ADVANCE COMMUNICATION LABORATORY MANUAL

15ECL76
VII Semester BE (E & C E)
Department of Electronics & Communication
Engineering

Bapuji Educational Association ®

Bapuji Institute of Engineering & Technology

Davangere – 577 004, Karnataka

 CONTENTS
Sl. Page
No.
Name of the Experiment No.

1 ASK Generation and Detection 4

2 FSK Generation and Detection 7

3 PSK Generation and Detection 9

4 Time Division Multiplexing and De-multiplexing of two bandlimited signals. 12

5 Measurement of frequency, Guide wavelength, Power, VSWR and Attenuation in Micro 14

wave test Bench.
6 Measurement of Directivity and Gain of Microstrip diploe and Yagi antennas 16

7 Determination of 21
a. coupling and isolation characteristics of a microstrip directional coupler.
b. Resonance characteristics of a microstrip ring resonator
and computation of dielectric constant of the substrate.

8 Measurement of Propagation loss, Bending loss and Numerical Aperture in OFC 28

Part -B Simulation Experiments using MATLAB

1 Simulate NRZ, RZ, half-sinusoid and raised cosine pulses and generate eye diagram for 31
binary polar singnaling.

2 Simulate the Pulse code modulation and demodulation system and display the waveforms. 34

3 Simulate the QPSK transmitter and receiver. Plot the signals and its constellation diagram. 36

4 Test the performance of a binary differential phase shift keying system by simulating the 38
non-coherent detection of binary DPSK.

VIVA QUESTIONS 39
 Advanced Communication Lab Manual-15ECL76

ADVANCED COMMUNICATION & LIC LAB

(Common to
EC/TC/EE/IT/BM/ML) As
per VTU syllabus

Sub code : 15ECL76 IA Marks : 20

Hrs/week : 03 Exam hours : 03
Exam marks : 80
Experiments
1. Time Division Multiplexing and Demultiplexing of two bandlimited signals

2. ASK Generation and Detection

3. FSK Generation and Detection

4. PSK Generation and Detection

5. Measurement of frequency, Guide wavelength, Power, VSWR and Attenuation in

Micro wave test Bench.

6. Measurement of Directivity and Gain of Microstrip diploe and Yagi antennas

7. Determination of
a. coupling and isolation characteristics of a microstrip directional coupler.
b. Resonance characteristics of a microstrip ring
resonator and computation of dielectric constant of the
substrate.
c. Power division and isolation of microstrip power divider.

8. Measurement of Propagation loss, Bending loss and Numerical Aperture in OFC

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Part -B Simulation Experiments using MATLAB

1. Simulate NRZ, RZ, half-sinusoid and raised cosine pulses and generate eye
diagram for binary polar signaling.
2. Simulate the Pulse code modulation and demodulation system and display the waveforms.
3. Simulate the QPSK transmitter and receiver. Plot the signals and its constellation diagram.
4. Test the performance of a binary differential phase shift keying system by Simulating
the non- coherent detection of binary DPSK.

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EXPERIMENT 1: Amplitude Shift Keying Generation and Detection

Aim: To generate ASK waveform using IC-4051 and demodulate using envelope detector.
Apparatus: CRO with probes, signal generators, connecting wires,IC-4051,RPS,Diode-
IN4007,resistors,capacitors.
Circuit Diagram:
a) Generation of ASK.

b) Demodulation of ASK signal using envelope detector.

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Let fm=530Hz and fc=5.16kHz.

The values of R & C in the envelope detector can be found by fm= 1

2��

Waveforms

Theory:
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of amplitude modulation that
represents digital data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave. In an ASK system, the
binary symbol 1 is represented by transmitting a fixed-amplitude carrier wave and fixed
frequency for a bit duration of T seconds. If the signal value is 1 then the carrier signal will be
transmitted; otherwise, a signal value of 0 will be transmitted.
Any digital modulation scheme uses a finite number of distinct signals to represent digital data.
ASK uses a finite number of amplitudes, each assigned a unique pattern of binary digits. Usually,
each amplitude encodes an equal number of bits. Each pattern of bits forms the symbol that is
represented by the particular amplitude. The demodulator, which is designed specifically for the
symbol-set used by the modulator, determines the amplitude of the received signal and maps it
back to the symbol it represents, thus recovering the original data. Frequency and phase of the
carrier are kept constant.

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Procedure:
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Input frequency is adjusted to be greater than the modulating signal.
3. Apply the message signal and carrier signal to the respective pin no.11 and 14 of IC CD4051.
4. Set the message signal to 5V (p-p).
5. Observe the ASK output at pin no.3 of IC CD-4051.
Result:

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EXPERIMENT 2: Frequency Shift Keying Generation and Detection

Aim: To design FSK circuit and to find
i) frequency deviation between high and low frequency

ii)modulation index, demodulate the FSK signal.

Apparatus: CRO with probes, signal generators, connecting wires, IC-8038,RPS,Diode-
IN4007,resistors 10kΩ, 82k Ω, capacitors 10 µF, 0.001 µF.
Circuit Diagram:

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Waveforms:

Theory:
In principle FSK can be implemented by using completely independent free-running oscillators,
and switching between them at the beginning of each symbol period. In general, independent oscillators
will not be at the same phase and therefore the same amplitude at the switch-over instant, causing sudden
discontinuities in the transmitted signal. Many FSK transmitters use only a single oscillator, and the
process of switching to a different frequency at the beginning of each symbol period preserves the phase.
The elimination of discontinuities in the phase (and therefore elimination of sudden changes in amplitude)
reduces sideband power, reducing interference with neighboring channels.

Procedure:

1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Input frequency is adjusted to be greater than the modulating signal.
3. Apply the message signal and carrier signal to the respective pin of IC 8038.
4. Set the message signal to 4V (p-p).
5. Observe the FSK output at pin no.2 of IC 8038.

Result:

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EXPERIMENT 3: Phase Shift Keying Generation and Detection

Aim: To generate BPSK using IC CD 4051 and demodulate it.
Apparatus: CRO with probes, signal generators, connecting wires,IC-8038,RPS,Diode-
IN4007,resistors,capacitors,op-amp µA 741.
Circuit diagram:
a) PSK generation

b) Op-amp inverting amplifier(to generate inverting carrier)

c) ASK from PSK

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d) Demodulation circuit(Envelope detector)

Waveform:

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Theory:

BPSK (also sometimes called PRK, phase reversal keying, or 2PSK) is the simplest form of
phase shift keying (PSK). It uses two phases which are separated by 180° and so can also be
termed 2-PSK. It does not particularly matter exactly where the constellation points are
positioned, and in this figure they are shown on the real axis, at 0° and 180°. Therefore, it
handles the highest noise level or distortion before the demodulator reaches an incorrect
decision. That makes it the most robust of all the PSKs. It is, however, only able to modulate at
1 bit/symbol (as seen in the figure) and so is unsuitable for high data-rate applications.
In the presence of an arbitrary phase-shift introduced by the communications channel, the
demodulator (see, e.g. Costas loop) is unable to tell which constellation point is which. As a
result, the data is often differentially encoded prior to modulation.

Procedure:

1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Input frequency is adjusted to be greater than the modulating signal.
3. Apply the message signal and carrier signal to the respective pin of IC CD4051.
4. Set the message signal to 5V (p-p).
5. Observe the output at respective pins of IC CD 4051.
6. For demodulation connections are made as shown in figure, then obtain the original message
signal.
Result :

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EXPERIMENT 4: Time Division Multiplexing and Demultiplexing of two

band limited signals
Aim: To design and demonstrate the working of TDM for PAM signals with 1kHz and 2kHz
message signals with the help of multiplexing and demultiplexing circuit.
Apparatus: CRO with probes,signal generators,connecting wires,IC CD4051,RPS,transistor
BC107.

Waveform:

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Theory:
Time-division multiple access (TDMA) is a channel access method for shared-medium
networks. It allows several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into
different time slots. The users transmit in rapid succession, one after the other, each using its
own time slot. This allows multiple stations to share the same transmission medium (e.g. radio
frequency channel) while using only a part of its channel capacity. TDMA is used in the digital
2G cellular systems such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), IS-136,
Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) and iDEN, and in the Digital Enhanced Cordless
Telecommunications (DECT) standard for portable phones. It is also used extensively in satellite
systems, combat-net radio systems, and passive optical network (PON) networks for upstream
traffic from premises to the operator. TDMA is a type of time-division multiplexing (TDM), with
the special point that instead of having one transmitter connected to one receiver, there are
multiple transmitters. In the case of the uplink from a mobile phone to a base station this
becomes particularly difficult because the mobile phone can move around and vary the timing
advance required to make its transmission match the gap in transmission from its peers.
Procedure:

1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Apply two PAM signals to the multiplexer circuit.
3. Apply the clock signal to the suitable frequency and amplitude.
4. Multiplexed waveforms are obtained as shown in figure.
5. Connect the multiplexed output to demultiplexer IC and same clk is applied.
6. Obtain the demultiplexer waveform.

Result:

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EXPERIMENT 5: Measurement of frequency, Guide wavelength, power,

VSWR and attenuation in microwave test bench
Aim: To determine the frequency and wave-length in a rectangular waveguide working on TE10
mode.
Apparatus: Klystron power supply, Klystron mount, Cooling Fan, Isolator, Variable attenuator,
Frequency meter, Slotted Line, Tunable Probe, Crystal (X-band) detector, VSWR Meter,
Matched Load, wave guide stand, movable short/ matched termination, Oscilloscope.
Block diagram

Fig 1: Microwave Test Bench Experimental Setup

Theory:
For dominant TE10 mode in rectangular waveguide λ0, λg and λc are related below
1 1 1
λ02
= λg2
+ λc2

Where λ0 is free space wavelength

λg is guide wavelength and
λc is cutoff wavelength
For TE10 mode, λc = 2a where ‘a’ is broad dimension of waveguide.The following relationship
can be proved
C = fλ
Where c is velocity of light and f is frequency.
Procedure:
(A) Initial Setup
1. Assemble the equipment as shown in the block diagram
2. Turn ‘ON’ the Cooling fan and placed to nearby Reflex Klystron Mount.
3. Before you turn ON the Klystron power supply, keep switch in HT position and maintain
beam voltage at minimum (extreme left) and repeller voltage at maximum levels (extreme right).

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4. Switch to AM Modulation mode.

5. Tune variable attenuator to minimum level. ( > 25mm)
(B) Characterization
(i) Power Measurement
1. Slowly reduce the repeller voltage (not below -50v) and adjust the modulating signal
amplitude and frequency to get clear square wave output with maximum possible amplitude on
the CRO.
2. Note down the beam voltage, beam current and calculate the beam power consumed by the
klystron tube, the power output of klystron tube (η=30%) and measure the power received across
detector mount using VSWR meter, by connecting the probe from detector mount to VSWR
meter.
(ii) Attenuation Measurement
1. Tune the variable attenuator to 10mm and adjust the power received to 0dB in the VSWR
meter.
2. Now vary the attenuation from 10mm to 0mm in steps of 1mm and note down the power
reading in the VSWR meter.
3. At the end release the variable attenuator (>25mm).

(iii) (a) Direct Frequency Measurement

1. Connect the probe from detector mount to CRO.
2. To measure the operating frequency, the frequency meter is tuned to get a DIP in the signal
amplitude level on CRO and the corresponding frequency is read directly from the frequency
meter is the operating frequency.
(iii) (b) Indirect Frequency Measurement
1. Connect the probe from slotted line section to CRO.
2. Indirect frequency measurement/computation is done by using f = λo / c.
3. To find the waveguide wavelength λg move the carriage on the slotted line to get the
maximum output and note down the reading on the scale on the slotted line and vernier scale say
D1 in cm, move the carriage to the right or left to get the next maximum output position note
down the reading on the slotted line scale say D2 in cm. The difference in distance between the
two maximum outputs (or between two minimum positions) D1-D2= λg/2 i.e., maxima method
Guide wave length λg = 2× (D1-D2) = cm
Cutoff wavelength λc =2a (wave guide inner broad dimensions as ‘a’ in cm)
4. Now the signal wavelength λo is computed using λo = (λg / √ (1+ (λg / λg) 2)))
5.Verify with frequency obtained by frequency meter.

Result:

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EXPERIMENT 6: Measurement of Directivity And Gain of Microstrip Dipole

And Yagi Antennas
Aim: To conduct an experiment to obtain radiation pattern and to measure the directivity and
gain of the Dipole antenna and Yagi antenna.

Apparatus: Microwave signal source(2.2-3Ghz)VSWR meter, coaxial detector, N(m) to

SMA(F) adaptor, Attenuator pad(3dB)BNC/SMA connector fitted cables, antenna stands, planar
antennas:Yagi antennas, printed dipole antannas.
Expermental setup:

Angle Relative power level Angle Relative power level

(degrees) (degrees)
VSWR Corrected Normalized VSWR Corrected Normalized
meter value value (dB) meter value value (dB)
reading (dB) reading (dB
(dB) (dB)
0 X (ref) y 0 0 0
5 -5 ..
10 -10 ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
Table 2.1: Measured data for E-plane pattern Frequency=

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ngle Relative power level Angle Relative power level

(degrees) (degrees)
VSWR Corrected Normalized VSWR Corrected Normalized
meter value value (dB) meter value value (dB)
reading (dB) reading (dB
(dB) (dB)
0 X (ref) y 0 0 0
5 -5 ..

Table 2.1: Measured data for E-plane pattern Frequency=

Measurement of Directivity.
Procedure:
1. Assemble the set up as shown in figure ,mount the two(identical) yagi antennas
on the two stands.Do not switch ‘ON’ the signal source or the VSWR meter until
you read the instructions given at Sl.nos 2 and 3 below.
2. Procedure for switching ‘ON’ the microwave signal source.
a) Before switching ‘ON’ the signal source,rotate the RF power level knob on the
front panel anti-clockwise to minimum position(lowest power output).Connect a
3dB attenuator pad at the RF output port as shown in the diagram.
b) Switch on the signal source in the following sequence:
First power switch to ‘ON’position and the RF power to ‘ON’ position.Set
modulation switch to AM and modulating frequency to the 1kHz preset position.
3. Procedure for switching ‘ON’ the VSWR meter.
The VSWR meter is to be used in conjunction with the coaxial detector. Keep the
range switch in the 40dB position and the variable gain knob to maximum.The
choce of 40dB range initially,is to avoid the meter needle from kicking in case the
input power is high.

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Switch ‘ON’the VSWR meter.Then change the range settinh to 50dB,60dB till the
meter needle is within the reading range,Now vary the source RF power to get
reading in one of these ranges.
4. Procedure for recording VSWR meter readings.
Take all VSWR meter readings on the dB scale and record them as ‘minus’
dB.Positive dB numbers that we read refer to the VSWR meter gain,but for the
input signal,it is negative dB.If the range switch is in 40DB position and the needle
on the meter points to 6dB on the dB scale,then note down the readings as –
(40+6)=46dB.
5. Keep the receiving antenna in the far zone of the transmitting antenna. That is,
the distance R between the two antennas must satisfy the relation R>2D2
/�0.where D is the maximum size of an antenna(s),and �0 is the free space
wavelength.Calculate this value for the given antennas and make sure that the
distance between the antennas is greater than this R.
6. For E-plane pattern: Align the two Yagi antennas along their main beam peaks
and for hortizontal polarization.Set the pointer on the receiving antenna stand to
read 00.
7. Set the frequency of the source near 2.4GHz and vary frequency around this
value to get maximum reading on the VSWR meter.8.With the antennas properly
aligned and the pointer on the rotating stand set at 00 adjust the power output of the
source to indicate high power in dB on the VSWR9say -46dB).This is the
reference value at the peak of the beam.
9. Next,rotate the antenna clocking in steps of 50 at a time till 900.Record the angles
in column 1 and VSWR meter readings as ‘minus’ dB in column 2 of table 2.1.
10. Return to 00 position. The VSWR meter needle should return to the reference
level(-46dB0.Incase of any minor deviation adjust the gain on the VSWR meter
slightly to read the same reference value. Repeat measurements by rotating the
antenna anticlockwise in steps of 50 till -900.Record the angle and VSWR meter
readings at every step in columns 5 and 6,respectively.
This completes the measurement in the E-plane.
11. For H-plane pattern: Now turn the antennas by 900 and mount them for
vertical polarization, align the antennas for maximum reading on the VSWR meter.

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Follow the same procedure as given above in steps 8 to 10 and tabulate the
readings in table 2.2 in the respective columns(as in table 2.1)This completes the
measurement in the H-plane.
1. Refer to the calibration graph that is provided with the detector and VSWR
meter.Locate the VSWR meter readings of columns 2 and 6 on the x-axis of the
graph.Read the corrected values on the y-axis and record them in columns 3 and 7
respectively.
2. Normalize all the readings by taking the reference value as 0dB.
For example:If the corrected reference value is y=-49.5dB to all the readings of
column 3 and 7 and enter the normalized values in the respective adjacent
columns.Plot the E-plane and H—plane patterns on a polar plot showing
normalized values in dB versus the angle.
3. For both the patterns, locate the -3dB points on either side of the peak(0dB) and
note the angle between them. This gives the -3dB beam widths ∆θE0 and ∆θ H0 in
the E-plane and H-plane respectively.
4. The pattern directivity D can be calculated using the approximate formula givel
below
32.400
D=
∆θE0 ∆θH0

Or
32.400
D(dBi) =10 log10
∆θE0 ∆θH0

Measurement of Gain
Procedure
1. Measure RF power input to the transmit antenna.
First set the transmit power level.Connect all the attenuator pads at the source
output and then connect the detector and VSWR meter.
2. Switch ‘ON’ the RF power with source in AM 1kHz modulation and frequency
2.4GHz.Set the VSWR range switch to 40dB range and variable gain knob to
maximum.

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3. Now,swich ‘OFF’ the RF pwer output without disturbing the power level setting
of the source.Disconnect the detector and VSWR meter for the source.
4. Connect the equipement as in the experimental arrangement shown in
figure.Mount the two identical Yagi antennas on the two antenna stands.The
distance between the two antennas must satisfy the fair zone criterion.
5. Align the two antennas for the same polarization(say vertical).Start with a
minimum distance R that satisfies the far zone criterion.
6. Switch ‘ON’the RF power.If the VSWR meter does not show any
reading,increase the transmit power by removing one or two of the attenuator
pads.The VSWR meter gives the received power level Prec(dB) at distance R.
7. Record R(cm), Pref(dB)(minus),value of attenuator pad(s) removed as
A(dB)(plus) and the received power level Prec(dB)(minus) in columns 1,2,4,and 6
respectively,of table 2.3.
9. The experiments can be repeated at other frequencies to obtain gain versus
frequency.
R(cm) Pref(dB) Pref(dB) Att.pads Pt Prec Pr (Pt- √Pt/Pr
Removed (dB) (dB) (dB) Pr)
A(dB) (dB)
.
.
.

10. Calculate the power ratio (Pt/Pr) using the following formula.

Calculate √Pt/Pr and enter the value in table.Plot a graph with R(cm) along the x-axis and the
power ratio √Pt/Pr along the y-axis.
Result:

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EXPERIMENT 7: Determination of Coupling and isolation characteristics of

microstrip directional and branch line coupler
Aim:
To measure coupling and isolation characteristics of a Microstrip directional coupler and
branch-line coupler.
Apparatus:
Microwave Signal Source (VCO), Couplers (BLC and PLC), Attenuator Pad
(3dB),N(m) to SMA(F) adaptor,Matched loads(50Ω)-2 ,VSWR Meter,Directional
coupler:Microstrip branch line coupler,Microstrip parallel coupler.
Experimental setup:

Freq VSWR meter readings Coupling

f(GHz) Pl1 P3s P1l1 P13s C(dB)=Pl1-
(dB) (dB) (dB) (dB) P3s
2.2
.
.
.
2.8
Table 3.1 Measured data and calculation of coupling
Freq VSWR meter readings Coupling
f(GHz) Pl1 P4s P1l1 P14s C(dB)=Pl1-
(dB) (dB) (dB) (dB) P4s
2.3
.
.
2.8
Table 3.2 Measured data and calculation of Isolation

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Theory:
RF directional (parallel) couplers are often used in RF design applications. Directional
couplers are RF passive devices used to couple a specific proportion of the power travelling in
one transmission line out through another connection or port. Directional couplers find many
applications in RF design, ranging from through line power sensors to transmitter automatic
levels controls. As such they are particularly useful, enabling power levels to be sensed without
making a direct connection to the transmission line carrying the power.
An RF directional coupler is a four port device. The four ports are generally termed as Input
(Port 1, Incident), Transmitted (Port 2, Output), Coupled (Port 3, Forward coupled port) and
Isolated (Port 4, Reverse coupled port).

A branchline coupler is a four-port network that can be used either as a power divider or as a
signal combiner. A Branch Line Coupler is the simplest type of a Quadrature Coupler or 90°
Hybrid Coupler. This device is basically a 3 dB, four port directional coupler with 90° phase
difference between its output ports. It can be used as a single antenna Transmitter/Receiver
system or an I/Q signal splitter/combiner, the signal fed into port 1 is split into equal shares
between port 2 and port 3. Port 4 is isolated. The signals at the output ports 2 and 3 are 90° out of
phase.

Procedure:
1. Assemble the set up as shown in Figure. Do not switch ‘ON’ the signal source or the VSWR
meter until you read the instructions given at Sl.nos 2 and 3 below.
2. Procedure for switching ‘ON’ the microwave signal source.

a) Before switching ‘ON’ the signal source, rotate the RF power level knob on the front panel
anti-clockwise to minimum position(lowest power output).Connect a 3dB attenuator pad at the
RF output port as shown in the diagram.
b) Switch on the signal source in the following sequence:

First power switch to ‘ON’position and the RF power to ‘ON’ position.Set modulation switch to

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AM and modulating frequency to the 1kHz preset position.

3. Procedure for switching ‘ON’ the VSWR meter.

The VSWR meter is to be used in conjunction with the coaxial detector. Keep the range switch in
the 40dB position and the variable gain knob to maximum.The choce of 40dB range initially,is to
avoid the meter needle from kicking in case the input power is high.Switch ‘ON’the VSWR
meter.
4. To Measure the coupling

a) First measure reference power level by connecting the cable end at P to Q directly as shown in
figure.Set the frequency of the source to 2.3GHz.Increase the RF power output of the source till
the VSWR meter shows a reading in the 50dB range.Record the frequency in column 1 and the
VSWR meter readings as Pl1 dB(minus value) in column 2 of table 3.1.Increase the frequency of
the source in steps of 0.1GHz upto 2.8GHz and note the corresponding readings of the VSWR
meter.Column 2 now gives the reference power at different frequencies.
b) Next insert the coupler(branchline or parallel coupled) between P and Q with input port1
connected to P and the coupled port port3 to Q.Terminate ports 2 and 4 of the coupler in 50Ω
matched loads.Record the readings of the VSWR meter at the above frequencies as P3s
dB(minus) value in column 3 of table 3.1.
5. To Measure the Isolation

The value of isolation is generally much greater than coupling. Therefore, choose a higher
reference values so that with the device connected ,the meter needle does not go below 70dB.
a) connect the cable end at P to Q directly.Set the frequency of the source to 2.3GHz.Increase the
RF power output of the source till the VSWR meter shows reading in the 40dB range.Record the
frequency in column 1 and the VSWR meter readings as Pl1 dB(minus value) in column 2 of
table 3.2.Increase the frequency of the source in steps of 1.1GHz upto 2.8GHz and note the
correspondings of the VSWR meter. Column 2 now gives the reference input power at different
frequencies.
b) Connect the isolated port(port4) to Q. Terminate ports 2 and 3 in matched loads.Record the
readings of the VSWR mater at the same frequencies as P4s dB in column 3 at the same table.
coupling C(dB)=Pl1(dB)-P3s(dB).Enter the value at column 6 of table 3.1.
6. Determination of coupling in decibles

Using the calibration graph, get the corrected values Pl1 of table 3.1 and record them as P1l1 in
column 4 of the same table. Similarly get the corrected values of P3S and record them as P13s(dB)
in column 5 of table 3.1.
Coupling C(dB)=Pl1(dB)-P3s(dB).Enter the value at column 6 of table 3.1.
7. Determination of Isolation in decibles

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Using the calibration graph,get the corrected values Pl1 of table 3.1 and record them as P1l1 in
column 4 of the same table.Similarly get the corrected values of P4S and record them as P14s(dB)
in column 5 of table 3.1.
Isolation (dB)=Pl1(dB)-P4s(dB).Enter the value at column 6 of table 3.1.
8.Plot C(dB) and Isolation(dB) as a function of frequency.
Result:

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EXPERIMENT 7: Resonance Characterstics of microstrip ring resonator

and computation of dielectric constant of the substrate

Aim: To determine the Resonance characteristics of microstrip ring resonator and computation of
dielectric constant of the substrate.
Apparatus:
Microwave signal source, VSWR/Power meter, detector, 6dB attenuator and ring resonator.

Experimental setup:

Theory:
Permittivity relates to a material's ability to transmit or permit an electric field. The
permittivity of a material is usually given relative to that of vacuum, as a relative permittivity.
The measurement of complex dielectric properties of materials at radio frequency has gained
increasing importance especially in the research fields, such as material science, microwave
circuit design, absorber development, biological research, etc. Dielectric measurement is
important because it can provide the electrical or magnetic characteristics of the materials, which
proved useful in many research and development fields.
Due to the influence of type dielectric substrate on the interaction of electromagnetic energy with
materials, dielectric properties of materials are useful data for imaging and radar
experimentation. Electromagnetic imaging applications require the dielectric properties of
materials to predict the interaction between fields used for imaging and the materials. Microstrip
ring resonators are frequently used to determine microwave substrate properties, in particular the
dielectric constant and loss tangent.

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Fig 1. Schematic View of Microstrip Ring resonator

Microstrip ring resonator is formed by bending the strip conductor of a microstrip in the form of
a ring as shown in figure1 along with input and output feed lines. The gap between the feed line
and the ring determines the coupling. Smaller the gap, tighter is the coupling. Resonance is
established when the mean circumference of the ring is equal to integral multiples of guide
wavelength in microstrip.
2πR = n , �� = ��� / ��√∈ �� for n = 1, 2, 3, 4................Eqtn1
Where ��= guide wavelength in the microstrip, ∈ �� = relative (effective) dielectric constant
of the microstrip, �� = free space velocity, �� = resonant frequency of the ring. Also h =
height of dielectric structure, w = width of the strip conductor.
∈ �=(�∗ ∈ ���)+[(�+����)−�/�−�][(�+����)−�/�+�] .....Eqtn2.
Relative dielectric constant of the medium ∈ � is the related to ∈ �� as shown in equ.2.
Resonant frequency of the ring is affected if the coupling at the gap is very strong. Coupling is
designed such that it is just adequate to observe resonance peak but not strong enough to affect
the intrinsic resonant frequency of the ring.
The effective dielectric constant of any material can be found using the formula:
∈ ���=(��������)�
(2∗ ∈ ���)+[(1+10ℎ �)−1/2−1]
∈ �= 1
[(1+10ℎ � −) +1]
2

Where, h= height of the known sample (substrate used for ring resonator)
w= width of ring resonator.
Procedure:
1. Assemble the set up as shown in figure ,mount the two(identical) yagi antennas on the two
stands.Do not switch ‘ON’ the signal source or the VSWR meter until you read the instructions
given at Sl.nos 2 and 3 below.
2. Procedure for switching ‘ON’ the microwave signal source.

a) Before switching ‘ON’ the signal source,rotate the RF power level knob on the front panel
anti-clockwise to minimum position(lowest power output).Connect a 3dB attenuator pad at the
RF output port as shown in the diagram.
b) Switch on the signal source in the following sequence:
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First power switch to ‘ON’position and the RF power to ‘ON’ position.Set modulation switch to
AM and modulating frequency to the 1kHz preset position.
3. Procedure for switching ‘ON’ the VSWR meter.

The VSWR meter is to be used in conjunction with the coaxial detector. Keep the range switch in
the 40dB position and the variable gain knob to maximum.The choce of 40dB range initially, is
to avoid the meter needle from kicking in case the input power is high.Switch ‘ON’ the VSWR
meter.
4. Set the frequency of the source to 2.2GHz.Connect P and Q directly.Increase the power output
of the source till the VSWR meter shows a reading of about 45dB.
5. Next insert the ring resonator between P and Q.Vary the frequency of the source slowly from
2.3GHz to 2.8GHz and observe the frequency at which the VSWR meter reading shows a sharp
peak.Note the frequency at which the VSWR meter shows a peak.This is the resonant frequency
f of the resonator.
Result:

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EXPERIMENT 7: Measurement propogation loss,bending loss in optical fiber

OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this experiment is to measure propagation or attenuation loss in optical fiber.

Block Diagram:

THEORY:Attenuation is loss of power. During transit light pulse lose of their photons, thus reducing
theiramplitude. Attenuation for a fiber is usually specified in decibels per kilometer. For commercially available
fibers attenuation ranges from 1dB/km for premium small-core glass fibers to over 2000dB/km for a large core
plastic fiber. Loss is by definition negative decibels. In common usage, discussions of loss omit the negative sign.
The basic measurement for loss in a fiber is made by taking the logarithmic ratio of the input power (Pi) to the
output power (Po)

Pi
dB 10
Po

Where is Loss in dB/Meter

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Connect power supply to board
Make the following connections (as shown in block diagram)
a) Function Generators 1Khz sinewave output to input 1 socket of emitter 1 circuit via 4mm lead.
b) Connect 0.5 optic fiber between emitter 1 output and detector 1’s input.
c) Connect Detector 1 output to amplifier 1 input Socket via 4mm lead.
Switch ON the power supply.
Set the Oscilloscope channel 1 to 0.5V/Div and adjust 4-6 div amplitude by using X1 probe with the help of
variable pot in function generator block at input 1 of Emitter 1.
Observe the output signal from detector t p 28 on CRO.
Adjust the amplitude of the received signal as that of transmitted one with the help of gain adjust pot in AC

Amplifier block. Note this amplitude and name it V1.

Now replace the previous F.O. cable with 1m cable without disturbing any previous setting.
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1. Measure the amplitude at the receiver side again at output of amplifier 1 socket t p 28. Note this value end name

it V2.

Calculate the propagation (Attenuation) loss with the help of following formula.

L L2)
V1/V2 = e
Where is loss in nepers/meter
1 neper = 8.686 dB ,L1 = Length of shorter cable (0.5m), L2 = Length of longer cable (1m)

BENDING LOSS
OBJECTIVE:
The Objective of this experiment in to study of bending loss.

THEORY:

Whenever the condition for angle of incidence of the incident light is violated the losses are introduced due to
refraction of light. This occurs when fiber is subjected to bending. Lower the radius of curvature more is the loss.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Repeat all the steps from 1 to 6 of the previous experiment No 7 using 1m cable.
2. Wind the FO cable on the mandrel and observe the corresponding AC amplifier output on CRO…
it will be gradually reducing showing loss due to bends.

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TABULAR COLUMN:

No of bends Output signal voltage in

volts
Without bending
st
1 bend
nd
2 bend
rd
3 bend
RESULT:

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Part -B Simulation Experiments using MATLAB

1. Simulate NRZ, RZ, half-sinusoid and raised cosine pulses

AIM: To Simulate NRZ, RZ, half-sinusoid and raised cosine pulses and generate eye diagram for binary polar
signaling.

Simulate NRZ, RZ and raised Cosine pulses

% and generate eyediagram for bipolar signaling

clc;
clf;
close all;
clear all;

b= input('Enter the binary sequence for line codes:');

L=length(b);
A=1;
Tb=100;
s = input('Enter a number 1.Unipolar NRZ,2.Polar NRZ,3.Polar RZ,4.
BiPolar NRZ:');

switch s
case 1
% Unipolar NRZ format x(t)= A for 0<=t<Tb;
% x(t)= 0 for 0<=t<Tb;
disp('Unipolar NRZ format');
for i=1:L
for t=(i-1)*Tb+1:i*Tb
x(t)=0;
if(b(1,i)==1)x(t)=A;
end
end
end

case 2
%Polar NRZ format x(t)= +A/2 for 0<= t <Tb;
% x(t)=-A/2 for 0 <= t <Tb;
disp('Polar NRZ format');
for i=1:L
for t=(i-1)*Tb+1:i*Tb
x(t)=0;
if(b(1,i)==1)x(t)=A/2;
else x(t)=-A/2;
end
end
end

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case 3
% Polar RZ format symbol 1: x(t)= +A/2 for 0<= t <Tb/2;
% x(t)= 0 for Tb/2<= t <Tb;

% symbol 0: x(t)=-A/2 for 0 <= t <Tb/2;

% x(t)= 0 for Tb/2<= t <Tb;
disp('Polar RZ format');
for i=1:L
if(b(1,i)==1)
for t=(i-1)*Tb+1:i*Tb;
if(t>=(i-1)*Tb&&t<(2*i-1)*Tb/2)x(t)=A/2;
else x(t)=0;
end
end
else for t=(i-1)*Tb+1:i*Tb;
if(t>=(i-1)*Tb&&t<(2*i-1)*Tb/2)x(t)=-A/2;
else x(t)=0;
end
end
end
end

case 4
%BIPolar NRZ format
% symbol 1: Alternate x(t)= +A/2 and -A/2 for 0<= t <Tb;
% symbol 0 x(t)=0 for 0 <= t <Tb;

disp('BiPolar NRZ format,AMI');

k=-1;
for i=1:L
if(b(1,i)==1)
k=k+1;
for t=(i-1)*Tb+1:i*Tb
x(t)=cos(k*pi);
end
else for t=(i-1)*Tb+1:i*Tb
x(t)=0;
end
end
end
end

figure(1);
n=1:Tb*length(b);
d= plot(n,x); grid on;
title('Line code formats');
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xlabel('time,t');
ylabel('Amplitude,A');
set(d,'LineWidth',2.5);
hold on;
axis([0 Tb*L -2 2]);
%Raised cosine pulses
fs=200;
fd=5;
x=rcosine(fd,fs);
figure(2);
plot(x);
disp('end');

%eyediagram for binary polar signalling

disp('eyediagram for binary polar signaling ');

for i=1:L
if(b(1,i)==1)
for t=(i-1)*Tb+1:i*Tb;
if(t>=(i-1)*Tb&&t<(2*i-1)*Tb/2)x(t)=A/2;
else x(t)=0;
end
end
else for t=(i-1)*Tb+1:i*Tb;
if(t>=(i-1)*Tb&&t<(2*i-1)*Tb/2)x(t)=-A/2;
else x(t)=0;
end
end
end
end
figure(1);

N=awgn(x,2);
eyediagram(x,2)
eyediagram(N,2)

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2. Simulate the Pulse code modulation and demodulation system

AIM: Simulate the Pulse code modulation and demodulation system and display the
waveforms.

% Simulate Pulse Code Modulation and demodulation system and display

waveforms

clc
clf;
clear all;
close all;

%PCM Transmitter

%Analog sinusoidal signal

f=input('Enter the maximum frequency of input signal :');
fs=20*f;%Nyquist sampling rate
t=0:1/fs:1;
a=2;% amplitude
x=a*sin(2*pi*f*t);
x1=x+a;%level shifting
q_op=round(x1);%Quantization
enco=de2bi(q_op,'left-msb');%decimal to binary conversion

%PCM Receiver
deco=bi2de(enco,'left-msb'); % binary to decimal conversion
xr=deco-a;%shifting the amplitude level to orignal value
plot(t,x,'r-',t,xr,'k+-');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
legend('original signal','reconstructed signal');

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% Simulate Pulse Code Modulation and demodulation system and

% display waveforms using simulink

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3. Simulate the QPSK transmitter and receiver

AIM: Simulate the QPSK transmitter and receiver. Plot the signals and its constellation diagram.

% QPSK modulation
%
% 1. Generate quadrature carriers.
% 2. Start FOR loop
%3. Generate binary data, message signal(bipolar form)
% 4. Multiply carrier 1 with odd bits of message signal and carrier 2 with even bits of message signal
% 5. Perform addition of odd and even modulated signals to get the QPSK modulated
% 6. Plot QPSK modulated signal.
%7. End FOR loop.
%8. Plot the binary data and carriers.
%
% QPSK demodulation
%
% 1. Start FOR loop
% 2. Perform correlation of QPSK modulated signal with quadrature carriers to get two decision variables x1 and
x2.
% 3. Make decision on x1 and x2 and multiplex to get demodulated binary data.
% 4.If x1>0and x2>0, choose ‘11’. If x1>0and x2<0, choose ‘10’.
%If x1<0and x2>0, choose ‘01. If x1<0and x2<0, choose ‘00’.
% 4. End FOR loop 5. Plot demodulated data
%
% Program

% QPSK Modulation
clc; clear all; close all;

%GENERATE QUADRATURE CARRIER SIGNAL

Tb=1;t=0:(Tb/100):Tb;
fc=1;
c1=sqrt(2/Tb)*cos(2*pi*fc*t);
c2=sqrt(2/Tb)*sin(2*pi*fc*t); %generate message signal
N=8;m=rand(1,N);
t1=0;t2=Tb
for i=1:2:(N-1)
t=[t1:(Tb/100):t2]
if m(i)>0.5 m(i)=1;
m_s=ones(1,length(t));
else
m(i)=0;
m_s=-1*ones(1,length(t));
end %odd bits modulated signal
odd_sig(i,:)=c1.*m_s;
if m(i+1)>0.5
m(i+1)=1; m_s=ones(1,length(t));
else
m(i+1)=0;

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m_s=-1*ones(1,length(t));
end %even bits modulated signal
even_sig(i,:)=c2.*m_s; %qpsk signal
qpsk=odd_sig+even_sig; %Plot the QPSK modulated signal
subplot(3,2,4);plot(t,qpsk(i,:));
title('QPSK signal');xlabel('t---->');ylabel('s(t)');
grid on; hold on;
t1=t1+(Tb+.01);
t2=t2+(Tb+.01);
end

hold off %Plot the binary data bits and carrier signal
subplot(3,2,1);stem(m); title('binary data bits');xlabel('n---->');ylabel('b(n)');
grid on;
subplot(3,2,2);plot(t,c1); title('carrier signal-1');xlabel('t---->');ylabel('c1(t)');
grid on;
subplot(3,2,3);plot(t,c2); title('carrier signal-2');xlabel('t---->');ylabel('c2(t)');
grid on;

% QPSK Demodulation
t1=0;t2=Tb
for i=1:N-1
t=[t1:(Tb/100):t2] %correlator
x1=sum(c1.*qpsk(i,:));
x2=sum(c2.*qpsk(i,:)); %decision device
if (x1>0&&x2>0)
demod(i)=1;
demod(i+1)=1;

elseif (x1>0&&x2<0)
demod(i)=1;
demod(i+1)=0;
elseif (x1<0&&x2<0)
demod(i)=0;
demod(i+1)=0;
elseif (x1<0&&x2>0)
demod(i)=0;
demod(i+1)=1;
end
t1=t1+(Tb+.01);
t2=t2+(Tb+.01);
end
subplot(3,2,5);
stem(demod);
title('qpsk demodulated bits');
xlabel('n---->');
ylabel('b(n)');
grid on;

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4. Test the performance of a binary differential phase shift keying system by simulating the non-coherent
detection of binary DPSK.

AIM: Test the performance of a binary differential phase shift keying system by simulating the non- coherent
detection of binary DPSK.
% dpsk performance
%
EbN0_dB = 0:10;
EbN0 = 10.^(EbN0_dB/10);
ber_dpsk_awgn=berawgn(EbN0,'dpsk',2);
semilogy(EbN0_dB,ber_dpsk_awgn)
hold on
grid on
BER = 1/2.*erfc(sqrt(EbN0));
semilogy(EbN0_dB,BER);
hold on

Pe=0.5.*exp(-EbN0)
semilogy(EbN0_dB,Pe);
hold on

ylabel('BER')
xlabel('E_b/N_0 (dB)')
title('Bit Error Rate for differential Binary Phase-Shift Keying')

legend('ber_dpsk_awgn','BER','Pe');

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VIVA QUESTIONS
1. State different types of Digital modulation techniques?
2. What is shift keying?
3. What is a binary modulation technique?
4. Define ASK?
5. Define FSK?
6. Define PSK?
7. Define QPSK and DPSK?
8. Why QPSK is called quadrature shift keying?
9. Define TDMA?
10. What are applications of shift keying?
11. Define FDM?
12. State the applications of multiplexing?
13. State the principle of PLL?
14. State coherent detection?
15. State non-coherent detection?
16. Differentiate between DPSK and QPSK?
17. What is an M-Array data transmission?
18. What is a standing wave?
19. Define reflection and transmission co-efficient?
20. State different types of losses in transmission lines?
21. Define modes?
22. What is the range of microwaves?
23. What is the advantage of waveguides?
24. Define VSWR31. What is frequency deviation in FM?
25. Define Isolator?
26. What is the principle of Directional coupler?
27. State different types of Directional couplers?
28. What is a Klystron?
29. State the classification of microwave tubes?
30. What are O-type and M-type tubes?
31. State application of klystron?
32. State the mechanism of oscillation in klystron?

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33. How modulation occurs in reflex klystron?

34. State two methods to find VSWR?
35. Define the principle of slotted line carriage?
36. Differentiate between normal and expanded SWR?
37. What type of frequency meter is used in Laboratory?
38. Define directivity, radiation efficiency, beam width and bandwidth of an antenna?
39. What are the radiation patterns for Horn antenna, parabolic antenna?
40. State the formula to find directivity for an antenna?
41. What are the advantages of using optical fibers?
42. What is the principle of operation of OFC?
43. State the difference between step-index and graded index fiber?
44. State the formula to find the numerical Aperture?
45. What are the different types of losses in OFCS?

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