1. PRINTER DRIVER

Printer drivers are software programs that enable the computer and the printer to communicate
with each other. Drivers also provide an interface for the user to configure printer options.
Every printer model has a unique driver. Printer manufacturers frequently update drivers to
increase the performance of the printer, to add options, or to fix problems. You can download
new printer drivers from the manufacturer's website.

Step 1: Find out if a newer driver is available

Go to the printer manufacturer's website. Most manufacturers' websites have a link from the
main page to a page that offers drivers and support. Make sure the driver is compatible with the
computer that you are updating.

Step 2: Download the driver

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Download the printer driver files to your computer. Most driver files will come in a compressed
or "zipped" format. Download the file to a folder and uncompressed or "unzip" the contents.
Save instructions or documentation to a separate folder on your computer.

Step 3: Install the downloaded driver

Install the downloaded driver automatically of manually. Most printer drivers have a setup file
that will automatically search the system for older drivers and replace them with the new one. If
there is no setup file available, follow the directions that are supplied by the manufacturer.

Step 4: Test the new printer driver

Run multiple tests to make sure the printer works properly. Use a variety of applications to print
different types of documents. Change and test each printer option.

1.2. PRINTER MEMORY

Adding printer memory to a printer can improve printing speed and allow the printer to handle
more complex print jobs. All printers have at least some amount of memory inside. Generally,
the more memory a printer has, the more efficiently it will operate. The following figure is a
generic list of steps to follow to upgrade printer memory.

1.3. COMMON CONFIGURATIONS THAT ARE AVAILABLE FOR PRINTERS

 Paper type: Standard, Draft, Gloss, or Photo

 Print quality: Draft, Normal, Photo, or Automatic
 Color printing: Multiple colors used
 Black-and-white printing: Only black ink used
 Grayscale printing: Color image printed using only black ink in different shades
 Paper size: Standard paper sizes or envelopes and Business cards
 Paper orientation: Landscape or Portrait
 Print layout: Normal, Banner, Booklet, or Poster
 Duplex: Normal or Two-sided printing
 Describe how to optimize printer performance: With printers, most optimization is

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completed through the software supplied with the drivers. In the software, there are tools
available to optimize performance:

 Print spool settings - Ability to cancel or pause current print jobs in the printer queue

 Color calibration Ability to adjust settings to match the colors on the screen to the colors
on the printed sheet

 Paper orientation Ability to select landscape or portrait image layout

1.4. PRINT FROM AN APPLICATION

You can also test a printer by printing a test page from an application such as Notepad or
WordPad. To access Notepad, use the following path:

Start > Programs > Accessories > Notepad

A blank document will open. Enter some text m the document. Print it using the following path

File > Print

1.4.1. Test a Printer

You can also print from the command line to test the printer. Printing from the command line is
limited to ASCII files only, such as .txt and .bat files. To send a file to the printer from the
command line, use this path:

Start > Run

The Run box should pop up. Type cmd in the Run box, and then click OK. At the command line
prompt, enter the following command:

Print the file text

1.4.2. Test the Printer from the Printer Panel

Most printers have a front panel with controls to allow you to generate test pages. This method
of printing enables you to verify the printer operation separately from the network or computer.
Consult the printer manufacturer's website or documentation to learn how to print a test page
from the front panel of the printer.

1.4.3. Describe How to Print a test page

After installing a printer, you should print a test page to verify that the printer is operating
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properly. The test page confirms that the driver software is installed and working correctly, and
that the printer and computer are communicating. To print a test page manually, use the
following path:

Start> Printers and Faxes

To display the Printers and Faxes menu, right-click the desired printer and follow this path:

Properties > General Tab > Print Test Page

2. INSTALLING PRINTER DRIVER SOFTWARE

To print document from computer it must have a connection between printer and computer. By
using different data translator the printer and the computer will connect. The data can translate
from computer to printer through USB Cable, Parallel Cable or Wireless Network. But after
connecting them, we need configure the printer software on computer.

There are two ways to configure the printer software. They are:
1. Installing printer Software from CD
2. Installing Printer Software from the windows itself (From computer itself:
Printer and Fax)

2.1. INSTALLING PRINTER SOFTWARE FROM CD

To install the printer software, you will need at least 8 MB of RAM.

1. Start Microsoft Windows. Make sure no other Windows applications are active.
2. Insert the Starter CD into the computer's CD-ROM drive. The installation program will run
automatically.

3. Click the Printer Driver option in the menu that appears to install your printer software. If
the installation program does not run, follow the instructions below.

 Start Microsoft Windows. Make sure no other Windows applications are running.
 Insert the Starter CD into your computer's CD-ROM drive.
 For Windows 3.1x, select File, then Run; for Windows 95 / 98 / NT 4.0, select Start,
then Run.

 At the Command Line box, enter the letter of the computer's CD-ROM drive, followed

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by INST ALL (for example, D:\INST ALL).

 Follow the instructions that appear on the screen to complete installation.

2.2. INSTALLING PRINTER SOFTWARE FROM WINDOWS

1. Start Microsoft Windows. Make sure no other Windows applications

are running.
2. Click start menu
3. Select printer and fax
4. Double click on Add a printer
5. Click the next button from Add printer wizard
6. Follow the instructions that appear on the Add printer wizard to
complete installation.
7. Finally the printers shortcut appears on Printer and Fax Folder, when
you finish the add printer wizard

3. UNINSTALLING PRINTER SOFTWARE

1. Click File in the Program Manager window.

2. Click Run.

3. Type hpw4st/u in the command line box. Click OK.

Uninstalling Printer Software

1. Go to the Series Printer folder and double click on the selected printer Uninstaller icon.

2. Follow the instructions that appear on the screen to complete un-installation.

CHAPTER THREE

SCANNER MACHINE
A scanner is an acquisition peripheral for scanning documents, i.e. converting a paper
document to a digital image.

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There are generally three types of scanner:

 Flat scanners let you scan a document by placing it flat against a glass panel. This is the
most common type of scanner.

 Hand scanners are smaller in size. These scanners must be moved manually (or semi-
manually) in successive sections over the document in order to scan the whole document.

 Sheet-fed scanners feed the document through a lighted slot in order to scan them, similar to
fax machines. This type of scanner is increasingly built into machines such as multi-function
printers.

1. CHARACTERISTICS OF A SCANNER

A scanner is generally characterized by the following elements:

 Resolution: expressed in dots per inch (referred to as dpi), the resolution defines the
fineness of the scan. The order of magnitude of the resolution is around 1200 per 2400 dpi.
The horizontal resolution is very much dependent on the quality and number of captors,
whereas vertical resolution is closely linked to the accuracy of the drive motor. However it
is important to distinguish the optical resolution, which is the actual resolution of the
scanner, from the interpolated resolution. Interpolation is a technique involving defining
intermediate pixels from among actual pixels, by calculating the mean of the colors of
neighboring pixels. This technology helps achieve good results but the interpolated
resolution thus defined is in no way a criterion that can be used to compare scanners.

 The format of the document: depending on their size, scanners are able to accommodate
documents of different sizes, generally A4 (21 x 29.7 cm), or more rarely.A3 (29.7 x 42
cm).

 Acquisition speed: expressed in pages per minute (ppm), the acquisition speed represents
the scanner's ability to pick up a large number of pages per minute. The acquisition speed
depends on the document format and the resolution chosen for the scan.

 Interface: this is the scanner connector. The main interfaces are as follows:

 Fire Wire. This is the preferred interface since its speed is particularly suited to this
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type of peripheral

 USB 2.Q. This is offered on all recent computers. It IS a standard interface which IS
recommended if the computer has no FireWire connection

 SCSI. Preferred interface for the scanner at the end of the 90s, the SCSI standard has
now been abandoned in favor of the FireWire and the USB 2.0

 Parallel port: This type of connector is naturally slow and is used less frequently; it
should be avoided if the computer has one of the preceding connectors

 Physical characteristics: other elements may be taken into account when choosing a
scanner:

 Size, in terms of the physical dimensions of the scanner.

 Weight

 Electricity consumption, expressed in Watts (W).

 Operating and storage temperatures.

 Noise level, Scanners can be very noisy, and this may cause considerable disturbance.

 Accessories: The drivers and user manual are usually provided, but you must check that
connection cables are also provided; if not they must be purchased separately.

2. HOW A SCANNER WORKS

The operating principle for a scanner is as follows:

 The scanner moves over the document line by line
 Each line is broken down in to "basic dots" which correspond to pixels.
 A captor analyses the colour of each pixel
 The colour of each pixel is broken down into 3 components (red, green, blue)
 Each color component is measured and represented by a value. For 8-bit quantification,
each component will have a value between 0 and 225 inclusive.

The rest of this article will specifically describe the operation of a flat scanner, although the
operating mode for a hand scanner or sheet-fed scanner is exactly the same. The only difference
is in the feeding of the document. A flat scanner has a motor-driven lighted slot which scans the
document line by line under a transparent glass panel on which the document is placed, with the
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scanning side face down.

3. MAIN PARTS OF SCANNER

3.1. SCANNING ASSEMBLY

Scanning assembly includes mirrors like m1, m2, and m3; scanner lamp and lens. These are
used to make scanning a document. To scan a document first scanner lamp is give a light to the
document white part of the document is reflect and dark part of it is absorbed inside and by
reflecting it by mirrors reach to the lens. But all mirrors are put on 45 and the use of lens is
focusing of the document.

3.2. CHARGE COUPLED DEVICE (CCD) & ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL CONVERTOR (ADC)

3.2.1. Charge Coupled Device (CCD)

It is a device which is used to convert the light intensities received into electrical signal? The
high intensity light emitted is reflected by the document and converges towards a series of
captors via a system of lenses and mirrors. The captors convert the light intensities received into
electrical signals, which are in turn converted into digital data by an analogue-digital converter.

There are two categories of captors:

CMOS Captors (Complementary Metal Oxide Semi-conductor, or Complementary MOS):
This is known as the G~S technology (Contact Image Sensor). This type of device uses an LED
ramp (Light Emitting Diode) for lighting the document and requires a very close distance
between the captors and the document. The CIS technology, however, uses a lot less energy.

CCD Captors (Charge-coupled devices): Scanners using CCD technology are often thicker.
They use a cold neon lamp. The quality of the scanned image is on the whole better however,
since the signal/noise ratio is lower.

3.2.2. Inverter and ADC (Analogue to Digital Converter)

It is a device which is used to convert an electrical signal received from CCD to digital signal to
make favorable on the computer processing system.

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3.3. SCANNER MOTOR

It is used to move scanner assembly back and forth.

3.4. BOARDS (PCB PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS)

There are two types -CCD and ADC

3.5. CONTROL PANEL

It is used for making commands on the scanner.

3.6. SENSOR

It is scanner home position sensor which is used to sense scanner assembly.

4. TROUBLE SHOOTING A SCANNER

Paper Quality Problems: Dust on hard copy, dust on mirrors and lenses has the effect on
dusted soft copy but the solution is clean with lint free cloth with alcohol for lens and mirrors.

Electrical Problems: Power dead but we can correct by checking socket outlet, fuse, switching
transistors, motor, and sensor.

Mechanical Problem: Related with gear broken, lack of lubricants, miss placed gears, and sag
on timing belt.

CHAPTER FOUR

DIGITAL PHOTO COPY MACHINE

INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL PHOTO COPY MACHINE

Digital photocopy machine is not a single machine. It is a combination of two machines such as
scanner and printer. If someone has scanner and printer connected with computer, it is not
necessary for him to have a copier. Because he can scan document to computer and print it at
any copy as he want. Simply digital copy machine is not only a copier, it is also a Pinter a
scanner and somehow a fax machine.
Basically digital copier has three distinct parts, those are
1. Scanner part
2. Printer part

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3. Electrical part
1. Scanner part
A part which is used to convert hard copy to soft copy and store it in the memory before it is
sent to the printer .in the scanner part there is scanning head, the scanning motor, timing belt,
stabilizer bar, the scanning home possession sensor and scanning board.

2. Printer part
This part is used convert soft copy to hard copy .the printer part can be LaserJet or inkjet .but in
this section we will only see the laser jet.
Laser jet printer has
2.1 Beamer: is used to convert a digital data from the scanner part to a light image
and project it on the OPC drum and form invisible image on it.

2.2 Drum unit: it is consists of the OPC drum, primary charger and the cleaning
blade

OPC is the structure on which the image is formed. The primary chargers used
charge the opc with negative charge. The purpose of the cleaning blade is to
remove the remaining toner from the opc and to make it ready for the next copy
process.

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2.3 Developing unit: has toner, magnetic roller, bearing, toner level sensor, doctor
blade and mixer.

2.4 Transfer charger :to charge the paper with positive charge.

2.5 Fixing unit: used to fuse the toner with paper using heat and pressure. The fixing
unit has the following basic structures such e of theas heating element, thermal
switch,thermistor,fuser film ,fuser rotation sensor and pressure roller.
 Heating element :used convert electrical energy to heat energy
 Thermal switch :used to protect over heating
 Fuser rotation sensor : to check the rotation of the fuser film
 Fuser film : support the passage of the paper the paper through fixing unit.

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2.6 paper feeding path :the path through which the paper is passed durig copy
process ,the structure those are included in paper feeding path are paper pick up
rollers ,paper feeding sensors registration rollers transfer charger opc drum, heat
and pressure rollers.
2.7 Electrical parts
a) Electrical circuit board
 Low voltage power supply

 High voltage power supply

 Dc controlling board

 Formatter board

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 Scanning board

b) Motors
 Main motors

 Scanning head moving motor

 Fixing motor

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
c) Sensors
 Photo interrupters
 Paper feeding sensors
 Registration sensors
 Delivery sensors
 Scanning sensors
 Thermistor
 Toner density sensor
d) Clutch and solenoids

e) Fans and counters

Common problems of digital copiers
Digital photocopy machine problems can be classified as

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1. Print quality problems

2. Problems
3. Electrical parts problem
1. Print quality
A. White
B. Black
C. Black stripe
D. White stripe
E. Ghost
F. Spotting
2. Mechanical
A. Noise
B. Paper jam
 Start up
 Jam at fixing
 Jam at registration
 Jam under drum
 Jam at paper tray
3. Electrical parts problems
A. Board related problems
 Low voltage power supply
 Power dead
 Error
 High voltage power supply
 Charging problem
 Drum not set
 Dc controlling board
 Abnormal functionality
 False error codes
 Formatter
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 no display
 communication error
 white print out
 Scanning
 Mechanical problem
 White print out

CHAPTER FIVE

LCD PROJCTOR

Lcd projector is an electronic device used to project image from different input device such as
laptop, receiver, dvd player and etc. lcd projector has three main parts
1. Optical illumination
2. Projection
3. Electrical
1. Optical illumination system
The optical illumination system is consists of lamp, mirrors, lens an LCD displays.

 Lamp: the most critical part of the LCD projector .the lamp produce very high
heat and light by burning a mercury vapor gas such that the lamp is called
mercury discharge lamp. The lamp has limited life.

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 Mirrors :there are different types of mirrors those includes

 Dichroic mirrors are used to separate the white light in to red ,green and
blue

 Fly eye is used to make the light uniform

 UV and IR cutter filter is used to block ultra violet radiation and infra-red
radiation

 Vertical polarizer is used to block horizontally polarized light

 Polarizer plate is used filter horizontally polarized light

 Lcd display is a liquid crystal display which is used to form image by allowing
and blocking passage of the light through it.

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2. Projection part
Projection part is consisted of different cascade lens those are used to focus and enlarge the
image and project it on the screen.

3. The electrical part

The electrical parts includes low voltage power supply, high voltage power supply and the logic
board
 low voltage power supply is used to convert ac voltage to dc voltage
 high voltage power supply is used to convert low dc voltage to high
 logic board control the overall activities of the projector

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Common problems of lcd projector

1. The lamp error
 Lamp cover
 Lamp is failed
2. Temperature error
 Fan problem
 Thermistor
3. Power dead
 Power cable
 Switch
 Power supply
4. Image is blurred
 Dust
 Lamp life time

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