→ Personality develops over the course of five distinct

→ stages (oral,anal,phallc,latency,genital), in which the

→ libido is focused on different parts of the body)
→  Libido – psychic energy that drives a person to
→ pleasurable thoughts and behaviors
→ Hysteria  Eros – life instincts, are manifested through it
and are the creative forces that sustain life
 City of Nancy in France
 Thanatos – our death instinct, is either directed
- Induce the symptoms of hysteria in perfectly
inward as in the case of suicide and masochism
healthy px. through hypnosis and then
or outward via hatred and aggression
remove the symptoms in the same way

 Freud’s psychosexual stages of personality

 Hippolyte-Marie Bernheim (1840-1919) and
development are listed below.
Ambroise- Auguste Liebault (1823 -1904)
- Freud proposed fixated at any stage,
- Hysteria was nothing more than a form of
meaning they become stuck, thereby
self-hypnosis
affecting later development and possibly
 Jean Charcot (1825-1893)
leading to abnormal functioning, or
- Hysteria was caused by degenerative brain
psychopathology
changes, reflecting the biological
perspective. He was proven wrong and
1. Oral Stage (birth and lasting to 24 months)
eventually turned to their way of thinking.
- The libido is focused on the mouth and
sexual tension is relived by sucking and
→ HYPNOSIS
swallowing at first, and then later by
 Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815)
chewing and biting as baby teeth come in.
- He believed that the planets also affected the
- Fixation is linked to a lack of confidence,
human body through the force of animal
argumentativeness, and sarcasm.
magnetism and that all people had a
universal magnetic fluid that determined
2. Anal Stage (lasting from 2-3years)
how healthy they were
- The libido is focused on the anus as toilet
- MESMERISM
training occurs
- If parents are too lenient, children may
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY
become messy or unorganized. If parents are
(Josef Breuer (1842-1925) & Sigmund Freud (1856-
too strict, children may become obstinate,
1939)
stingy, or orderly
 The Structure of Personality
 The Development of Personality
3. Phallic Stage (3 to 5-6 years)
 Defense Mechanisms
- The libido is focused on the genitals
 Psychodynamic Techniques
 Evaluating Psychodynamic Theory - The Oedipus complex develops in boys and
results in the son falling in love with his
mother while fearing that his father will find
→ THE STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY
out and castrate him
 3 Levels of Consciousness
- Girls fall in love with the father and fear that
1. Consciousness – the seat of our awareness
2. Preconscious – all of our sensations, their mother will find out, called the Electra
thoughts, memories, and feelings complex
3. Unconscious – not available to us. The - A fixation at this stage may result in low
contents of the unconscious could move self-esteem, feelings of worthlessness, and
from the unconscious to preconscious, but to shyness.
do so, it had to pass a Gate Keeper
4. Latency Stage (6-12 years)
 3 Parts of the Personality - Children lose interest in sexual behavior and
o 1. id (pleasure principle) – impulsive part boys play with boys and girls with girls
that expresses our sexual and aggressive - Neither sex pays much attention to the
instincts opposite sex
o 2. Ego (reality principle) – attempts to
mediate the desires of the id against the 5. Genital Stage (beginning at puberty)
demands of reality, and eventually the moral - Sexual impulses reawaken and unfulfilled
limitations or guidelines of the superego. desires from infancy and childhood can be
o 3. – represents society’s expectations, satisfied with sex
moral standards, rules, and represents our
conscience. → DEFENSE MECHANISMS
- Are in place to protect us from this pain but
→ THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY are considered maladaptive if they are
 misused and become our primary way of
dealing with stress  RATIONALIZATION
- They protect us from anxiety and operate - When we offer well thought out reasons for
unconsciously, also distorting reality. why we did what we did but in reality, these
are not the real reason
 REPRESSION
- When unacceptable ideas, wishes, desires, or
memories are blocked from consciousness
such as forgetting a horrific car accident that
you caused
- The repressed memory can cause problems
later in life
 INTELECTUALIZATION
 REACTION FORMATION - When we avoid emotion by focusing on
- When an impulse is repressed and then intellectual aspects of a situation
expressed by its opposite
- Ex. if we are angry with out boss but cannot
last out at him/her, we may be overly
friendly instead

 DISPLACEMENT → PSYCHODYNAMIC TECHNIQUES

- When we satisfy an impulse with a different Three primary assessment techniques:
object because focusing on the primary 1. Free association
object may get us in trouble 2. Transference
- Ex. taking out your frustration with your 3. Dream analysis
boss on your wife and/or kids when you get
home  FREE ASSOCIATION
Patient:
 PROJECTION - Involves the px. describing whatever comes
- When we attribute threatening desires or to mind during the session
unacceptable motives to others - Continues but always reaches a point when
- Ex. when we do not have the skills he/she cannot or will not proceed any further
necessary to complete a task but we blame - Might change the subject, stop talking, or
the other members of our group for being lose his/her train of thought
incompetent and unreliable
 TRANSFERENCE
 SUBLIMATION - the process through which px. transfer to the
- When we find a socially acceptable way to therapist attitudes he/she held during
express a desire childhood
- Ex. If we are stressed out or upset, we may - they may be positive and include friendly,
go to the gym and box or lift weights affectionate feelings, or negative, and
include hostile and angry/feelings
 DENIAL - The goal of therapy is to wean px. from their
- Sometimes life is so hard all we can do is childlike dependency on the therapist.
deny how bad it is
- Ex. denying is a diagnosis of lung cancer  DREAM ANALYSIS
given by your doctor (understand a person’s innermost wishes)
- The content of dreams include the person’s
 IDENTIFICATION actual retelling of the dreams called manifest
- This is when we find someone who has content, and the hidden or symbolic
found a socially acceptable way to satisfy meaning called latent content
their unconscious wishes and desires and we
model that behavior → EVALUATING PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY
- Ex. When you idolized a famous personality - Psychoanalytic treatment is expensive and
who is generous enough to extend help to time-consuming and since Freud’s time,
those in need drug therapies have become more popular
and successful
 REGRESSION - Still, the work of Sigmund Freud raised
- When we move from a mature behavior to awareness about the role the unconscious
one that is infantile in nature plays in both normal and abnormal behavior
- Ex. if your significant other is nagging you, and he developed useful therapeutic tools for
you might regress and point your hands over clinicians
your ears and say, “la la la la la..”
  FIRST
- Most of Freud’s observations were made in
an unsystematic, uncontrolled way and he
relied on the case study method

 SECOND
- The participants in his studies were not
representative of the larger body of people
whom he tried to generalize to and he really
based his theory on a few px.

 THIRD
- He relied solely on the reports and his px.
and sought out no observer reports
 Father of Psychiatry (BENJAMIN RUSH)
 FOURTH
- Difficult to empirically study
psychodynamic principles since most
operate unconsciously
- The begs the question of how can we really
know that they exist

→ END OF THE 19TH CENTURY

- Mental disorders were caused by a
combination of biological and
psychological factors and the investigation
of how they develop began
- Today rather than arguing for a purely
biological or psychological approach to
understanding mental disorders we focus on
a more integrative multidimensional
approach

→ 18th and 19th CENTURY

(POLITICAL AND SOCIAL REFORM)

 Phillipe Pinel (1792)

MORAL THERAPY
- Mental illness was related to immortality or
faulty upbringing, and that a therapeutic
environment could correct this
 Mother of Modern Psychiatric Nursing
(HILDEGARD PEPLAU)