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Guidance on General Clearance Levels for
Practices
Recommendations of the Group of Experts
established under the terms of Article 31of the
Euratom Treaty

(XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQ
 European Commission

Radiation protection 122

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Guidance on General Clearance Levels for Practices

Recommendations of the Group of Experts

established under the terms of Article 31of the Euratom Treaty

Directorate-General
Environment

2000

1
 )RUHZRUG

The Basic Safety Standards for the protection of the health of workers and the general public
against the dangers from ionising radiation (Council Directive 96/29/Euratom) require national
competent authorities to take into account, when establishing clearance levels, technical
guidance provided by the European Atomic Energy Community.
The concept of clearance is very close to the concept of exemption, but the two concepts relate
to different stages of regulatory control. The present document explains the concepts and
discusses their practical use from the perspective of the overall regulatory control scheme.
With regard to the concept of clearance, so far guidance for the dismantling of nuclear
installations has already been provided by the Article 31 Group of Experts under the
EURATOM Treaty. The guidance relates to recycling of materials (metal and building rubble)
or their unrestricted reuse (metal tools, buildings).
The dismantling of nuclear installations is probably the most important area of application of the
concept of clearance, at least in terms of the volume of materials with a potential for clearance,
but the concept may also be used for a broad range of other practices. Hence the need arose for
default values for any type of material and for any pathway of release. These have been labelled
general clearance levels, and the Article 31 Group of Experts recommends a set of nuclide-
specific values in the present document.
It has been demonstrated that below general clearance levels, any materials can be released from
regulatory control with negligible risk from a radiation protection point of view.
Competent authorities of Member States will benefit from the guidance offered by the Group of
Experts, and this may ensure a harmonised approach within the European Community. It should
be emphasised however that the application of clearance levels by competent authorities is not
obligatory according to the Directive.
The general clearance levels will also play an important role in transboundary movement of
materials, not only within the European Union but also in international trade. The Commission
pursues further discussion at the international level with a view to harmonisation of the
approaches.

S. KAISER
Head of Unit
DG ENV/C/1
Radiation Protection

2
7DEOHRI&RQWHQWV

1. Introduction 4

2. Background 5

2.1. Scope 6
2.2. Administrative requirements for practices: Reporting and prior authorisation 6

3. Exemption and Clearance 7

3.1. General policy for exemption 7

3.2. Exemption and Clearance Criteria 7
3.3. Derivation of exemption values 8
3.4. Disposal, recycling and reuse 8

4. General clearance levels (for practices according to Title III Basic Safety Standards) 9

4.1. Principles 9
4.2. Dose Calculations 10
4.3. Table of General Clearance Levels 11

5. Specific clearance levels 14

5.1. Traceability 14
5.2. Community guidance on specific clearance 15

6. Annex 1:
Derivation and Calculation Results for General Clearance Levels for Practices according
to Title III BSS

3
 ,1752'8&7,21

The scope of the Basic Safety Standards (BSS) for the protection of the health of workers and
the general public against the dangers arising from ionising radiation (Council Directive
96/29/EURATOM, adopted on 13 May 1996)1 is to regulate practices or work activities2 for
which the radiological impact from artificial or naturally occurring radioactive material
(NORM) for the general public and workers is not trivial.

One of the new aspects in the BSS is the possibility of national competent authorities allowing
for material arising from practices to be released from the requirements of the BSS Directive for
disposal, reuse or recycling if the radioactivity content is below so-called “FOHDUDQFHOHYHOV”.

The BSS require national competent authorities to take into account, when establishing
clearance levels, technical guidance provided by the European Atomic Energy Community. So
far guidance for the dismantling of nuclear installations has been provided by the Article 31
Group of Experts under the EURATOM Treaty. Guidance on the recycling or reuse of metals3
and guidance on buildings and building rubble4 has been published.
The guidance relates to recycling of materials (metals and building rubble) or their unrestricted
reuse (metal tools, buildings). It is noted that other options exist, such as recycling within
nuclear industry (e.g. in waste containers) or under continued regulatory control in view of
specific non-nuclear applications. Building rubble from nuclear installations could also be used
e.g. for backfilling of underground mines. Such options can be considered in accordance with
national regulations and after a specific radiological impact study. Options involving this type of
disposal or recycling are, however, not dealt with in the above mentioned guides of the
Article 31 Experts.

It is at this stage not envisaged to produce similar guidance for the application of the concept to
other installations (accelerator buildings, medical waste). Clearance for disposal has been looked
into only for building rubble. Landfill disposal in general is considered to be a matter of national
competence rather than an issue for the Community (even though transboundary movements of
waste may need to be taken into consideration).

The term FOHDUDQFH is thus reserved for release of material which does not require further
regulatory control to ensure the actual destination of the material. The notion of sSHFLILF
FOHDUDQFHOHYHOV is introduced in this report for specific FRQGLWLRQV which can be verified SULRUWR
UHOHDVH. Further guidance on specific clearance is given in chapter 5.

1 Council Directive 96/29/EURATOM of 13 May 1996 laying down basic safety standards for the protection of
the health of workers and the general public against the dangers arising from ionizing radiation, OJ no. L 159,
29.6.96, p. 1- 114.

2 Definitions and further explanations see next chapter.

3 Recommended radiological protection criteria for the recycling of metals from the dismantling of nuclear
installations, Radiation Protection N° 89, 1998.

4 Recommended radiological protection criteria for the clearance of buildings and building rubble from the
dismantling of nuclear installations, Radiation Protection N° 113, 2000.

4
The fact that guidance on clearance levels is made available by the Commission does not imply
that Member States are obliged to use the clearance option. National authorities may wish to
keep some form of regulatory control or traceability after release. The Commission nevertheless
considers it is good practice to recycle all suitable materials rather than to dispose of them, in
order to save energy and raw materials (see foreword to Radiation Protection N° 89).

In this guidance the Commission introduces the notion of JHQHUDO FOHDUDQFH OHYHOV for any
possible application. The term "general clearance" also implies that there are no restrictions on
the origin and type of material to be cleared. The clearance levels given in this document apply
to any solid, dry material, not to liquids or gases (in general considered as HIIOXHQWV).
Harmonization by the European Community of general clearance levels in addition to specific
clearance levels is of great importance in order to avoid problems on the internal market. Further
guidance on general clearance levels is given in chapter 4, more detailed explanations and the
methodology of calculation are given in the Annex 1.

A second new aspect of the BSS is the introduction of Title VII - Significant increase in
exposure due to natural radiation sources. This Part I of the guidance considers only general
clearance levels for practices according to Title III BSS5. General clearance and exemption
levels for work activities according to Title VII BSS will be covered later in a separate part II
document.

The background information given in chapter 2 explains the relevant provisions on clearance,
exemption and exclusion in the Basic Safety Standards.

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The concepts of exemption and clearance have been introduced in the 1996 Basic Safety
Standards. In this way the Basic Safety Standards provide a complete framework for the
administrative requirements enabling an appropriate regulatory control of practices,
commensurate with their radiological impact. Key features in this framework are the closely
related concepts of exemption, clearance and exclusion. These concepts relate to different ways
of avoiding regulatory resources being wasted to such practices for which these would result in
no benefit or nothing but a trivial benefit.

The scope of the Basic Safety Standards is in principle not very different from the earlier
Standards, but the wording has been structured so as to allow for the distinction introduced by
ICRP (Publication 60) between practices and intervention situations. The concepts of H[HPSWLRQ
and FOHDUDQFHpertain to the regulatory control of SUDFWLFHV. Materials contaminated as a result
of past practices which for instance were not subject to regulatory control for any reason (e.g.
military applications) or which were contaminated as a result of an accident are subject to the
basic requirements for LQWHUYHQWLRQ.

The Directive further introduces a third category: ZRUN DFWLYLWLHV involving the presence of
natural radiation sources. In the ICRP recommendations such exposures are either regarded as
an intervention situation (e.g. radon in dwellings) or as practices. The Directive considers this
new area of radiation protection in its own right. It is dealt with in a separate Title VII of the
Directive which allows a flexible approach based at the same time on the principles of
5 For naturally occurring nuclides see also Part II.

5
intervention and of practices. Member States shall decide which work activities need attention
and which control measures are suitable. Thus the administrative requirements discussed in
chapter 2.2 do not apply directly to work activities.

It is also within the context of natural radiation sources that the concept of H[FOXVLRQ is
introduced: certain categories of exposure are not amenable to control: they have been excluded
from the scope of the Directive. In particular certain exposures from natural sources need not be
accounted for in the total exposure for compliance with dose limits. Within a scheme for
regulatory control of work activities decided upon by national authorities there may be room for
excluding (or not including) part of the exposure, e. g. under a certain level, to natural radiation
sources from the total exposure.

 6FRSH

In this Part I of the guidance the Commission gives some explanation and clarification of
JHQHUDOFOHDUDQFH for release of materials resulting from practices according to Title III of the
BSS from regulatory control for any possible application. The term "general clearance" also
implies that there are no restrictions on the origin and type of material to be cleared. Chapter 3 is
intended to clarify the difference between exemption and clearance. Chapters 4 and 5 explain
the distinction between general clearance and specific clearance. The clearance levels given in
this document apply to any solid, dry material, not to liquids or gases (in general considered as
HIIOXHQWV). Further guidance on general clearance levels is given in chapter 4, more detailed
explanations and the methodology of calculation are given in the Annex 1.

Part II contains a more detailed discussion of the way the BSS introduced regulatory control of
work activities and to what extent also the explicit release from regulatory requirements
(exemption or clearance) may be applied to work activities.

 $GPLQLVWUDWLYHUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUSUDFWLFHV5HSRUWLQJDQGSULRUDXWKRULVDWLRQ
The Directive requires Member States to establish a procedure for regulatory control of practices
by competent authorities. All practices shall be reported, unless they are exempted from this
requirement (Art. 3). Certain categories of practices are subject to prior authorisation by the
competent authorities, in particular for the entire nuclear fuel cycle (Art. 4).

In general authorisation or permission is granted by the competent authority on individual

application (Art. 1). The very general wording of some of the categories would include practices
of minor importance for which it might be preferable to grant general authorisation subject to
conditions laid down in national legislation rather than upon individual application. Thus in
Article 4.3 of the Directive, exemption from prior authorisation also applies to cases where “a
limited risk of exposure does not necessitate the examination of individual cases...” (but
reporting is still required).

The release for recycling or reuse or the disposal of materials containing radioactive substances
is explicitly subject to prior authorisation (Art. 5.1) if the materials originate from an installation
subject to reporting or authorisation.

6
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No reporting need be required for practices involving radioactive substances at levels of activity
or activity concentrations below nuclide specific H[HPSWLRQ YDOXHV listed in Annex 1 of the
Directive. No reporting is required for apparatus containing radioactive sources if certain criteria
are satisfied, inter alia for disposal. While there is a legal obligation to fulfil the specified
conditions, the exemption of such apparatus implies that their disposal is not subject to prior
authorisation.

Article 3.2(f) ensures that a practice involving material contaminated with radioactive
substances resulting from authorized releases which competent authorities have declared not to
be subject to further controls, but where the purpose of the practice is not the processing of these
substances, is normally exempted from reporting. Materials released to the environment as
effluents from an authorised practice can give rise to contamination at activity concentrations
above the exemption value. Since such discharges are subject to prior authorisation and to
environmental monitoring by the authorities there is no need to report the processing of such
materials.

Values of activity corresponding to exemption from reporting do not imply exemption from
prior authorisation in case of deliberate direct or indirect administration of radioactive
substances to persons (Art. 4.1.bd). Exemption from reporting within the nuclear fuel cycle is in
practice not applicable. Exemption values may apply to the production of consumer products6 to
the extent they would not be exceeded in the course of the fabrication process. It is stressed
however that this does not extend to applications which are explicitly forbidden on grounds of
insufficient justification (e.g. in toys, see Art. 6.5).

 ([HPSWLRQDQG&OHDUDQFH&ULWHULD
Article 5.2 specifies that clearance levels should be established while taking into account the
basic criteria for exemption spelled out in Annex 1.2. These are essentially the same as in the
IAEA SS 115 (taken over from Safety Series 89, 1988). The basic criteria are presumed to be
fulfilled without further consideration if the effective dose to be incurred by any individual
member of the public is of the order of 10 µSv (or less) in a year and the collective dose
committed during one year is no more than about 1 man Sv.

Satisfying the above numerical criteria implies exemption without further consideration. With
regard to collective dose beyond 1 man Sv, assessment of optimisation of protection can show
that exemption (clearance) is nevertheless the optimum option (e.g. in case of a high
administrative burden for a small benefit of maintaining regulatory control). The basic criteria
permit the exemption in terms of individual dose to levels higher than 10 µSv/a. Note that the
original guidance (Safety Series 89) considered doses of a few tens of µSv/a to be trivial,

6 Directive 96/29/EURATOM does not define consumer JRRGV; in the IAEA-SS 115 consumer SURGXFWV are
defined to include devices such as a smoke detector, luminous dial or ion generating tube that contains a small
amount of radioactive substance. This definition does not restrict the concept to goods for private use only.

7
rounding down to 10 µSv/a was merely convenient, also with regard to possible exposure from
more than one exempted source.

As indicated above the non-numerical basic criteria (Annex 12) provide in principle flexibility
for the release of materials from regulatory control, as long as the radiological consequences are
acceptable. This however would normally require a thorough case-specific examination.

 'HULYDWLRQRIH[HPSWLRQYDOXHV
The exemption values7 have been calculated for those radionuclides for which a possible use
could reasonably be imagined and the likely physical form of the source or matrix could be
established. The scenarios introduced to calculate annual individual exposure from exempted
sources took into account normal use, unforeseen use and disposal of the sources.

The radiological basis for exemption from regulatory control has been established by IAEA8
For the “unforeseen use” a very conservative scenario was considered yielding a “worst case”
dose of 1 mSv (where the probability of occurrence of the scenario is less than 1% per year the
10 µSv/a criterion can be reported as being fulfilled for the potential exposure). In addition to
the dose criterion for effective dose a limiting equivalent dose to skin of 50 mSv/a has been
introduced to exclude the possibility of deterministic effects.

The scenarios considered only moderate amounts of material in case of exempt concentration
values. They were not derived in view of the disposal of large amounts of waste material from
nuclear industry nor of bulk materials in process industries with enhanced levels of naturally
occurring radionuclides. Typical domestic or industrial applications are smoke detectors, surface
density gauges, leak testers, tracers in biochemical research, etc.

Annex 1 of the Directive gives, in addition to the list of exemption values, the basic criteria for
exemption. This allows Member States to define in exceptional circumstances specific
exemption values different from the generic values. One can conceive situations where certain
exposure pathways (e.g. ingestion) are more important than was considered in the generic
approach. There may also be a need for lower specific exemption values pertaining to large
amounts of materials, specific to a type of practice. There may also be cases where higher
exemption values can be granted for specific radionuclides (e. g. Kr-85), depending on the type
of application.

 'LVSRVDOUHF\FOLQJDQGUHXVH
The definition of disposal (see Art. 1) refers both to the emplacement of (solid) wastes in a
disposal site, and dispersion in the environment in a more general sense (see also Article 37 of
the EURATOM Treaty). Article 5 of the Directive states that disposal (in whatever form) is
subject to prior authorisation. The recycling or reuse of materials is also subject to authorisation.
Competent authorities may, however, establish FOHDUDQFH OHYHOV below which the disposal,

7 Principles and Methods for establishing concentrations and quantities (exemption values) below which
reporting is not required in the European Directive, Radiation Protection N° 65, 1993.

8 IAEA, Principles for exemption of radiation sources and practices from regulatory control. Vienna, IAEA
Safety series No. 89 (1988).

8
recycling or reuse of materials is released from the requirements of the Directive. While
clearance levels may very well be defined generically, the decision whether to apply clearance
levels is an individual decision of the competent authorities on the basis of a case-by-case
evaluation of the practice which gives rise to the contaminated or activated material. The
undertaking can MXGJH whether any of the waste streams comply with clearance levels and
submit an application to the authorities, but it is for the authorities to decide. This is the
fundamental difference between exemption values and clearance levels. The receiver/holder of
radioactive substances must be in a position to GHFLGH unambiguously whether he should notify
his practice to the authorities by looking into the exemption rules. In case of possible clearance,
the practice is already reported or authorised and therefore subject to regulatory control.

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In case of general clearance the destination of the material is not defined. This means that
recycling, reuse or disposal of the materials is possible following clearance, and consequently
these possibilities must be taken into account when deriving the clearance criteria and it must be
ensured that the levels for JHQHUDO clearance are equal to or more restrictive than VSHFLILF
clearance levels for different options.

In many cases a prior definition of the destination of the material is not sought or not possible,
and cases occur in practice in which the destination or further treatment after clearance cannot
be determined with sufficient reliability. For this reason it is of importance to define levels for
general clearance which are valid for a large class of materials and for all possible destinations.

In many cases components or equipment that have been used in connection with an authorised
practice may, after clearance, be reused in their original function in another plant or by members
of the general public in their private sphere. Examples of practical relevance are tools, gears,
frameworks, containers, pumps and equipment used in workshops. The term recycling – as
opposed to reuse – is understood to mean the use of substances as secondary raw material for the
manufacture of new materials or new products. Important examples of this are the use of scrap
metal in the manufacture of metal products, and the recycling of building rubble to make
building materials. One crucial difference is the fact that during the manufacturing process the
substances are usually mixed with uncontaminated materials, with the result that in the end
product there is almost always a reduction in specific activity compared with the cleared
material.

The radiological model for general clearance must therefore account for all pathways of
radiation exposure. For the purpose of deriving general clearance levels, HQYHORSLQJ VFHQDULRV
DQG SDUDPHWHU YDOXHV were developed on expert opinion for the exposure paths: ingestion,
inhalation, external γ-radiation and β-skin-irradiation. In each case the most restrictive of the
enveloping scenarios was adopted and the mass specific activity resulting in 10 µSv/a was used
to define the radionuclide-specific clearance level. Additionally it was checked that the
clearance levels are equal to or lower than the mass-specific exemption values in the Annex 1 of
the EURATOM Basic Safety Standards and the values for specific clearance on metal scrap,
given in RP 89, and of building rubble, given in RP 113.

9
The Annex 1 of this document gives a more detailed explanation how such enveloping scenarios
were constructed.
The triviality of risk must be guaranteed at the time of release. Two factors generally lead to
mitigate the radiological risk as time passes:

• spontaneous or technological dilution,

• radioactive decay.

These factors cannot justify carelessness in the management of the materials in question. In
particular, their holders should be strictly forbidden to carry out GHOLEHUDWH dilution in order to
meet the clearance criteria. Such an operation should be considered as a fraudulent action
intended to conceal radiological toxics from the public authorities. This is a sensitive problem. It
concerns both credibility and ethics of the management of low level radioactive materials and
waste. Authorities should implement appropriate regulatory and control means to master it. On
the other hand, dilution with approval of the authorities may have benefits when considering
objectively the various alternatives of management of residual radioactive materials.

Below the general clearance levels there are in principle no constraints. However, inexpensive
actions may sometimes reduce doses even further. The responsible agent for the waste or
material entering the clearance procedure should demonstrate that he has chosen an optimum
option, but since collective doses are below 1 man Sv there is no need for formal optimisation.

The considerations above are focused on radiation protection. In the case of very low level
radioactive materials, it is obvious that health aspects other than radiation may be prominent,
like chemical toxicity (industrial waste) or infectious risk (medical waste). Management of the
materials should comply with the specific, relevant regulations. Chemical or infectious risk may
be well above the radiological risk. In the management of radioactive waste where other kinds
of health risk are present, such as chemical or infectious substances, the choice of the
appropriate option of management should be made by balancing the severity of the different
types of risks, radioactive or other, which are involved.

 'RVH&DOFXODWLRQV
The entire sequence of calculations proceeds along the following lines:

• choice of scenarios
• pathways of exposure
• choice of parameter values
• calculation of individual doses per unit activity concentration (per unit surface concentration
for direct reuse)
• identification of the limiting scenario and pathway
• reciprocal individual doses yield activity concentrations corresponding to 10 µSv/a, rounded
to a power of ten.

The rounding9 to powers of ten is similar to the approach followed for the exemption levels. It
implies that in reality the individual doses are not exactly 10 µSv/a but can in theory be up to

9 If the calculated value lies between 3·10x and 3·10 x+1, the rounded value is 10x+1. This type of near-logarithmic
rounding was preferred in order to err by the same factor rather than by a factor 2 upwards and 5 downwards in
conventional rounding.

10
30 µSv/a and down to 3 µSv/a. The rounding factors were examined so as not to be too large for
the most important radionuclides10.
In nearly all practical cases more than one radionuclide is involved. To determine if a mixture of
radionuclides is below the clearance level a simple summation formula can be used:

Q
F
∑
L F
=1
L
≤ 1.0
/L

where

F L is the total activity in the structure per unit mass of radionuclide L (Bq/g),
F/L is the clearance level of radionuclide L (Bq/g),
Q is the number of radionuclides in the mixture.

In the above expression, the ratio of the concentration of each radionuclide to the clearance level
is summed over all radionuclides in the mixture. If this sum is less than one the material
complies with the clearance requirements. It is worth noting that this is a conservative approach
since the pathways of exposure or the reference group of exposed individuals are not necessarily
the same for each nuclide. In many cases it will be useful to identify a measurable indicator
nuclide within the spectrum and apply correspondingly a sum-index as defined above to the
clearance level for that nuclide.

Collective doses have been estimated both on the basis of individual doses and the number of
people exposed and on the basis of generic exposure scenarios assuming widespread dispersion
still correlated with human occupation. In case of metals, multiple recycling was allowed for.
For some radionuclides the collective dose at the clearance level is close to 1 man Sv, but for a
realistic radionuclide distribution the overall impact is well below this criterion. Moreover it is
considered that in the light of the benefit of recycling both in economic and ecological terms
over landfill disposal, there is no doubt as to whether recycling is a sound option.

Thus in practice only the individual dose criteria (10 µSv/a effective dose, in a few cases
50 mSv/a skin dose) are of importance for the establishment of the clearance levels.

 7DEOHRI*HQHUDO&OHDUDQFH/HYHOV
In table 1 the recommended rounded general clearance levels to be used are given for nuclides
with a half-life greater than 1 day (for nuclides with a half-life equal to or shorter than 1 day the
values are given in table 3-2 of the Annex 1). The derivation, calculation results and discussion
for these values are presented in detail in the Annex 1 of this document.
No general surface specific clearance levels were defined, specific surface specific clearance
levels are given in RP 89 for the recycling of metals11 or buildings and building rubble12.

10 In RP 89 for metals, for a few radionuclides it was judged inappropriate to round the clearance levels down to
0.1 Bq/g, the doses corresponding to 1 Bq/g being judged acceptable.

11 Recommended radiological protection criteria for the recycling of metals from the dismantling of nuclear
installations, Radiation Protection N° 89, 1998.

12 Recommended radiological protection criteria for the clearance of buildings and building rubble from the
dismantling of nuclear installations, Radiation Protection N° 113, 2000.

11
For naturally occurring radionuclides resulting from practices according Title III of the BSS the
values in Table 1 are calculated on the same basis as for artificial ones. While these values are
included here fore completeness, they should be used only in conjunction with the guidance on
work activities on naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) according to Title VII BSS
in Part 2. It is recommended to treat these naturally occurring radionuclides resulting from
practices on a case by case basis, where appropriate.
Those nuclides for which the progeny is already accounted for in the dose calculations are
explicitly listed in Table 2-1 of the Annex 1 and are marked as in the BSS with the sign “+” to
indicate that the derived clearance level also includes daughter nuclides. If such a nuclide is
present only as decay product the daughter nuclides listed in Table 2-1 need not be considered
separately for clearance.

Table 1: Rounded General Clearance Levels

Rounded General
Rounded General Clearance Level
Clearance Level Nuclide1 [Bq/g]
Nuclide1 [Bq/g] Y-90 100
H-3 100 Y-91 10
Be-7 10 Zr-93 10
C-14 10 Zr-95+ 0.1
Na-22 0.1 Nb-93m 100
P-32 100 Nb-94 0.1
P-33 100 Nb-95 1
S-35 100 Mo-93 10
Cl-36 1 Mo-99+ 1
K-40 1 Tc-96 0.1
Ca-45 100 Tc-97 10
Ca-47 1 Tc-97m 10
Sc-46 0.1 Tc-99 1
Sc-47 10 Ru-97 1
Sc-48 0.1 Ru-103+ 1
V-48 0.1 Ru-106+ 1
Cr-51 10 Rh-105 10
Mn-52 0.1 Pd-103+ 1000
Mn-53 1000 Ag-105 1
Mn-54 0.1 Ag-108m+ 0.1
Fe-55 100 Ag-110m+ 0.1
Fe-59 0.1 Ag-111 10
Co-56 0.1 Cd-109+ 10
Co-57 1 Cd-115+ 1
Co-58 0.1 Cd-115m+ 10
Co-60 0.1 In-111 1
Ni-59 100 In-114m+ 1
Ni-63 100 Sn-113+ 1
Zn-65 1 Sn-125 1
Ge-71 10000 Sb-122 1
As-73 100 Sb-124 0.1
As-74 1 Sb-125+ 1
As-76 1 Te-123m 1
As-77 100 Te-125m 100
Se-75 1 Te-127m+ 10
Br-82 0.1 Te-129m+ 10
Rb-86 10 Te-131m+ 1
Sr-85 1 Te-132+ 0.1
Sr-89 10 Te-134 1
Sr-90+ 1 I-125 1
I-126 1
I-129 0.1
1 It is recommended to treat the naturally occurring I-131+ 1
radionuclides, marked with a grey background, Cs-129 1
resulting from practices, on a case by case basis, Cs-131 1000
Cs-132 1
where appropriate.
Cs-134 0.1

12
 Rounded General Rounded General
Clearance Level Clearance Level
Nuclide1 [Bq/g] Nuclide1 [Bq/g]
Cs-135 10 Ra-226+ 0.01
Cs-136 0.1 Ra-228+ 0.01
Cs-137+ 1 Ac-227+ 0.01
Ba-131 1 Th-227 1
Ba-140 0.1 Th-228+ 0.1
La-140 0.1 Th-229+ 0.1
Ce-139 1 Th-230 0.1
Ce-141 10 Th-231 100
Ce-143 1 Th-232+ 0.01
Ce-144+ 10 Th-234+ 10
Pr-143 100 Pa-230 1
Nd-147 10 Pa-231 0.01
Pm-147 100 Pa-233 1
Pm-149 100 U-230+ 1
Sm-151 100 U-231 10
Sm-153 10 U-232+ 0.1
Eu-152 0.1 U-233 1
Eu-154 0.1 U-234 1
Eu-155 10 U-235+ 1
Gd-153 10 U-236 1
Tb-160 0.1 U-237 10
Dy-166 10 U-238+ 1
Ho-166 10 Np-237+ 0.1
Er-169 100 Np-239 10
Tm-170 10 Pu-236 0.1
Tm-171 100 Pu-237 10
Yb-175 10 Pu-238 0.1
Lu-177 10 Pu-239 0.1
Hf-181 1 Pu-240 0.1
Ta-182 0.1 Pu-241 1
W-181 10 Pu-242 0.1
W-185 100 Pu-244+ 0.1
Re-186 100 Am-241 0.1
Os-185 1 Am-242m+ 0.1
Os-191 10 Am-243+ 0.1
Os-193 10 Cm-242 1
Ir-190 0.1 Cm-243 0.1
Ir-192 0.1 Cm-244 0.1
Pt-191 1 Cm-245 0.1
Pt-193m 100 Cm-246 0.1
Au-198 1 Cm-247+ 0.1
Au-199 10 Cm-248 0.1
Hg-197 10 Bk-249 10
Hg-203 1 Cf-246 10
Tl-200 1 Cf-248 1
Tl-201 10 Cf-249 0.1
Tl-202 1 Cf-250 0.1
Tl-204 10 Cf-251 0.1
Pb-203 1 Cf-252 0.1
Pb-210+ 0.01 Cf-253+ 1
Bi-206 0.1 Cf-254 0.1
Bi-207 0.1 Es-253 1
Bi-210 10 Es-254+ 0.1
Po-210 0.01 Es-254m+ 1
Ra-223+ 1
Ra-224+ 1
Ra-225 1

13
 63(&,),&&/($5$1&(/(9(/6

 7UDFHDELOLW\
Besides the general clearance levels defined in chapter 4, which are the most restrictive values,
other particular clearance levels or specific ways of management may be defined. Specific
clearance pathways are sometimes needed and appear as being the best way of managing
residual radioactive materials at levels above the general clearance levels.

The essential feature of this option is not to trace the material wherever it goes but to clear it for
a particular use or destination without further follow-up. Thus the concept of specific clearance
levels applies to a release from the regulatory regime where only the first step of the cleared
material is controlled in order to ensure that it follows the prescribed scenario. The regulatory
control does not extend beyond this because the need for further control would contradict the
concept of clearance (= release from regulatory requirements). The traceability is thus limited to
this first step e. g. disposing of material at a landfill, mixing fly ash into concrete under certain
conditions or for instance, the material could be prepared in a way that only allows a specific
use.

Specific clearance pathways should be recognised and approved by the regulatory authorities
before being carrying out. The procedure should include a clear description both of the technical
constraints and of the traceability that can allow higher clearance levels than for general
clearance.

For materials or residues above the general clearance levels, there are four alternatives:

• the material may be stored in specialised, dedicated centers; this applies especially to waste
disposal;
• it may be decontaminated until the general or specific clearance levels are attained; this
applies especially to recyclable materials;
• it may enter specific, controlled processes or pathways for which a demonstration through
scenarios of exposure has proven that the dose impact is acceptable from the health point of
view even for residual radioactivity above the general clearance levels;
• traceability through control at the point of release is required for release below specific
clearance levels (but above general clearance levels); traceability can in principle be
extended to the final destination e.g. for recycling metals in non-nuclear domains (railway
tracks, …). In such cases it is important that the receiver (railway company, …) can ensure
control of the material so as to ensure that at secondary recycling there is no problem. In
general, it will be very difficult to ensure protracted traceability.

Trivial radiological impact remains nevertheless the first priority so that traceability, if required,
has to be demonstrated in a transparent way. Such a purpose is achievable provided that the
authorities set up a pragmatic approach of management and an easy regulatory control.

14
 &RPPXQLW\JXLGDQFHRQVSHFLILFFOHDUDQFH
 0HWKRGRORJ\
While referring to the guidance offered in IAEA Safety Series 89, ICRP points to the difficulty
that exemption (or clearance) is a source-related issue while the triviality of dose is related to an
individual (ICRP-publication 60, par. 288). The activity content of the metals should thus be
related to an individual dose by constructing a set of exposure scenarios.

In the case of PHWDOV the scenarios took into account the entire sequence of scrap processing,
starting with transport and handling of the scrap metal up to exposure from consumer goods
made of recycled metal. The different steps in the metal processing have been considered in the
greatest possible detail. The exposed population consists essentially of workers employed in the
scrapyard, smelter or refinery, or manufacturing industry. Workers are exposed to external
radiation essentially from the scrap heap, to inhalation of resuspended dust upon handling and
cutting of the scrap or of the fumes in the foundry. Secondary ingestion through hand
contamination is allowed for as well as external beta ray exposure of the skin. Workers are also
exposed as a result of the disposal of slags and dust on landfill. These by-products can be
enriched in their radioactivity content as a result of element-specific distribution among fumes,
slags and metal. Members of the public may be exposed to external radiation from gamma-
emitting radionuclides that are retained in the final product1. Slags and dust may also be
recycled leading to public exposure e.g. by resuspension.

In the case of EXLOGLQJV the exposure scenarios relate to the reuse of the building for non-nuclear
industrial or other occupation. In the case of building rubble, in addition to disposal on a landfill,
many recycling options are available. Generally the rubble must first be processed (including
crushing) and then sorted according to grain sizes depending on the later use. The material can
be used in civil engineering for road construction or as an additive for manufacturing of new
concrete. Rubble can also be used in foundations, to backfill holes or in recultivation and
landscaping projects for which the rubble does not necessarily need to be processed.

 $SSOLFDWLRQ
It is the responsibility of the competent authorities to lay down the conditions in which clearance
levels can be used. The authorisation of dismantling operations will pertain to the entire
sequence of operations, from the characterisation and segregation of the material up to the
amounts that can be cleared at certain levels. The Article 31 Experts have in particular
recommended the following:

)RUPHWDOV
Mass and surface specific clearance levels have been defined for recycling. The total activity is
averaged over a few 100 kg (or several 100 cm2 respectively) and the surface and mass criteria
apply together, surface activity including fixed and non-fixed activity.

Release for direct reuse requires a conservative assessment of surface contamination in case of
non-accessible surfaces. Allowance shall be made for alpha-beta activity under paint or rust.

1 For NORM-contaminated metals (not considered in the guidance) radionuclides are normally concentrated in
slag and dust, not in the metal product.

15
Clearance levels for reuse are in general lower than for recycling, thus reusable parts must be cut
in pieces before recycling clearance levels can be applied. No mass specific activities for reuse
are given. In case activated materials need to be released for reuse, their internal activity can be
accounted as if it were surface activity.

The clearance of metal scrap on the other hand has definitely a transboundary impact and
harmonisation of the clearance levels would be highly desirable. This can be achieved within the
current Directive only by voluntary co-operation between Member States. The Commission can
take further initiatives, e. g. H[HPSWLRQ YDOXHV specific for the placing on the market of metal
scrap. Such values referred to as specific exemption values. In practice compliance with specific
exemption values for metal scrap will be ensured by gate monitoring (dose rate). If appropriate,
the Commission can include such values in new Community legislation.

)RUEXLOGLQJVDQGEXLOGLQJUXEEOH
Three main situations are considered:

- clearance of buildings for any purpose (reuse or demolition);

- clearance of buildings for demolition only;
- clearance of building rubble.

&OHDUDQFH&ULWHULDIRUWKH5HXVHRU'HPROLWLRQRI%XLOGLQJV
The recommended clearance levels pertain to the total activity in the structure per unit surface
area. After clearance the building can be used for non-nuclear purposes or demolished.
The surface specific clearance levels apply to the total activity on the surface to be measured
divided by its area. The total activity is the sum of the fixed and non-fixed activity on the
surface plus the activity which has penetrated into the bulk. The surface area over which
averaging is allowed should in general not exceed 1 m².

&OHDUDQFHRI%XLOGLQJVIRU'HPROLWLRQ2QO\
Buildings at a decommissioned nuclear site will often be demolished and the resulting rubble
either recycled or conventionally disposed of. Either the standing structure of the buildings to be
demolished can be cleared or the building rubble resulting from the demolition can be cleared
using mass specific clearance criteria. The advantage of clearing the standing structure is that
high level surface contamination is not mixed with the uncontaminated interior of the building
structure. The clearance levels are expressed as total activity in the structure per unit surface
area in the same way as above but in general at higher levels.

&OHDUDQFH&ULWHULDIRU%XLOGLQJ5XEEOH
Provided measures are taken to remove surface contamination a possible option is to clear the
material after the building or a major part of it has been demolished. In this case mass specific
clearance levels can be applied. Records should be kept of the dismantling operations in order to
demonstrate that highly activated and contaminated materials have been kept separate.
The mass over which averaging is allowed should in general not exceed 1 Mg.
The mass specific clearance levels are valid for any quantity of rubble, typically on the order of
one nuclear power plant. For quantities of rubble not exceeding about 100 Mg/a from one site

16
the authorities may want to relax the clearance levels. For such quantities mass specific
clearance levels could be up to a factor 10 higher.

17
 $QQH[
'HULYDWLRQ DQG &DOFXODWLRQ 5HVXOWV IRU *HQHUDO &OHDUDQFH /HYHOV IRU
3UDFWLFHVDFFRUGLQJWR7LWOH,,,%66

7DEOHRI&RQWHQWV

1. Introduction 2

2. Derivation of clearance levels 2

2.1. Criteria for dose calculations and derivation of clearance levels 2

2.2. Choice of nuclides 2
2.3. Dose coefficients 5
2.4. Choice of scenarios and parameters 7
2.4.1. Inhalation 7
2.4.2. Ingestion 8
2.4.3. External irradiation 9
2.4.4. Skin contamination 11
2.4.5. Ingestion via water pathways and vegetable consumption 12

3. Results and discussion 13

3.1. Results 13
3.2. Relation to the exemption values 23
3.3. Relation to other sets of clearance levels 24
3.4. Special consideration to short-lived nuclides 27

4. Considerations to the collective dose 27

5. Nuclide specific data 28

6. Bibliography 37

7. Literature 38

1
 ,1752'8&7,21

In this Annex the radiological scenarios, the dose calculations and the derivation of clearance
levels for general clearance are described in detail. The derivation follows the following
scheme:
• choice of nuclides for which the calculations are carried out;
• definition of suitable “enveloping” scenarios, i.e. scenarios and parameters which are chosen
in such a way that they are more restrictive than scenarios for a great number of other
conceivable exposure situations;
• calculation of annual doses relating to the unit activity (i.e. 1 Bq/g) for each nuclide;
• derivation of the nuclide specific clearance levels by dividing the reference dose level
10 µSv/a by the annual dose calculated for 1 Bq/g;
• application of rounding procedures to the clearance levels and comparison with already
existing sets of clearance levels.

Section 2 describes the scenarios and parameters together with a short discussion of essential
parameter values, providing the background to sections 3 and 4 of the main part. Section 3
presents the results of the dose calculations and the derivation of general clearance levels which
are listed in section 4.3 of the main part. Aspects of the collective dose are discussed in section
4. In section 5 all relevant nuclide specific data can be found (i.e. dose coefficients, activity
ratios in equilibrium etc.). Finally, section 6 presents an annotated bibliography with regard to
scenario design and parameter values and section 7 contains references relevant to this report.

 '(5,9$7,212)&/($5$1&(/(9(/6

 &ULWHULDIRU'RVH&DOFXODWLRQVDQG'HULYDWLRQRI&OHDUDQFH/HYHOV
Basic criteria for the dose calculations and the derivation of clearance levels are the following:

• Clearance levels are calculated on the basis of an additional effective dose of 10 µSv/a and
on a skin dose of 50 mSv/a. “Additional” means that the doses caused by exposure from
material which has been cleared under compliance with these general clearance levels may
be received in addition to other exposure.
• It is checked whether clearance of material in compliance with these general clearance levels
will lead to collective doses below 1 man Sv/a (referring to a single country).

 &KRLFHRI1XFOLGHV

The nuclides for which clearance levels are calculated are those for which exemption levels
exist in the EURATOM Basic Safety Standards [CEU 96], with the exception of the noble
gases. This set contains those nuclides which are most relevant to Title III practices, i.e. nuclear
installations like nuclear power plants or fuel cycle facilities and the application of radionuclides
in research, industry and medicine. While usually only longer-lived nuclides are relevant for
clearance, inclusion of shorter-lived nuclides will also cover clearance of material from
research, industry or medicine.
A number of those radionuclides which are further considered here decay into unstable short
lived radionuclides. In many cases it is practical not to consider those daughter nuclides
separately when deriving clearance levels but to include them in the clearance level of the parent

2
nuclide. The following set of criteria is convenient in order to define when daughter nuclides
should be combined with parent nuclide:

T ½ ,d < T ½ ,p

No D a u g h te r
n o t in c lu d e d
Y es

T ½ ,d < 1 d a y

Y es
D a u g h te r
in c lu d e d
No

T ½ ,d < 0 . 1 T ½ ,p

No D a u g h te r
n o t in c lu d e d
Y es

T ½ ,d < 1 0 y

Y es
D a u g h te r
in c lu d e d
No
D a u g h te r
n o t in c lu d e d

This set of criteria can be illustrated as follows: The half-life of the daughter nuclide must in any
case be shorter than that of the parent. If this condition is fulfilled, at least one of two further
conditions must also be fulfilled: Either, the half-life of the daughter nuclide is very short (i.e. 1
day), or the half-life of the daughter nuclide is less than 10% of the half-life of the parent. In this
latter case, however, it is necessary to use a further cut-off criterion (10 years for the half-life of
the daughter nuclide) in order to exclude parent-daughter nuclides where the time over which
the activity of the daughter nuclides increases is very long.
For decay chains (i.e. more than one daughter nuclide), the process of including daughter
nuclides according to this set of criteria is carried on until a nuclide is reached which fails to
meet the criteria. All daughter nuclides up to this one are then included.
Those nuclides for which the progeny is already accounted for in the dose calculations are
explicitly listed in Table 2-1 and are marked as in the BSS with the sign “+” to indicate that the
derived clearance level also includes daughter nuclides. The daughter nuclides listed in Table 2-
1 need not be considered separately for clearance.

3
Table 2–1 List of radionuclides with short-lived progenies which are included in the calculation
results of the parent nuclide
3DUHQWQXFOLGH 'DXJKWHUQXFOLGHV
Fe-52 Mn-52m
Zn-69m Zn-69
Sr-90 Y-90
Sr-91 Y-91m
Zr-95 Nb-95m
Zr-97 Nb-97m, Nb-97
Nb-97 Nb-97m
Mo-99 Tc-99m
Mo-101 Tc-101
Ru-103 Rh-103m
Ru-105 Rh-105m
Ru-106 Rh-106
Pd-103 Rh-103m
Pd-109 Ag-109m
Ag-108m Ag-108
Ag-110m Ag-110
Cd-109 Ag-109m
Cd-115 In-115m
Cd-115m In-115m
In-114m In-114
Sn-113 In-113m
Sb-125 Te-125m
Te-127m Te-127
Te-129m Te-129
Te-131m Te-131
Te-132 I-132
Te-133 I-133, Xe-133m, Xe-133
Te-133m Te-133, I-133, Xe-133m, Xe-133
I-131 Xe-131m
Cs-137 Ba-137m
Ce-144 Pr-144, Pr-144m
Pb-210 Bi-210, Po-210
Pb-212 Bi-212, Tl-208
Bi-212 Tl-208
Rn-220 Po-216
Rn-222 Po-218, Pb-214, Bi-214, Po-214
Ra-223 Rn-219, Po-215, Pb-211, Bi-211, Tl-207
Ra-224 Rn-220, Po-216, Pb-212, Bi-212, Tl-208
Ra-226 Rn-222, Po-218, Pb-214, Bi-214, Po-214
Ra-228 Ac-228
Ac-227 Th-227, Fr-223, Ra-223, Rn-219, Po-215, Pb-211, Bi-211, Tl-207, Po-211
Th-226 Ra-222, Rn-218, Po-214
Th-228 Ra-224, Rn-220, Po-216, Pb-212, Bi-212, Tl-208
Th-229 Ra-225, Ac-225, Fr-221, At-217, Bi-213, Tl-209, Pb-209
Th-232 Ra-228, Ac-227, Th-228, Ra-224, Rn-220, Po-216, Pb-212, Bi-212, Tl-208
Th-234 Pa-234m, Pa-234
U-230 Th-226, Ra-222, Rn-218, Po-214
U-232 Th-228, Ra-224, Rn-220, Po-216, Pb-212, Bi-212, Tl-208
U-235 Th-231
U-238 Th-234, Pa-234m, Pa-234
U-240 Np-240m, Np-240
Np-237 Pa-233
Pu-244 U-240, Np-240m, Np-240
Am-242m Np-238
Am-243 Np-239
Cm-247 Pu-243
Cf-253 Cm-249
Es-254 Bk-250
Es-254m Fm-254

4
Inclusion of the dose contribution of daughter nuclides is, however, not limited to those nuclides
listed in Table 2-1. In many parent-daughter nuclide relationships the dose contribution of the
daughter nuclides have to be taken into account properly in order not to underestimate the dose
that might be incurred from the parent and daughter nuclides in the future. A typical example is
Pu-241 which decays into Am 241. While the incorporation dose coefficients for Pu-241 are
small, the dose coefficients for Am 241 are around 3 orders of magnitude higher. So, while the
Am-241 will reach only 3% of the initial Pu-241 activity after around 60 years of decay, it will
contribute more than tenfold to the dose.
This is the reason why dose coefficients of daughter nuclides are added to the dose coefficient of
parent nuclides in the derivation of clearance levels. Two cases must be distinguished:
• If the half-life of the parent nuclide is much longer than that of the daughter nuclide, the
activity of the daughter nuclide reaches the activity of the parent in a very short time.
Therefore the full value of the dose coefficient of the daughter nuclide has to be added.
• In all other cases the daughter nuclide will not reach the same activity as the initial activity
of the parent nuclide. Dose coefficients are then added with the percentage which
corresponds to the maximum of the activity curve of the daughter nuclides.
For decay chains, this process is continued for the entire chain until a nuclide is reached which
will grow up to only negligible activities. As scenarios are only meaningful for a certain time
period after which a significant mixing with other material may be assumed, the process is
limited to 100 a.
In Table 5-1 the maximum activity ratios of all the short-lived daughter nuclides taken into
account for the calculations are given.

 'RVH&RHIILFLHQWV

In general, dose coefficients serve for calculating (annual) doses from a given activity. More
specifically, dose coefficients are used for the following purposes:
ΠInhalation of radioactivity: Dose coefficients for inhalation are contained in the Basic
Safety Standards [CEU 96]. The dose coefficients in Table B of [CEU 96] apply for 6 age
groups of the general population and those in Table C to workers1. The dose coefficients
relate the individual effective dose (in Sv) to the inhaled quantity of radioactivity (in Bq).
ΠIngestion of radioactivity: Dose coefficients for ingestion are also contained in the Basic
Safety Standards [CEU 96] with Table A applying to 6 age groups of the general
population and Table C applying to workers. The dose coefficients relate the individual
effective dose (in Sv) to the ingested quantity of radioactivity (in Bq).
ΠExternal irradiation: The dose from external irradiation is caused by the photons
penetrating the human body from gamma emitting radionuclides. Therefore, the relation
between dose and radioactivity is more complicated, depending not only on the
radioactivity, but also on the geometry in which the radioactivity is distributed, on
shielding effects, on self-absorption effects and on the distance to the source. Dose
coefficients for external irradiation are expressed in dose rate (i.e. Sv per hour, Sv/h) per
activity content of the source (i.e. Bq per gram, Bq/g, or per unit area, Bq/cm²). In the

1 It should be noted that here and in the following the term “worker” does not refer to radiologically controlled
exposed workers, but to persons who come into contact with the material as part of their occupation. The
distinction between worker and adult member of the public relates to the physico-chemical properties assumed
for the inhaled radionuclides, the type of physical activity and the breathing rate.

5
 present case, suitable dose coefficients are calculated for each nuclide and each exposure
geometry2. The dose coefficients are given in table 5-2.
ΠSkin contamination: Dose coefficients for skin contamination relate the dose received
from the beta and gamma radiation of radionuclides which are deposited on the skin to the
skin surface contamination. Skin dose coefficients are listed in [KOC 87], they are taken
for a skin surface weight of 4 mg/cm².

For radionuclides in secular equilibrium with their short-lived daughter nuclides which have a
non-negligible dose coefficient in comparison to the parent nuclide, dose coefficients are
calculated as the weighted sum of parent and daughter nuclides. Weighting is done by using the
activity ratios given in table 5-1. This ensures that the effect of daughter nuclides as listed in
table 2-1 is properly accounted for in the dose calculations. The complete list of dose
coefficients is given in table 5-2.

2 The calculation procedure is as follows: Dose coefficients have been calculated for standard photon energies in
the range from 15 keV up to 5 MeV in 21 energy groups (0.015, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1, 0.15,
0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 MeV) using the standard software program
MicroShield Version 5 from Grove Engineering, Rockville/ Maryland, USA. The geometry for the calculations
has been chosen as explained in the scenarios. Dose coefficients have been calculated for each nuclide by using
the respective energies of the gamma decay and the corresponding probabilities. Linear interpolation on the
energy range has been used. These calculations result in dose coefficients expressed as (Sv/h)/(Bq/g) which can
be used in a similar way as e. g. the dose coefficients for inhalation or ingestion.

6
 &KRLFHRI6FHQDULRVDQG3DUDPHWHUV

As it is the aim to use enveloping scenarios for the derivation of general clearance levels, a
number of exposure situations are required which cover all relevant aspects of inhalation,
ingestion, external irradiation, and skin contamination in such a way that any exposure situation
which is reasonable to assume would not lead to higher doses. The following scenarios are
therefore of such a nature that they would not be deemed likely to happen. This is, however,
characteristic for “enveloping” scenarios.

 ,QKDODWLRQ
Inhalation of contaminated dust can occur in many exposure situations. Therefore, two
conservative enveloping scenarios are chosen which represent exposure at a workplace and
exposure of the general population respectively. An infant (age group 0-1 a) is chosen as the
enveloping age group in the latter case3. Doses from inhalation are calculated according to (1):

1 − e − λ ⋅t 2 (1)
H inh ,C = h inh ⋅ t e ⋅ f d ⋅ f c ⋅ C dust ⋅ V ⋅ e −λt1
λ ⋅ t2

Where

Hinh,C [(µSv/a)/(Bq/g)] annual individual effective dose from inhalation

per unit activity concentration in the cleared material,
hinh [µSv/Bq] dose coefficient for inhalation (cf. Section 2.3.),
te [h/a] exposure time,
fd [-] dilution factor,
fc [-] concentration factor for the activity in the inhalable dust fraction,
Cdust [g/m³] effective dust concentration in the air,
V [m³/h] breathing rate,
λ [1/a] radionuclide dependant decay constant,
t1 [a] decay time before start of scenario,
t2 [a] decay time during scenario.

The following enveloping scenarios are chosen for which table 2–2 shows the parameter values.

• Scenario INH-A: Inhalation of dust at a workplace during the whole working year
(1800 h/a). The dust is assumed to originate solely from the contaminated material (e.g.
resuspension of dust from building rubble, waste or other material into the air), i.e. no
dilution, and to be present with a concentration of 1 mg/m³ in the air. The activity
concentration in the dust itself is assumed to be equal to the activity concentration in the
cleared material, i.e. no concentration processes are taken into account. The breathing rate is
set to 1.2 m³/h accounting for moderate activity. Dose coefficients are taken from Table C of
[CEU 96] for 5 µm AMAD (Activity Median Aerodynamic Diameter). No decay before and
during the scenario is assumed because the dust could always originate from freshly cleared
material.

3 The inclusion of infants in the reference groups is consistent with a strict interpretation of the exemption
criterion (10 µSv/a) as relating to any single year of exposure; in terms of radiological risk from protracted low
level exposure a much longer integration period could be considered so that infants would normally not be in
the most restrictive age group.

7
• Scenario INH-B: Inhalation of dust during a whole year (8760 h/a) by an infant. 10% of the
inhaled dust is assumed to originate from contaminated material (e.g. dust near a landfill
site), and to be present with a concentration of 0.1 mg/m³ in the air. The breathing rate is set
to 0.24 m³/h. Dose coefficients are taken from Table B of [CEU 96] for the default lung
retention class and the age group 0-1 a. No decay before and during the scenario is assumed
because the dust can always originate from freshly cleared material.

It may be argued that the dust concentration of 1 mg/m³ in scenario INH-A is lower than
maximum dust concentrations which are frequently encountered in dusty working environments
as peak values. However, it must be noted that the dust concentration in scenario INH-A is
meant as a mean value which applies throughout the working year. Although there may be
higher peak loads, this value covers virtually all workplace scenarios. The same is true for the
infant for whom a continuous exposure throughout the year has been assumed. This ensures that
both scenarios together cover all relevant exposure situations.

Table 2–2: Scenario parameters for inhalation scenarios

3DUDPHWHU 8QLW 6FHQDULR,1+$ 6FHQDULR,1+%

Exposure time te h/a 1800 8760
Dilution factor fd [-] 1 0.1
Concentration factor in dust fc [-] 1 1
Breathing rate V m³/h 1.2 0.24
Dust concentr. in air Cdust g/m³ 1.00E-03 1.00E-04
Decay time before scenario t1 d 0 0
Decay time during scenario t2 d 0 0
Dose coefficient hinh µSv/Bq 5 µm, worker; cf. section 2.3. 0-1 a, default, cf. section 2.3.

 ,QJHVWLRQ
Inadvertent ingestion of contaminated material can occur in many exposure situations. As for
inhalation, two scenarios are considered which cover workplaces and the general public. The
dose from ingestion is calculated according to (2).

− λt1 1 − e − λ ⋅t 2 (2)
H ing ,C = h ing ⋅ q ⋅ f d ⋅ f c ⋅ e
λ ⋅ t2

Where

Hing,C [(µSv/a)/(Bq/g)] annual individual effective dose from ingestion

per unit activity concentration in the cleared material,
hing [µSv/Bq] dose coefficient for ingestion (cf. Section 2.3.),
q [g/a] ingested quantity per year,
fd [-] dilution factor,
fc [-] concentration factor for the activity in the ingested material,
λ [1/a] radionuclide dependant decay constant,
t1 [a] decay time before start of scenario,
t2 [a] decay time during scenario.

The following enveloping scenarios are chosen for which table 2–3 shows the parameter values:
• Scenario ING-A: A worker working in an environment where it is possible to ingest material
(e.g. via hand-to-mouth-pathway). The ingested quantity is assumed to be 20 g/a with no
dilution or concentration processes. As the worker might always ingest fresh material, no

8
 decay before or during the scenario is assumed. The ingestion dose coefficients are taken
from Table C of [CEU 96].
• Scenario ING-B: A small child (age 1 to 2 a) playing on soil or ground which consists of
undiluted material having been cleared from a nuclear site. The ingested quantity is assumed
to be 100 g/a with no dilution or concentration processes. As the material will not be
exchanged, a decay of 1 d before the scenario and a whole year during the scenario is
assumed. The ingestion dose coefficients are taken from Table A of [CEU 96] for the age
group 1-2 a.

While it is conceivable that a worker in a dusty environment might inadvertently swallow 20 g

of material in a whole working year (scenario ING-A), the value of 100 g/a for the child
(scenario ING-B) may seem to be quite high, especially as it is assumed that the child ingests
only contaminated material. However, both scenarios have been chosen in such a way that they
also cover other ingestion pathways (water pathways, vegetable consumption etc.) which cannot
be easily expressed as enveloping scenarios. This is discussed in more detail in section 2.4.5.

Table 2–3: Scenario parameters for ingestion scenarios

3DUDPHWHU 8QLW 6FHQDULR,1*$ 6FHQDULR,1*%

Annually ingested quantity q g/a 20 100
Dilution factor fd [-] 1 1
Concentration factor fc [-] 1 1
Decay time before scenario t1 d 0 1
Decay time during scenario t2 d 0 365
Dose coefficient hing µSv/Bq worker; cf. section 2.3. 1-2 a, cf. section 2.3.

 ([WHUQDO,UUDGLDWLRQ
Exposure situations in which external irradiation is relevant are most likely encountered on a
landfill where cleared waste is disposed of (landfill worker), during transport and while staying
in a building that is constructed using cleared building rubble as aggregate for the new concrete.
Other conceivable exposure situations of radiological significance will be covered if sufficiently
conservative parameters are chosen. The dose from external irradiation is calculated according
to (3):

1 − e − λ ⋅t 2 (3)
H ext ,C = h ext ⋅ t e ⋅ f d ⋅ e −λt1
λ ⋅ t2

Where

Hext,C [(µSv/a)/(Bq/g)] annual individual effective dose from external irradiation

per unit activity concentration in the cleared material,
hext [(µSv/h)/(Bq/g)] effective dose rate per unit activity concentration in the cleared
material, depending on geometry, distance, shielding etc.
fd [-] dilution factor,
te [h/a] exposure time,
λ [1/a] radionuclide dependent decay constant,
t1 [a] decay time before start of scenario,
t2 [a] decay time during scenario.

9
The following enveloping scenarios are chosen for which table 2-4 shows the parameter values:
• Scenario EXT-A: A landfill worker who is working full-time (1800 h/a) on the waste. It is
assumed that the waste contains 10% contaminated material. A decay of 1 day before the
scenario (transport time between site of clearance and landfill) is assumed, however, no
decay time during the scenario because for a landfill, the waste the worker is dealing with
will contain always fresh material. A homogeneously distributed activity in the waste for
which conservatively a densitiy of 2 g/cm³ is assumed is taken as the exposure geometry.
Doses are calculated for rotational exposure at 1m height above ground. This scenario might
also describe other persons who work on a ground whose cover contains cleared material,
e.g. a person at a gas station where the pavement is made using recycling concrete from
nuclear facilities.
• Scenario EXT-B: A truck driver who transports cleared material (e.g. steel scrap) for
200 h/a. During transport, no mixing with uncontaminated material is assumed. A truck load
of 5 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1 m³ with a mean density of 2 g/m³ and a distance to the driver of 1 m from the
small edge of load without additional shielding is taken as the exposure geometry. Doses are
calculated for a posterior-anterior geometry. Because always fresh material is transported, no
decay is assumed before and during the scenario. This scenario also describes situations in
which a person is working near a large item, e.g. a large machine or cabinet which has been
cleared for reuse.
• Scenario EXT-C: A person living 7000 h/a in a house for which cleared building rubble has
been used in the construction. It is assumed that cleared material is used for 2% of the entire
building. The exposure geometry is chosen as a room of 3 ⋅ 4 m² and 2.5 m height with floor,
walls and ceiling of 20 cm thickness. Doses are calculated for the middle of the room at a
height of 1 m. In order to account for windows, shielding by furniture etc., the contributions
from the floor (counted twice to include the ceiling) and two walls (4 ⋅ 2.5 m²) are summed.
Doses are calculated for a rotational geometry at 1 m height above ground. A decay of 100 d
before the start of the scenario and of a whole year during the scenario is assumed.

The three scenarios for external irradiation cover a variety of exposure situations. The
description “landfill worker” and “truck driver” should therefore not only be taken literally but
as a description of situations in which the exposure results from a large surface with dilution
(scenario EXT-A) or from large objects without dilution (scenario EXT-B). Scenario EXT-C
accounts for long-term exposure with high dilution and irradiation from all sides as a further
relevant exposure situation.

Table 2-4: Scenario parameters for external irradiation scenarios:

3DUDPHWHU 8QLW 6FHQDULR(;7$ 6FHQDULR(;7% 6FHQDULR(;7&

Exposure time te h/a 1800 200 7000
Dilution factor fd [-] 0.1 1 0.02
Decay time before scenario t1 d 1 0 100
Decay time during scenario t2 d 0 0 365
Geometry 1 m above ground, semi- 1 m from load 5x2x1m³, no floor, ceiling, 2 walls, 3x4
infinite source shielding m², 20 cm wall thickness
Dose coefficient hext µSv/h/(Bq/g) depending on radionuclide and geometry, cf. Section 2.3., see table
5-2

10
 6NLQFRQWDPLQDWLRQ
Skin contamination by dust containing radionuclides can only occur with some significance at
workplaces in dusty environments. The effective individual dose from skin contamination is
calculated according to (4).

1 − e − λ⋅t 2 (4)
H skin ,C = h skin ⋅ w skin ⋅ f skin ⋅ t e ⋅ L dust ⋅ f d ⋅ f c ⋅ ρ ⋅ e −λt1
λ ⋅ t2

Where

Hskin,C [(µSv/a)/(Bq/g)] annual effective individual dose from skin contamination

with beta and gamma emitters per unit activity concentration in the cleared material,
hskin [(µSv/h)/(Bq/cm²)] sum of skin dose coefficients for beta emitters (4 mg/cm² skin
density) and for gamma emitters [KOC 87] per surface specific unit activity,
wskin [-] skin weighting factor according to ICRP 60,
fskin [-] fraction of body surface which is contaminated,
te [h/a] exposure time (time during which the skin is contaminated),
Ldust [cm] layer thickness of dust loading on the skin,
fd [-] dilution factor,
fc [-] concentration factor for the activity in the ingested material,
ρ [g/cm³] density of surface layer
λ [1/a] radionuclide dependant decay constant,
t1 [a] decay time before start of scenario,
t2 [a] decay time during scenario.

The following enveloping scenario is chosen for which table 2–5 shows the parameter values.
• Scenario SKIN: a worker in a dusty environment. It is assumed that during a whole working
year (1800 h/a) both forearms and hands (10% of the total body surface)4 are covered with a
dust layer of 100 µm (0.01 cm) thickness. The dust is assumed to have the same activity
concentration as the cleared material. As the material on the skin might always be fresh, no
decay before or during the scenario is assumed. The density of the dust on the skin is set to
1.5 g/cm³. In order to calculate effective doses, the dose coefficients from [KOC 87] have to
be multiplied with a skin weighting factor of 0.01.

The scenario SKIN covers all situations in which people work in dusty environments. It should
be noted that no residential scenarios need to be taken into account because similar dust loads or
exposure times are very unlikely there.

4 The corresponding body surface is about 20000 cm2, i. e. a fraction of 10 % of the total body surface; it should
be noted that with this assumption the criterion of 10µSv/a effective dose is always more restrictive than the
criterion of 50 mSv/a equivalent dose of the skin.

11
Table 2–5: Scenario parameters for skin contamination scenario:

3DUDPHWHU 8QLW 6FHQDULR6.,1

Exposure time te h/a 1800
Layer thickness Ldust cm 0.01
Dust density ρ g/cm³ 1.5
Dilution factor fd [-] 1
Concentration factor fc [-] 1
Skin weighting factor wskin [-] 0.01
Fraction of body surface fskin [-] 0.1 (eq. ca. 2000 cm²)
Decay time before scenario t1 d 0
Decay time during scenario t2 d 0
Dose coefficient hskin (µSv/h)/(Bq/cm²) depending on radionuclide, cf. section 2.3., see table 5-2

 ,QJHVWLRQYLD:DWHU3DWKZD\VDQG9HJHWDEOH&RQVXPSWLRQ
Water pathways are usually included in radiological assessments in those cases where large
quantities of cleared materials are disposed of or stored in a single place where rain can reach
the material and dissolve its residual contamination5 which is then carried away to a
groundwater layer or to a surface water. The radionuclides can enter the human food chain if the
water is used as drinking water or for irrigation purposes. In the case of groundwater
contamination it is conceivable that the water is taken from a private well which is not subject to
any legal requirements concerning the water quality, while in the case of surface water
contamination the water might be used by municipal waterworks. Various investigations have
demonstrated that the private well supplying groundwater to a family is the most restrictive of
the various water pathways (cf. e.g. [DEC 93]).
Modelling a water pathway in a meaningful way is only possible if some assumptions can be
made about the quantity of material which is stored or disposed of, the location (landfill site,
public area etc.) where it is placed and the transport mechanism for the radionuclides. As this
requires a complex model which could only be simplified when it is justified to make special
assumptions (e.g. to limit the scope of the assessment to a special type of landfill) it is hard to
create an enveloping scenario for ingestion via a water pathway. Instead, the parameters in the
ingestion scenarios (section 2.4.2.) have been chosen in such a way that they also encompass
water pathway scenarios.
Water pathways have been investigated in [DEC 99] which forms the basis of the
recommendation on clearance of building rubble and buildings of the European Commission
[EUR 00]. From the complexity of the rather simple model which has been used there for
modelling a groundwater pathway it can be deduced that an enveloping scenario for general
clearance would tend to become overly conservative for most situations.

Similar arguments apply to ingestion of radionuclides from vegetable consumption. Apart from
the possiblity that radionuclides might reach edible plants (corn on fields, vegetables in gardens
etc.) by water pathways described above, it is also possible that these plants are grown in soil
that contains cleared material. This might be the case in situations like the following: cleared
building rubble which is present in soil in small fractions, cleared soil from a nuclear site which
is used in a garden or which has been used for covering an old landfill site which later is used as
a recreational area, or even reuse of a former nuclear site for general purposes. However,

5 It should be noted that the general clearance levels relate to dry solid materials, the moisture content should
never exceed a level such that liquids could origin from the material directly.

12
because scenarios describing situations like these pose similar problems as with water pathways,
these exposure situations have been accounted for in the ingestion scenarios.

 5(68/76$1'',6&866,21

 5HVXOWV

The results of the dose calculations are presented in table 3–1 which shows for each nuclide:
• the half-life;
• the results of the dose calculations for the scenarios for external irradiation, inhalation,
ingestion and skin contamination, all expressed in µSv/a per Bq/g;
• the maximum dose per unit activity, and
• the limiting scenario (for the abbreviations for the scenarios cf. Section 2.4.).
From the maximum value of the dose calculations, clearance levels are derived by dividing the
dose value 10 µSv/a by the maximum value from table 3–1 for each nuclide. Taking the
maximum dose value for each nuclide means that the doses of the various scenarios are not
summed, i.e. the scenarios are not supposed to affect simultaneously the same person. The
results are presented in table 3-2 as unrounded and rounded values. All clearance levels in table
3-2 are derived from the scenarios as presented in section 2.4. However, as for certain short-
lived nuclides some of these scenarios may not be totally appropriate special consideration to
short-lived nuclides is given in section 3.4.
The rounded clearance levels in table 3-2 have been derived from the unrounded values by
assigning the nearest power of 10 in the following way: if the calculated value lies between
3⋅10x and 3⋅10x+1, then the rounded value is chosen as 10x+1. This rounding procedure is
consistent with the one applied for the exemption values [EUR 93]. It can be seen that rounding
leads to 0.01 Bq/g as the smallest clearance level.

Table 3–1: Results of dose calculations for all nuclides (in [(µSv/a)/(Bq/g)])
([WHUQDO,UUDGLDWLRQ ,QKDODWLRQ ,QJHVWLRQ 6NLQ 0D[ OLPLWLQJ
1XFOLGH 7 >D@
 (;7$ (;7% (;7& ,1+$ ,1+% ,1*$ ,1*% 6.,1 VFHQDULR
H-3 1.2E+01 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 8.9E-05 7.1E-06 8.4E-04 1.2E-02 0.0E+00 1.2E-02 ING-B
Be-7 1.5E-01 1.4E+00 3.8E-01 1.3E-01 9.3E-05 5.3E-06 5.6E-04 2.8E-03 7.4E-05 1.4E+00 EXT-A
C-14 5.7E+03 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 1.3E-03 1.7E-04 1.2E-02 1.6E-01 2.4E-02 1.6E-01 ING-B
F-18 2.1E-04 3.5E-03 7.6E+00 0.0E+00 1.9E-04 8.6E-06 9.8E-04 1.1E-09 7.2E-02 7.6E+00 EXT-B
Na-22 2.6E+00 7.0E+01 1.9E+01 7.9E+01 4.3E-03 2.0E-04 6.4E-02 1.3E+00 6.8E-02 7.9E+01 EXT-C
Na-24 1.7E-03 4.7E+01 3.7E+01 0.0E+00 1.1E-03 4.8E-05 8.6E-03 1.8E-04 7.9E-02 4.7E+01 EXT-A
Si-31 3.0E-04 5.3E-05 8.0E-03 0.0E+00 2.4E-04 1.5E-05 3.2E-03 7.7E-08 8.0E-02 8.0E-02 SKIN
P-32 3.9E-02 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 6.3E-03 4.6E-04 4.8E-02 1.0E-01 7.4E-02 1.0E-01 ING-B
P-33 7.0E-02 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 2.8E-03 1.3E-04 4.8E-03 1.8E-02 4.3E-02 4.3E-02 SKIN
S-35 2.4E-01 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 2.4E-03 1.2E-04 1.5E-02 1.8E-01 2.4E-02 1.8E-01 ING-B
Cl-36 3.0E+05 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 1.1E-02 6.5E-04 1.9E-02 6.3E-01 6.8E-02 6.3E-01 ING-B
Cl-38 7.1E-05 1.3E-10 1.4E+01 0.0E+00 1.6E-04 9.9E-06 2.4E-03 0.0E+00 2.1E-01 1.4E+01 EXT-B
K-40 1.3E+09 5.3E+00 1.4E+00 6.8E+00 6.5E-03 5.0E-04 1.2E-01 4.2E+00 6.5E-02 6.8E+00 EXT-C
K-42 1.4E-03 2.4E+00 2.5E+00 0.0E+00 4.3E-04 3.4E-05 8.6E-03 1.6E-04 1.9E-01 2.5E+00 EXT-B
K-43 2.6E-03 1.4E+01 7.4E+00 0.0E+00 5.6E-04 2.7E-05 5.0E-03 2.5E-04 6.3E-02 1.4E+01 EXT-A
Ca-45 4.5E-01 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 5.0E-03 2.5E-04 1.5E-02 2.5E-01 4.3E-02 2.5E-01 ING-B
Ca-47 1.2E-02 3.1E+01 9.6E+00 1.1E-07 5.2E-03 2.5E-04 3.7E-02 1.6E-02 1.3E-01 3.1E+01 EXT-A
Sc-46 2.3E-01 6.5E+01 1.8E+01 1.3E+01 1.0E-02 5.9E-04 3.0E-02 2.5E-01 5.6E-02 6.5E+01 EXT-A
Sc-47 9.2E-03 1.9E+00 2.3E-01 0.0E+00 1.6E-03 8.4E-05 1.1E-02 4.2E-03 4.3E-02 1.9E+00 EXT-A
Sc-48 5.0E-03 7.6E+01 3.0E+01 0.0E+00 3.5E-03 1.6E-04 3.4E-02 4.6E-03 6.6E-02 7.6E+01 EXT-A
V-48 4.4E-02 9.1E+01 2.5E+01 1.1E-01 5.8E-03 2.9E-04 4.0E-02 6.7E-02 1.1E-01 9.1E+01 EXT-A
Cr-51 7.6E-02 8.3E-01 1.9E-01 1.2E-02 7.3E-05 5.5E-06 7.6E-04 2.5E-03 4.0E-04 8.3E-01 EXT-A
Mn-51 8.8E-05 1.3E-08 7.7E+00 0.0E+00 1.5E-04 8.4E-06 1.9E-03 0.0E+00 1.3E-01 7.7E+00 EXT-B
Mn-52 1.5E-02 9.9E+01 3.0E+01 1.1E-05 3.9E-03 1.8E-04 3.6E-02 1.7E-02 2.5E-02 9.9E+01 EXT-A
Mn-52m 4.0E-05 0.0E+00 2.1E+01 0.0E+00 1.1E-04 5.9E-06 1.4E-03 0.0E+00 1.6E-01 2.1E+01 EXT-B
Mn-53 3.7E+06 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 7.8E-05 9.7E-06 6.0E-04 2.2E-02 2.3E-06 2.2E-02 ING-B

13
Table 3–1: Results of dose calculations for all nuclides (in [(µSv/a)/(Bq/g)])
([WHUQDO,UUDGLDWLRQ ,QKDODWLRQ ,QJHVWLRQ 6NLQ 0D[ OLPLWLQJ
1XFOLGH 7 >D@
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Mn-54 8.6E-01 2.7E+01 7.2E+00 2.1E+01 2.6E-03 1.6E-04 1.4E-02 2.1E-01 1.6E-03 2.7E+01 EXT-A
Mn-56 3.0E-04 1.0E-01 1.5E+01 0.0E+00 4.3E-04 2.3E-05 5.0E-03 1.3E-07 1.1E-01 1.5E+01 EXT-B
Fe-52 9.4E-04 1.1E+01 2.2E+01 0.0E+00 2.1E-03 1.3E-04 2.9E-02 1.7E-04 2.2E-01 2.2E+01 EXT-B
Fe-55 2.7E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 7.1E-04 4.0E-05 6.6E-03 2.1E-01 4.3E-04 2.1E-01 ING-B
Fe-59 1.2E-01 3.9E+01 1.1E+01 1.9E+00 6.9E-03 3.8E-04 3.6E-02 2.2E-01 5.4E-02 3.9E+01 EXT-A
Co-55 2.0E-03 2.4E+01 1.6E+01 0.0E+00 1.7E-03 8.6E-05 2.2E-02 6.1E-04 6.5E-02 2.4E+01 EXT-A
Co-56 2.2E-01 1.2E+02 3.2E+01 2.0E+01 8.6E-03 5.3E-04 5.0E-02 4.5E-01 3.9E-02 1.2E+02 EXT-A
Co-57 7.4E-01 2.3E+00 1.4E-01 1.8E+00 8.4E-04 5.9E-05 4.2E-03 1.0E-01 4.0E-03 2.3E+00 EXT-A
Co-58 1.9E-01 3.0E+01 8.2E+00 4.3E+00 3.0E-03 1.5E-04 1.5E-02 1.2E-01 1.3E-02 3.0E+01 EXT-A
Co-58m 1.0E-03 2.4E-02 4.3E-02 1.1E-86 4.8E-05 3.1E-06 5.6E-04 3.7E-06 6.6E-03 4.3E-02 EXT-B
Co-60 5.3E+00 8.4E+01 2.3E+01 1.0E+02 1.5E-02 8.8E-04 6.8E-02 2.5E+00 5.3E-02 1.0E+02 EXT-C
Co-60m 2.0E-05 0.0E+00 3.0E-02 0.0E+00 2.6E-06 1.5E-07 3.4E-05 0.0E+00 1.8E-02 3.0E-02 EXT-B
Co-61 1.9E-04 7.4E-05 2.9E-01 0.0E+00 1.5E-04 8.4E-06 1.5E-03 6.4E-10 6.2E-02 2.9E-01 EXT-B
Co-62m 2.6E-05 0.0E+00 2.4E+01 0.0E+00 7.8E-05 4.0E-06 9.4E-04 0.0E+00 1.5E-01 2.4E+01 EXT-B
Ni-59 7.5E+04 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 2.0E-04 1.7E-05 1.3E-03 3.4E-02 4.0E-06 3.4E-02 ING-B
Ni-63 9.6E+01 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 6.7E-04 5.3E-05 3.0E-03 8.4E-02 4.9E-04 8.4E-02 ING-B
Ni-65 2.9E-04 2.6E-02 4.9E+00 0.0E+00 2.8E-04 1.6E-05 3.6E-03 7.8E-08 8.7E-02 4.9E+00 EXT-B
Cu-64 1.4E-03 1.5E+00 1.5E+00 0.0E+00 3.2E-04 1.2E-05 2.4E-03 4.3E-05 3.4E-02 1.5E+00 EXT-B
Zn-65 6.7E-01 1.9E+01 5.2E+00 1.2E+01 6.0E-03 1.6E-04 7.8E-02 9.9E-01 2.4E-03 1.9E+01 EXT-A
Zn-69 1.1E-04 0.0E+00 4.4E-05 0.0E+00 9.3E-05 4.8E-06 6.2E-04 0.0E+00 6.2E-02 6.2E-02 SKIN
Zn-69m 1.6E-03 3.7E+00 3.0E+00 0.0E+00 7.9E-04 5.0E-05 7.1E-03 1.7E-04 7.2E-02 3.7E+00 EXT-A
Ga-72 1.6E-03 2.8E+01 2.4E+01 0.0E+00 1.8E-03 9.5E-05 2.2E-02 4.8E-04 6.5E-02 2.8E+01 EXT-A
Ge-71 3.2E-02 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 2.4E-05 2.5E-06 2.4E-04 3.4E-04 6.8E-06 3.4E-04 ING-B
As-73 2.2E-01 3.1E-02 4.1E-09 7.7E-03 1.4E-03 1.1E-04 5.2E-03 5.7E-02 1.6E-02 5.7E-02 ING-B
As-74 4.9E-02 2.2E+01 6.1E+00 5.0E-02 3.9E-03 2.3E-04 2.6E-02 5.6E-02 6.3E-02 2.2E+01 EXT-A
As-76 3.0E-03 7.1E+00 3.6E+00 0.0E+00 2.0E-03 1.1E-04 3.2E-02 2.5E-03 1.4E-01 7.1E+00 EXT-A
As-77 4.4E-03 1.5E-01 4.9E-02 0.0E+00 9.1E-04 4.6E-05 8.0E-03 1.2E-03 6.2E-02 1.5E-01 EXT-A
Se-75 3.3E-01 9.4E+00 1.7E+00 3.4E+00 3.0E-03 1.6E-04 5.2E-02 5.4E-01 5.8E-03 9.4E+00 EXT-A
Br-82 4.0E-03 5.2E+01 2.3E+01 0.0E+00 1.9E-03 8.0E-05 1.1E-02 9.3E-04 4.1E-02 5.2E+01 EXT-A
Rb-86 5.1E-02 3.0E+00 8.4E-01 7.6E-03 2.8E-03 2.5E-04 5.6E-02 1.4E-01 7.1E-02 3.0E+00 EXT-A
Sr-85 1.8E-01 1.5E+01 4.0E+00 2.0E+00 1.2E-03 9.3E-05 1.1E-02 7.8E-02 1.7E-03 1.5E+01 EXT-A
Sr-85m 1.3E-04 2.4E-06 9.3E-01 0.0E+00 1.3E-05 5.6E-07 1.3E-04 0.0E+00 3.7E-03 9.3E-01 EXT-B
Sr-87m 3.2E-04 2.4E-02 2.2E+00 0.0E+00 4.8E-05 2.0E-06 6.0E-04 2.1E-08 1.9E-02 2.2E+00 EXT-B
Sr-89 1.4E-01 4.3E-03 1.2E-03 3.2E-04 3.0E-03 3.2E-04 5.2E-02 3.6E-01 7.1E-02 3.6E-01 ING-B
Sr-90 2.9E+01 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 6.8E-02 3.0E-03 6.1E-01 9.2E+00 1.4E-01 9.2E+00 ING-B
Sr-91 1.1E-03 3.9E+00 5.9E+00 0.0E+00 6.3E-04 2.9E-05 1.3E-02 1.1E-04 7.2E-02 5.9E+00 EXT-B
Sr-92 3.1E-04 1.0E-01 1.3E+01 0.0E+00 5.8E-04 3.1E-05 1.2E-02 3.8E-07 5.5E-02 1.3E+01 EXT-B
Y-90 7.3E-03 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 3.5E-03 2.7E-04 5.4E-02 1.6E-02 7.4E-02 7.4E-02 SKIN
Y-91 1.6E-01 1.2E-01 3.3E-02 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 8.2E-04 4.8E-02 4.1E-01 7.1E-02 4.1E-01 ING-B
Y-91m 9.4E-05 2.7E-08 4.2E+00 0.0E+00 3.7E-05 2.0E-06 2.5E-04 0.0E+00 8.3E-03 4.2E+00 EXT-B
Y-92 4.0E-04 7.1E-02 2.2E+00 0.0E+00 5.8E-04 3.8E-05 9.8E-03 1.8E-06 1.9E-01 2.2E+00 EXT-B
Y-93 1.2E-03 5.9E-01 7.4E-01 0.0E+00 1.2E-03 9.3E-05 2.4E-02 3.0E-04 1.6E-01 7.4E-01 EXT-B
Zr-93 1.5E+06 1.1E-07 0.0E+00 3.1E-04 1.5E-02 1.3E-04 8.0E-03 1.7E-01 6.5E-04 1.7E-01 ING-B
Zr-95 1.7E-01 3.4E+01 9.3E+00 3.9E+00 9.1E-03 4.9E-04 2.3E-02 1.7E-01 8.5E-02 3.4E+01 EXT-A
Zr-97 1.9E-03 3.2E+01 2.4E+01 0.0E+00 2.9E-03 1.7E-04 4.3E-02 1.4E-03 1.4E-01 3.2E+01 EXT-A
Nb-93m 1.4E+01 1.1E-07 0.0E+00 3.0E-04 6.3E-04 6.5E-05 2.4E-03 8.9E-02 3.1E-06 8.9E-02 ING-B
Nb-94 2.0E+04 5.0E+01 1.3E+01 7.1E+01 1.6E-02 9.0E-04 3.4E-02 9.7E-01 6.1E-02 7.1E+01 EXT-C
Nb-95 9.6E-02 2.4E+01 6.5E+00 6.6E-01 2.8E-03 1.4E-04 1.2E-02 4.3E-02 2.0E-02 2.4E+01 EXT-A
Nb-97 1.4E-04 2.6E-05 5.5E+00 0.0E+00 1.5E-04 7.8E-06 1.4E-03 0.0E+00 7.2E-02 5.5E+00 EXT-B
Nb-98 9.8E-05 3.1E-07 2.2E+01 0.0E+00 2.1E-04 1.1E-05 2.2E-03 0.0E+00 1.2E-01 2.2E+01 EXT-B
Mo-90 6.5E-04 1.3E+00 5.6E+00 0.0E+00 1.2E-03 5.9E-05 6.2E-03 6.1E-06 6.3E-02 5.6E+00 EXT-B
Mo-93 3.5E+03 7.4E-07 0.0E+00 2.1E-03 3.2E-03 1.9E-04 5.4E-02 7.8E-01 1.7E-05 7.8E-01 ING-B
Mo-99 7.5E-03 5.0E+00 1.3E+00 0.0E+00 2.4E-03 1.5E-04 1.5E-02 3.0E-03 7.1E-02 5.0E+00 EXT-A
Mo-101 2.8E-05 0.0E+00 1.4E+01 0.0E+00 1.1E-04 5.7E-06 9.8E-04 0.0E+00 8.2E-02 1.4E+01 EXT-B
Tc-96 1.2E-02 6.8E+01 2.1E+01 2.6E-07 2.2E-03 9.9E-05 2.2E-02 7.5E-03 6.4E-03 6.8E+01 EXT-A
Tc-96m 9.8E-05 7.5E-09 5.3E-01 0.0E+00 4.1E-05 2.0E-06 4.3E-04 0.0E+00 7.5E-03 5.3E-01 EXT-B
Tc-97 2.6E+06 9.8E-07 0.0E+00 2.7E-03 3.5E-04 2.5E-05 1.7E-03 4.9E-02 1.5E-03 4.9E-02 ING-B
Tc-97m 2.4E-01 4.9E-03 3.9E-05 1.6E-03 5.8E-03 2.7E-04 1.3E-02 1.3E-01 2.3E-02 1.3E-01 ING-B
Tc-99 2.1E+05 7.8E-06 4.3E-08 1.2E-05 6.9E-03 3.6E-04 1.6E-02 4.8E-01 4.3E-02 4.8E-01 ING-B
Tc-99m 6.9E-04 1.6E-01 1.9E-01 0.0E+00 6.3E-05 2.7E-06 4.4E-04 8.3E-07 9.1E-03 1.9E-01 EXT-B
Ru-97 8.0E-03 4.5E+00 1.0E+00 0.0E+00 3.5E-04 1.6E-05 3.0E-03 7.7E-04 4.1E-03 4.5E+00 EXT-A
Ru-103 1.1E-01 1.4E+01 3.7E+00 6.0E-01 4.1E-03 2.3E-04 1.5E-02 7.2E-02 3.5E-02 1.4E+01 EXT-A
Ru-105 5.1E-04 5.8E-01 6.3E+00 0.0E+00 6.0E-04 3.2E-05 5.9E-03 3.6E-06 7.2E-02 6.3E+00 EXT-B
Ru-106 1.0E+00 4.0E+00 1.1E+00 3.5E+00 3.7E-02 2.9E-03 1.4E-01 3.5E+00 7.7E-02 4.0E+00 EXT-A

14
Table 3–1: Results of dose calculations for all nuclides (in [(µSv/a)/(Bq/g)])
([WHUQDO,UUDGLDWLRQ ,QKDODWLRQ ,QJHVWLRQ 6NLQ 0D[ OLPLWLQJ
1XFOLGH 7 >D@
 (;7$ (;7% (;7& ,1+$ ,1+% ,1*$ ,1*% 6.,1 VFHQDULR
Rh-103m 1.1E-04 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 5.2E-06 4.0E-07 7.6E-05 0.0E+00 4.3E-05 7.6E-05 ING-A
Rh-105 4.0E-03 1.3E+00 4.7E-01 0.0E+00 8.9E-04 4.6E-05 7.4E-03 9.7E-04 5.6E-02 1.3E+00 EXT-A
Pd-103 4.7E-02 3.3E-03 7.4E-04 1.6E-05 6.5E-04 4.9E-05 3.9E-03 9.3E-03 6.8E-05 9.3E-03 ING-B
Pd-109 1.5E-03 2.0E-02 5.6E-03 2.6E-59 1.0E-03 5.5E-05 1.1E-02 2.5E-04 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 SKIN
Ag-105 1.1E-01 1.5E+01 3.6E+00 6.2E-01 1.6E-03 9.5E-05 9.4E-03 3.9E-02 6.1E-03 1.5E+01 EXT-A
Ag-108m 1.3E+02 4.9E+01 1.3E+01 7.1E+01 4.1E-02 1.9E-03 4.6E-02 1.1E+00 1.0E-02 7.1E+01 EXT-C
Ag-110m 6.9E-01 8.7E+01 2.4E+01 5.9E+01 1.6E-02 9.7E-04 5.6E-02 8.8E-01 2.6E-02 8.7E+01 EXT-A
Ag-111 2.0E-02 6.5E-01 1.7E-01 2.4E-06 3.5E-03 2.1E-04 2.6E-02 2.4E-02 6.2E-02 6.5E-01 EXT-A
Cd-109 1.3E+00 5.2E-02 2.4E-04 6.8E-02 1.1E-02 6.3E-04 4.0E-02 7.4E-01 5.6E-02 7.4E-01 ING-B
Cd-115 6.1E-03 6.9E+00 2.4E+00 0.0E+00 2.7E-03 1.5E-04 2.9E-02 6.6E-03 1.1E-01 6.9E+00 EXT-A
Cd-115m 1.2E-01 7.0E-01 1.9E-01 3.5E-02 1.2E-02 8.4E-04 6.6E-02 3.2E-01 7.1E-02 7.0E-01 EXT-A
In-111 7.7E-03 7.2E+00 1.5E+00 0.0E+00 6.7E-04 3.2E-05 5.8E-03 1.5E-03 1.4E-02 7.2E+00 EXT-A
In-113m 1.9E-04 3.3E-04 1.8E+00 0.0E+00 6.9E-05 3.4E-06 5.6E-04 2.3E-10 2.6E-02 1.8E+00 EXT-B
In-114m 1.4E-01 3.3E+00 8.1E-01 2.6E-01 1.3E-02 1.0E-03 8.2E-02 6.1E-01 3.7E-02 3.3E+00 EXT-A
In-115m 5.1E-04 1.0E-01 1.0E+00 0.0E+00 1.9E-04 9.9E-06 1.7E-03 1.1E-06 4.6E-02 1.0E+00 EXT-B
Sn-113 3.1E-01 7.2E+00 1.8E+00 2.4E+00 4.2E-03 2.8E-04 1.5E-02 2.1E-01 2.7E-02 7.2E+00 EXT-A
Sn-125 2.6E-02 9.4E+00 2.7E+00 3.5E-04 6.1E-03 4.5E-04 6.2E-02 7.7E-02 1.1E-01 9.4E+00 EXT-A
Sb-122 7.4E-03 1.0E+01 3.5E+00 0.0E+00 2.6E-03 1.7E-04 3.4E-02 9.9E-03 7.8E-02 1.0E+01 EXT-A
Sb-124 1.7E-01 6.1E+01 1.6E+01 6.5E+00 1.0E-02 6.5E-04 5.0E-02 3.8E-01 6.7E-02 6.1E+01 EXT-A
Sb-125 2.8E+00 1.2E+01 3.2E+00 1.5E+01 8.3E-03 4.8E-04 2.5E-02 6.5E-01 5.6E-02 1.5E+01 EXT-C
Te-123m 3.3E-01 2.9E+00 2.9E-01 1.1E+00 7.3E-03 3.8E-04 2.8E-02 3.7E-01 6.2E-02 2.9E+00 EXT-A
Te-125m 1.6E-01 1.5E-02 1.7E-04 6.0E-03 6.3E-03 3.2E-04 1.7E-02 1.4E-01 8.1E-02 1.4E-01 ING-B
Te-127 1.1E-03 2.4E-02 3.4E-02 0.0E+00 3.9E-04 2.1E-05 3.4E-03 3.4E-05 6.5E-02 6.5E-02 SKIN
Te-127m 3.0E-01 1.4E-01 3.3E-02 4.7E-02 1.4E-02 7.6E-04 4.9E-02 7.4E-01 1.1E-01 7.4E-01 ING-B
Te-129 1.3E-04 7.1E-07 4.0E-01 0.0E+00 1.2E-04 6.9E-06 1.3E-03 0.0E+00 7.1E-02 4.0E-01 EXT-B
Te-129m 9.2E-02 1.9E+00 5.2E-01 4.9E-02 1.2E-02 7.4E-04 6.1E-02 3.2E-01 1.1E-01 1.9E+00 EXT-A
Te-131 4.8E-05 0.0E+00 2.8E+00 0.0E+00 1.8E-04 8.6E-06 2.7E-03 0.0E+00 8.7E-02 2.8E+00 EXT-B
Te-131m 3.4E-03 2.8E+01 1.3E+01 0.0E+00 6.1E-03 3.3E-04 8.7E-02 9.5E-03 8.9E-02 2.8E+01 EXT-A
Te-132 8.9E-03 5.7E+01 1.8E+01 7.0E-10 6.9E-03 3.6E-04 7.9E-02 3.3E-02 1.2E-01 5.7E+01 EXT-A
Te-133 2.4E-05 0.0E+00 7.4E+00 0.0E+00 1.4E-04 8.0E-06 2.3E-03 0.0E+00 1.1E-01 7.4E+00 EXT-B
Te-133m 1.0E-04 4.2E-07 1.9E+01 0.0E+00 5.9E-04 3.4E-05 9.0E-03 0.0E+00 1.2E-01 1.9E+01 EXT-B
Te-134 8.0E-05 2.6E-09 1.4E+01 0.0E+00 2.9E-04 1.5E-05 2.9E-03 0.0E+00 4.1E-02 1.4E+01 EXT-B
I-123 1.5E-03 9.4E-01 4.1E-01 0.0E+00 2.4E-04 1.8E-05 4.2E-03 1.2E-04 1.4E-02 9.4E-01 EXT-A
I-125 1.7E-01 1.1E-02 0.0E+00 7.3E-03 1.6E-02 4.2E-04 3.0E-01 1.4E+00 5.5E-04 1.4E+00 ING-B
I-126 3.6E-02 1.3E+01 3.6E+00 5.3E-03 3.0E-02 1.7E-03 5.8E-01 1.0E+00 4.4E-02 1.3E+01 EXT-A
I-129 1.6E+07 1.3E-02 0.0E+00 7.1E-02 1.1E-01 1.5E-03 2.2E+00 2.2E+01 1.8E-02 2.2E+01 ING-B
I-130 1.4E-03 1.7E+01 1.7E+01 0.0E+00 2.1E-03 1.7E-04 4.0E-02 9.4E-04 4.3E-02 1.7E+01 EXT-B
I-131 2.2E-02 9.8E+00 2.6E+00 9.1E-05 2.4E-02 1.5E-03 4.4E-01 5.2E-01 6.5E-02 9.8E+00 EXT-A
I-132 2.6E-04 4.9E-02 1.9E+01 0.0E+00 4.3E-04 2.3E-05 5.8E-03 6.1E-08 7.4E-02 1.9E+01 EXT-B
I-133 2.4E-03 8.4E+00 4.9E+00 0.0E+00 4.5E-03 4.0E-04 8.6E-02 6.9E-03 7.2E-02 8.4E+00 EXT-A
I-134 1.0E-04 4.8E-07 2.3E+01 0.0E+00 1.7E-04 9.7E-06 2.2E-03 0.0E+00 7.8E-02 2.3E+01 EXT-B
I-135 7.5E-04 4.3E+00 1.4E+01 0.0E+00 9.9E-04 8.6E-05 1.9E-02 7.7E-05 7.0E-02 1.4E+01 EXT-B
Cs-129 3.7E-03 4.2E+00 1.7E+00 0.0E+00 1.7E-04 7.1E-06 1.2E-03 9.6E-05 5.4E-03 4.2E+00 EXT-A
Cs-131 2.6E-02 7.4E-03 0.0E+00 1.5E-06 9.7E-05 5.0E-06 1.2E-03 1.0E-03 2.1E-03 7.4E-03 EXT-A
Cs-132 1.8E-02 1.9E+01 5.7E+00 2.1E-05 8.2E-04 3.2E-05 1.0E-02 4.2E-03 4.8E-03 1.9E+01 EXT-A
Cs-134 2.1E+00 4.8E+01 1.3E+01 5.4E+01 2.1E-02 2.3E-04 3.8E-01 1.4E+00 5.2E-02 5.4E+01 EXT-C
Cs-134m 3.3E-04 1.1E-03 2.2E-02 0.0E+00 6.0E-05 2.8E-06 4.8E-04 1.9E-08 3.0E-02 3.0E-02 SKIN
Cs-135 2.3E+06 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 2.1E-03 3.6E-05 4.0E-02 2.3E-01 3.0E-02 2.3E-01 ING-B
Cs-136 3.6E-02 6.5E+01 1.8E+01 2.6E-02 4.1E-03 1.5E-04 6.0E-02 4.7E-02 6.5E-02 6.5E+01 EXT-A
Cs-137 3.0E+01 1.8E+01 4.9E+00 2.6E+01 1.4E-02 1.9E-04 2.6E-01 1.2E+00 6.9E-02 2.6E+01 EXT-C
Cs-138 6.1E-05 0.0E+00 2.1E+01 0.0E+00 9.9E-05 5.5E-06 1.8E-03 0.0E+00 1.7E-01 2.1E+01 EXT-B
Ba-131 3.2E-02 1.2E+01 2.9E+00 2.3E-03 8.0E-04 4.6E-05 9.5E-03 1.2E-02 1.6E-02 1.2E+01 EXT-A
Ba-140 3.5E-02 5.9E+01 1.6E+01 1.8E-02 5.8E-03 4.3E-04 7.9E-02 1.3E-01 1.6E-01 5.9E+01 EXT-A
La-140 4.6E-03 5.1E+01 2.0E+01 0.0E+00 3.2E-03 1.9E-04 4.0E-02 5.7E-03 7.7E-02 5.1E+01 EXT-A
Ce-139 3.8E-01 2.9E+00 3.3E-01 1.3E+00 2.8E-03 1.6E-04 5.2E-03 7.3E-02 1.0E-02 2.9E+00 EXT-A
Ce-141 8.9E-02 1.4E+00 1.1E-01 3.5E-02 5.8E-03 2.9E-04 1.4E-02 6.4E-02 7.7E-02 1.4E+00 EXT-A
Ce-143 3.8E-03 4.2E+00 1.7E+00 0.0E+00 2.4E-03 1.4E-04 2.4E-02 2.9E-03 7.4E-02 4.2E+00 EXT-A
Ce-144 7.8E-01 1.3E+00 2.9E-01 9.4E-01 5.0E-02 4.0E-03 1.1E-01 2.6E+00 1.2E-01 2.6E+00 ING-B
Pr-142 2.2E-03 8.4E-01 5.4E-01 0.0E+00 1.5E-03 1.1E-04 2.6E-02 1.3E-03 1.1E-01 8.4E-01 EXT-A
Pr-143 3.7E-02 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 4.1E-03 2.5E-04 2.4E-02 4.4E-02 6.8E-02 6.8E-02 SKIN
Nd-147 3.0E-02 3.1E+00 7.4E-01 3.8E-04 4.2E-03 2.4E-04 2.2E-02 3.2E-02 7.1E-02 3.1E+00 EXT-A
Nd-149 2.0E-04 7.4E-04 2.2E+00 0.0E+00 3.1E-04 1.7E-05 3.0E-03 2.4E-09 6.2E-02 2.2E+00 EXT-B
Pm-147 2.6E+00 6.6E-05 3.4E-06 8.3E-05 7.6E-03 4.4E-04 5.2E-03 1.7E-01 3.4E-02 1.7E-01 ING-B
Pm-149 6.0E-03 2.3E-01 7.2E-02 0.0E+00 1.6E-03 1.1E-04 2.0E-02 4.7E-03 6.2E-02 2.3E-01 EXT-A

15
Table 3–1: Results of dose calculations for all nuclides (in [(µSv/a)/(Bq/g)])
([WHUQDO,UUDGLDWLRQ ,QKDODWLRQ ,QJHVWLRQ 6NLQ 0D[ OLPLWLQJ
1XFOLGH 7 >D@
 (;7$ (;7% (;7& ,1+$ ,1+% ,1*$ ,1*% 6.,1 VFHQDULR
Sm-151 9.0E+01 2.9E-07 0.0E+00 4.9E-06 5.6E-03 2.3E-04 2.0E-03 6.4E-02 7.7E-04 6.4E-02 ING-B
Sm-153 5.3E-03 4.5E-01 1.7E-02 0.0E+00 1.5E-03 8.8E-05 1.5E-02 2.9E-03 6.2E-02 4.5E-01 EXT-A
Eu-152 1.3E+01 3.6E+01 9.3E+00 4.7E+01 5.8E-02 2.3E-03 2.8E-02 7.2E-01 4.5E-02 4.7E+01 EXT-C
Eu-152m 1.1E-03 1.7E+00 2.6E+00 0.0E+00 6.9E-04 4.0E-05 1.0E-02 1.0E-04 6.8E-02 2.6E+00 EXT-B
Eu-154 8.8E+00 4.0E+01 1.0E+01 5.2E+01 7.6E-02 3.4E-03 4.0E-02 1.2E+00 9.4E-02 5.2E+01 EXT-C
Eu-155 5.0E+00 7.8E-01 9.9E-03 1.1E+00 1.0E-02 5.5E-04 6.4E-03 2.1E-01 2.4E-02 1.1E+00 EXT-C
Gd-153 6.6E-01 1.0E+00 1.1E-02 7.9E-01 3.0E-03 2.1E-04 5.4E-03 1.1E-01 1.1E-02 1.0E+00 EXT-A
Gd-159 2.1E-03 3.8E-01 2.2E-01 0.0E+00 8.4E-04 4.6E-05 9.8E-03 4.4E-04 6.2E-02 3.8E-01 EXT-A
Tb-160 2.0E-01 3.4E+01 9.0E+00 5.1E+00 1.2E-02 6.7E-04 3.2E-02 2.8E-01 9.4E-02 3.4E+01 EXT-A
Dy-165 2.7E-04 5.3E-04 1.4E-01 0.0E+00 1.9E-04 1.1E-05 2.2E-03 2.7E-08 6.2E-02 1.4E-01 EXT-B
Dy-166 9.3E-03 6.4E-01 1.3E-01 0.0E+00 4.9E-03 3.3E-04 4.8E-02 1.9E-02 1.7E-01 6.4E-01 EXT-A
Ho-166 3.1E-03 3.9E-01 1.7E-01 0.0E+00 1.8E-03 1.3E-04 2.8E-02 2.4E-03 9.3E-02 3.9E-01 EXT-A
Er-169 2.5E-02 2.5E-05 9.2E-07 7.6E-10 2.0E-03 9.9E-05 7.4E-03 9.4E-03 4.9E-02 4.9E-02 SKIN
Er-171 8.6E-04 1.0E+00 1.9E+00 0.0E+00 6.5E-04 3.8E-05 7.2E-03 3.4E-05 6.2E-02 1.9E+00 EXT-B
Tm-170 3.5E-01 5.0E-02 1.1E-04 2.1E-02 1.1E-02 7.6E-04 2.6E-02 4.2E-01 6.2E-02 4.2E-01 ING-B
Tm-171 1.9E+00 4.2E-03 2.8E-07 5.9E-03 2.0E-03 1.4E-04 2.2E-03 6.5E-02 6.8E-03 6.5E-02 ING-B
Yb-175 1.2E-02 8.7E-01 2.3E-01 3.6E-09 1.4E-03 7.4E-05 8.8E-03 4.7E-03 3.5E-02 8.7E-01 EXT-A
Lu-177 1.8E-02 6.6E-01 1.0E-01 7.8E-07 2.2E-03 1.1E-04 1.1E-02 9.1E-03 4.5E-02 6.6E-01 EXT-A
Hf-181 1.2E-01 1.5E+01 3.5E+00 7.9E-01 8.9E-03 4.6E-04 2.2E-02 1.3E-01 6.3E-02 1.5E+01 EXT-A
Ta-182 3.1E-01 4.1E+01 1.1E+01 1.2E+01 1.3E-02 6.7E-04 3.0E-02 3.7E-01 6.4E-02 4.1E+01 EXT-A
W-181 3.3E-01 2.8E-01 3.6E-04 1.3E-01 9.3E-05 5.3E-06 1.5E-03 2.0E-02 3.0E-03 2.8E-01 EXT-A
W-185 2.1E-01 5.0E-04 2.9E-05 9.2E-05 4.8E-04 2.9E-05 8.8E-03 9.5E-02 3.4E-02 9.5E-02 ING-B
W-187 2.7E-03 6.8E+00 3.6E+00 0.0E+00 7.1E-04 4.2E-05 1.3E-02 8.3E-04 6.2E-02 6.8E+00 EXT-A
Re-186 1.0E-02 2.8E-01 2.3E-02 0.0E+00 2.6E-03 1.8E-04 3.0E-02 1.3E-02 6.2E-02 2.8E-01 EXT-A
Re-188 1.9E-03 5.6E-01 3.1E-01 0.0E+00 1.6E-03 1.3E-04 2.8E-02 1.1E-03 1.0E-01 5.6E-01 EXT-A
Os-185 2.6E-01 2.1E+01 5.4E+00 5.1E+00 2.2E-03 1.4E-04 1.0E-02 9.0E-02 2.8E-03 2.1E+01 EXT-A
Os-191 4.2E-02 9.6E-01 4.1E-02 1.1E-03 2.8E-03 1.7E-04 1.1E-02 2.4E-02 3.1E-02 9.6E-01 EXT-A
Os-191m 1.5E-03 2.0E-02 1.3E-03 0.0E+00 3.7E-04 2.2E-05 2.3E-03 5.1E-05 1.8E-02 2.0E-02 EXT-A
Os-193 3.4E-03 9.4E-01 3.6E-01 0.0E+00 1.4E-03 8.0E-05 1.6E-02 1.7E-03 6.2E-02 9.4E-01 EXT-A
Ir-190 3.3E-02 8.1E+01 2.1E+01 1.9E-02 5.0E-03 2.3E-04 2.4E-02 3.2E-02 3.6E-02 8.1E+01 EXT-A
Ir-192 2.0E-01 2.3E+01 5.5E+00 3.7E+00 8.9E-03 4.8E-04 2.8E-02 2.4E-01 7.2E-02 2.3E+01 EXT-A
Ir-194 2.2E-03 1.1E+00 6.6E-01 0.0E+00 1.5E-03 1.1E-04 2.6E-02 1.3E-03 1.1E-01 1.1E+00 EXT-A
Pt-191 7.7E-03 5.0E+00 1.3E+00 0.0E+00 4.1E-04 2.3E-05 6.8E-03 1.8E-03 1.7E-02 5.0E+00 EXT-A
Pt-193m 1.2E-02 8.9E-02 2.5E-04 4.1E-10 4.5E-04 3.4E-05 9.0E-03 5.0E-03 3.7E-02 8.9E-02 EXT-A
Pt-197 2.1E-03 1.4E-01 2.6E-02 0.0E+00 3.5E-04 2.3E-05 8.0E-03 3.7E-04 6.2E-02 1.4E-01 EXT-A
Pt-197m 1.8E-04 4.2E-05 3.0E-01 0.0E+00 1.2E-04 7.4E-06 2.2E-03 5.5E-10 6.2E-02 3.0E-01 EXT-B
Au-198 7.4E-03 8.9E+00 2.9E+00 0.0E+00 2.1E-03 1.1E-04 2.0E-02 5.9E-03 7.2E-02 8.9E+00 EXT-A
Au-199 8.6E-03 1.4E+00 1.9E-01 0.0E+00 1.5E-03 7.1E-05 8.8E-03 3.1E-03 4.0E-02 1.4E+00 EXT-A
Hg-197 7.3E-03 5.6E-01 4.0E-03 0.0E+00 6.0E-04 3.6E-05 4.6E-03 1.3E-03 1.8E-02 5.6E-01 EXT-A
Hg-197m 2.7E-03 8.6E-01 1.4E-01 0.0E+00 1.5E-03 8.0E-05 1.0E-02 7.1E-04 6.2E-02 8.6E-01 EXT-A
Hg-203 1.3E-01 5.7E+00 1.2E+00 3.8E-01 4.1E-03 2.1E-04 3.8E-02 2.0E-01 5.0E-02 5.7E+00 EXT-A
Tl-200 3.0E-03 2.1E+01 1.0E+01 0.0E+00 5.4E-04 2.1E-05 4.0E-03 2.1E-04 1.3E-02 2.1E+01 EXT-A
Tl-201 8.3E-03 9.5E-01 4.8E-02 0.0E+00 1.6E-04 9.5E-06 1.9E-03 5.2E-04 1.7E-02 9.5E-01 EXT-A
Tl-202 3.3E-02 1.2E+01 3.0E+00 2.8E-03 6.7E-04 3.2E-05 9.0E-03 9.4E-03 6.9E-03 1.2E+01 EXT-A
Tl-204 3.8E+00 1.2E-02 5.5E-06 1.7E-02 1.3E-03 1.1E-04 2.6E-02 7.8E-01 6.5E-02 7.8E-01 ING-B
Pb-203 6.0E-03 5.0E+00 1.3E+00 0.0E+00 3.5E-04 1.5E-05 4.8E-03 8.2E-04 1.5E-02 5.0E+00 EXT-A
Pb-210 2.2E+01 7.3E-03 7.0E-05 1.4E-02 6.9E+00 4.0E-01 1.8E+01 1.2E+03 7.1E-02 1.2E+03 ING-B
Pb-212 1.2E-03 8.2E+00 1.0E+01 0.0E+00 1.4E-01 6.6E-03 1.2E-01 2.3E-03 1.7E-01 1.0E+01 EXT-B
Bi-206 1.7E-02 9.2E+01 2.7E+01 5.0E-05 4.5E-03 2.1E-04 3.8E-02 2.2E-02 2.2E-02 9.2E+01 EXT-A
Bi-207 3.8E+01 4.8E+01 1.3E+01 6.6E+01 6.9E-03 4.8E-04 2.6E-02 7.0E-01 3.3E-02 6.6E+01 EXT-C
Bi-210 1.4E-02 7.8E-06 2.4E-06 0.0E+00 2.8E-01 1.8E-02 1.8E-01 5.1E-01 7.1E-02 5.1E-01 ING-B
Bi-212 1.2E-04 5.5E-06 1.1E+01 0.0E+00 8.4E-02 3.4E-03 5.2E-03 0.0E+00 7.6E-02 1.1E+01 EXT-B
Po-203 7.0E-05 9.3E-11 1.5E+01 0.0E+00 1.3E-04 5.7E-06 1.0E-03 0.0E+00 4.6E-02 1.5E+01 EXT-B
Po-205 2.1E-04 5.9E-03 1.3E+01 0.0E+00 1.9E-04 8.4E-06 1.2E-03 1.0E-09 1.8E-02 1.3E+01 EXT-B
Po-207 6.7E-04 2.6E+00 1.1E+01 0.0E+00 3.2E-04 1.3E-05 2.8E-03 3.2E-06 1.6E-02 1.1E+01 EXT-B
Po-210 3.8E-01 2.8E-04 7.6E-05 1.1E-04 4.8E+00 3.2E-01 4.8E+00 4.0E+02 1.3E-08 4.0E+02 ING-B
At-211 8.2E-04 5.8E-02 3.8E-02 0.0E+00 2.4E-01 1.1E-02 2.2E-01 9.1E-04 1.7E-03 2.4E-01 INH-A
Ra-223 3.1E-02 6.5E+00 1.4E+00 1.0E-03 1.2E+01 5.9E-01 2.0E+00 4.6E+00 1.7E-01 1.2E+01 INH-A
Ra-224 1.0E-02 3.1E+01 9.5E+00 4.0E-09 5.3E+00 2.4E-01 1.4E+00 8.5E-01 1.9E-01 3.1E+01 EXT-A
Ra-225 4.1E-02 2.6E+00 6.5E-01 2.3E-03 1.6E+01 7.7E-01 2.1E+00 7.2E+00 2.7E-01 1.6E+01 INH-A
Ra-226 1.6E+03 3.3E+01 8.5E+00 4.5E+01 1.2E+01 7.1E-01 2.3E+01 1.2E+03 1.6E-01 1.2E+03 ING-B
Ra-227 8.0E-05 2.4E-10 1.2E+00 0.0E+00 4.5E-04 1.7E-05 1.7E-03 2.4E-16 6.2E-02 1.2E+00 EXT-B
Ra-228 5.8E+00 5.9E+01 1.5E+01 7.2E+01 4.7E+01 2.4E+00 1.5E+01 6.0E+02 8.7E-02 6.0E+02 ING-B
Ac-228 7.0E-04 1.9E+00 7.7E+00 0.0E+00 2.6E-02 1.8E-03 8.6E-03 1.9E-05 8.5E-02 7.7E+00 EXT-B

16
Table 3–1: Results of dose calculations for all nuclides (in [(µSv/a)/(Bq/g)])
([WHUQDO,UUDGLDWLRQ ,QKDODWLRQ ,QJHVWLRQ 6NLQ 0D[ OLPLWLQJ
1XFOLGH 7 >D@
 (;7$ (;7% (;7& ,1+$ ,1+% ,1*$ ,1*% 6.,1 VFHQDULR
Th-226 5.9E-05 0.0E+00 2.1E-02 0.0E+00 1.7E-01 6.5E-03 7.0E-03 0.0E+00 5.9E-03 1.7E-01 INH-A
Th-227 5.1E-02 5.5E+00 1.1E+00 1.5E-02 2.2E+01 1.1E+00 1.1E+00 4.1E+00 2.6E-01 2.2E+01 INH-A
Th-228 1.9E+00 4.9E+01 1.2E+01 4.8E+01 7.4E+01 3.6E+00 2.8E+00 9.0E+01 1.8E-01 9.0E+01 ING-B
Th-229 7.3E+03 7.6E+00 1.5E+00 1.1E+01 1.3E+02 5.5E+00 1.2E+01 2.4E+02 2.3E-01 2.4E+02 ING-B
Th-230 7.7E+04 1.4E+00 3.6E-01 1.9E+00 1.6E+01 8.7E-01 5.0E+00 8.2E+01 2.9E-03 8.2E+01 ING-B
Th-231 2.9E-03 7.6E-02 1.7E-03 0.0E+00 8.6E-04 5.0E-05 6.8E-03 5.4E-04 5.9E-02 7.6E-02 EXT-A
Th-232 1.4E+10 8.0E+01 2.0E+01 1.1E+02 1.0E+02 5.1E+00 2.1E+01 7.2E+02 5.1E-03 7.2E+02 ING-B
Th-234 6.6E-02 5.3E-01 1.2E-01 4.2E-03 1.3E-02 8.6E-04 6.8E-02 2.3E-01 1.0E-01 5.3E-01 EXT-A
Pa-230 4.8E-02 1.9E+01 5.1E+00 3.7E-02 1.8E+00 9.0E-02 5.7E-02 1.2E-01 1.9E-02 1.9E+01 EXT-A
Pa-231 3.3E+04 9.8E+00 2.0E+00 1.5E+01 5.3E+02 1.7E+01 3.7E+01 5.4E+02 4.1E-03 5.4E+02 ING-B
Pa-233 7.4E-02 5.1E+00 1.1E+00 6.6E-02 6.0E-03 3.2E-04 1.7E-02 6.5E-02 8.0E-02 5.1E+00 EXT-A
U-230 5.7E-02 4.4E-01 8.3E-02 2.0E-03 2.6E+01 1.2E+00 1.2E+00 2.7E+00 1.8E-02 2.6E+01 INH-A
U-231 1.2E-02 8.9E-01 2.2E-02 3.8E-09 8.6E-04 5.5E-05 5.6E-03 3.0E-03 1.9E-02 8.9E-01 EXT-A
U-232 7.2E+01 4.6E+01 1.2E+01 5.9E+01 1.2E+02 5.4E+00 9.2E+00 1.8E+02 3.4E-03 1.8E+02 ING-B
U-233 1.6E+05 7.5E-02 1.5E-02 1.1E-01 1.6E+01 7.7E-01 1.1E+00 1.6E+01 1.9E-04 1.6E+01 ING-B
U-234 2.4E+05 1.3E-03 5.0E-05 2.2E-03 1.5E+01 7.0E-01 1.0E+00 1.3E+01 2.7E-04 1.5E+01 INH-A
U-235 7.0E+08 3.5E+00 4.1E-01 5.4E+00 1.4E+01 6.6E-01 9.9E-01 1.4E+01 6.8E-02 1.4E+01 ING-B
U-236 2.3E+07 7.6E-04 2.4E-07 1.3E-03 1.4E+01 6.5E-01 9.2E-01 1.3E+01 1.3E-04 1.4E+01 INH-A
U-237 1.9E-02 2.2E+00 2.4E-01 4.8E-06 3.7E-03 1.8E-04 1.5E-02 1.3E-02 5.3E-02 2.2E+00 EXT-A
U-238 4.5E+09 5.5E-01 1.2E-01 7.9E-01 1.2E+01 6.1E-01 9.5E-01 1.5E+01 2.1E-01 1.5E+01 ING-B
U-239 4.5E-05 0.0E+00 8.7E-02 0.0E+00 9.2E-05 4.8E-06 6.5E-04 7.0E-25 6.2E-02 8.7E-02 EXT-B
U-240 1.6E-03 2.2E+00 2.0E+00 0.0E+00 1.8E-03 1.0E-04 2.2E-02 5.7E-04 1.3E-01 2.2E+00 EXT-A
Np-237 2.1E+06 5.6E+00 1.1E+00 8.6E+00 3.2E+01 9.3E-01 2.2E+00 2.2E+01 9.4E-02 3.2E+01 INH-A
Np-239 6.5E-03 2.6E+00 4.8E-01 0.0E+00 2.4E-03 1.2E-04 1.6E-02 4.0E-03 1.1E-01 2.6E+00 EXT-A
Np-240 1.2E-04 4.7E-06 9.1E+00 0.0E+00 2.8E-04 1.3E-05 1.6E-03 0.0E+00 1.7E-01 9.1E+00 EXT-B
Pu-234 1.0E-03 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 3.5E-02 1.6E-03 3.2E-03 2.4E-05 3.0E-03 3.5E-02 INH-A
Pu-235 4.8E-05 0.0E+00 9.8E-02 0.0E+00 5.4E-06 2.7E-07 4.2E-05 0.0E+00 6.0E-03 9.8E-02 EXT-B
Pu-236 2.8E+00 1.7E+00 4.4E-01 1.8E+00 3.3E+01 1.2E+00 2.0E+00 2.5E+01 3.4E-06 3.3E+01 INH-A
Pu-237 1.2E-01 7.4E-01 1.4E-02 4.1E-02 6.3E-04 4.0E-05 2.0E-03 1.2E-02 4.4E-03 7.4E-01 EXT-A
Pu-238 8.8E+01 1.7E-04 9.5E-09 3.2E-04 6.5E+01 1.6E+00 4.6E+00 4.0E+01 2.9E-03 6.5E+01 INH-A
Pu-239 2.4E+04 9.6E-04 3.7E-05 1.5E-03 6.9E+01 1.7E+00 5.0E+00 4.2E+01 3.9E-05 6.9E+01 INH-A
Pu-240 6.5E+03 1.7E-04 2.6E-11 3.3E-04 6.9E+01 1.7E+00 5.0E+00 4.2E+01 2.8E-06 6.9E+01 INH-A
Pu-241 1.4E+01 4.8E-03 1.4E-08 8.9E-03 3.0E+00 6.5E-02 2.1E-01 1.6E+00 4.3E-08 3.0E+00 INH-A
Pu-242 3.8E+05 1.7E-04 0.0E+00 3.2E-04 6.7E+01 1.6E+00 4.8E+00 4.0E+01 2.3E-06 6.7E+01 INH-A
Pu-243 5.6E-04 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 0.0E+00 2.4E-04 1.2E-05 1.7E-03 1.7E-06 6.2E-02 6.2E-02 SKIN
Pu-244 8.3E+07 7.7E+00 2.0E+00 1.1E+01 6.6E+01 1.6E+00 4.9E+00 4.2E+01 1.3E-01 6.6E+01 INH-A
Am-241 4.3E+02 1.6E-01 4.8E-07 3.1E-01 5.8E+01 1.5E+00 4.0E+00 3.7E+01 1.9E-03 5.8E+01 INH-A
Am-242 1.8E-03 7.7E-02 5.2E-03 0.0E+00 2.6E-02 1.6E-03 6.0E-03 2.0E-04 5.2E-02 7.7E-02 EXT-A
Am-242m 1.5E+02 3.0E-01 2.7E-02 4.6E-01 8.1E+01 2.0E+00 5.6E+00 5.0E+01 5.2E-02 8.1E+01 INH-A
Am-243 7.4E+03 4.1E+00 4.8E-01 6.4E+00 5.9E+01 1.5E+00 4.0E+00 3.8E+01 1.1E-01 5.9E+01 INH-A
Cm-242 4.5E-01 1.7E-04 0.0E+00 1.1E-04 8.3E+00 4.7E-01 2.6E-01 4.0E+00 6.5E-05 8.3E+00 INH-A
Cm-243 2.9E+01 2.7E+00 3.8E-01 4.1E+00 4.3E+01 1.4E+00 3.0E+00 3.3E+01 5.3E-02 4.3E+01 INH-A
Cm-244 1.8E+01 1.1E-04 0.0E+00 2.1E-04 3.7E+01 1.3E+00 2.4E+00 2.9E+01 5.9E-05 3.7E+01 INH-A
Cm-245 8.5E+03 1.3E+00 6.1E-02 1.9E+00 6.6E+01 1.7E+00 4.8E+00 4.2E+01 2.9E-02 6.6E+01 INH-A
Cm-246 4.7E+03 4.0E-05 0.0E+00 8.5E-05 5.8E+01 1.5E+00 4.2E+00 3.7E+01 4.0E-05 5.8E+01 INH-A
Cm-247 1.6E+07 9.3E+00 2.2E+00 1.4E+01 5.5E+01 1.4E+00 3.8E+00 3.5E+01 6.5E-02 5.5E+01 INH-A
Cm-248 3.4E+05 9.7E-05 0.0E+00 1.9E-04 2.1E+02 5.3E+00 1.5E+01 1.4E+02 1.9E-06 2.1E+02 INH-A
Bk-249 8.8E-01 2.3E-02 5.4E-03 1.9E-02 4.6E-01 1.5E-02 3.7E-02 3.5E-01 1.1E-02 4.6E-01 INH-A
Cf-246 4.1E-03 1.9E-04 9.8E-06 2.2E-26 7.6E-01 3.6E-02 6.6E-02 8.9E-03 1.6E-03 7.6E-01 INH-A
Cf-248 9.2E-01 2.3E-05 0.0E+00 3.0E-05 1.5E+01 8.6E-01 6.6E-01 1.2E+01 1.6E-03 1.5E+01 INH-A
Cf-249 3.5E+02 9.1E+00 2.2E+00 1.4E+01 9.8E+01 3.4E+00 7.0E+00 8.7E+01 9.2E-03 9.8E+01 INH-A
Cf-250 1.3E+01 2.9E-04 1.4E-07 4.4E-04 4.8E+01 2.3E+00 3.2E+00 5.4E+01 1.3E-04 5.4E+01 ING-B
Cf-251 9.0E+02 2.3E+00 2.4E-01 3.6E+00 9.9E+01 3.4E+00 7.2E+00 8.8E+01 5.3E-02 9.9E+01 INH-A
Cf-252 2.6E+00 1.8E-04 5.9E-08 2.5E-04 2.8E+01 2.0E+00 1.8E+00 4.5E+01 1.4E-04 4.5E+01 ING-B
Cf-253 4.9E-02 4.5E-03 9.5E-04 1.0E-05 3.7E+00 1.9E-01 7.1E-02 1.8E-01 2.1E-02 3.7E+00 INH-A
Cf-254 1.7E-01 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 4.8E+01 5.3E+00 8.0E+00 6.2E+01 1.4E+00 6.2E+01 ING-B
Es-253 5.6E-02 8.4E-03 1.5E-03 3.7E-05 4.6E+00 2.3E-01 1.2E-01 3.5E-01 9.3E-04 4.6E+00 INH-A
Es-254 7.6E-01 2.7E+01 7.3E+00 1.9E+01 1.5E+01 8.9E-01 7.2E-01 1.2E+01 1.9E-02 2.7E+01 EXT-A
Es-254m 4.5E-03 1.1E+01 4.6E+00 0.0E+00 9.5E-01 4.2E-02 9.2E-02 1.4E-02 6.5E-02 1.1E+01 EXT-A
Fm-254 3.7E-04 3.1E-06 1.8E-06 0.0E+00 1.7E-01 6.7E-03 8.8E-03 1.0E-06 1.6E-03 1.7E-01 INH-A
Fm-255 2.3E-03 8.5E-03 3.5E-04 0.0E+00 5.6E-01 2.5E-02 5.0E-02 2.8E-03 2.5E-01 5.6E-01 INH-A
Ac-227 2.2E+01 9.3E+00 1.9E+00 1.4E+01 3.5E+02 1.3E+01 2.4E+01 4.2E+02 1.8E-01 4.2E+02 ING-B

17
Table 3–2: Calculation results for general clearance levels and rounded general clearance levels6
Calculation results Clearance levels Exemption values Comparison of
for clearance levels rounded (EV) [ CEU 96] exemption values
(CL) and rounded
clearance levels
Nuclide [Bq/g] [Bq/g] [Bq/g] EV/CL
H-3* 8.6E+02 (1000) 1.0E+6 1000
Be-7 6.9E+00 10 1.0E+3 100
C-14* 6.3E+01 (100) 1.0E+4 100
F-18 1.3E+00 1 1.0E+1 10
Na-22 1.3E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
Na-24 2.1E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
Si-31 1.2E+02 100 1.0E+3 10
P-32 9.8E+01 100 1.0E+3 10
P-33 2.3E+02 100 1.0E+5 1000
S-35 5.7E+01 100 1.0E+5 1000
Cl-36* 1.6E+01 (10) 1.0E+4 1000
Cl-38 7.3E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
K-40 1.5E+00 1 1.0E+2 100
K-42 4.0E+00 10 1.0E+2 10
K-43 7.3E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Ca-45 4.0E+01 100 1.0E+4 100
Ca-47 3.2E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Sc-46 1.5E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
Sc-47 5.2E+00 10 1.0E+2 10
Sc-48 1.3E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
V-48 1.1E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
Cr-51 1.2E+01 10 1.0E+3 100
Mn-51 1.3E+00 1 1.0E+1 10
Mn-52 1.0E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
Mn-52m 4.9E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Mn-53 4.5E+02 1000 1.0E+4 10
Mn-54* 3.8E-01 (1) 1.0E+1 10
Mn-56 6.6E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Fe-52+ 4.5E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Fe-55 4.7E+01 100 1.0E+4 100
Fe-59 2.6E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
Co-55 4.2E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Co-56 8.3E-02 0.1 1.0E+1 100
Co-57* 4.4E+00 (10) 1.0E+2 10
Co-58* 3.3E-01 (1) 1.0E+1 10
Co-58m 2.3E+02 100 1.0E+4 100
Co-60 9.9E-02 0.1 1.0E+1 100
Co-60m 3.4E+02 1000 1.0E+3 1
Co-61 3.5E+01 100 1.0E+2 1
Co-62m 4.1E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Ni-59 2.9E+02 100 1.0E+4 100

6 The calculated rounded general clearance levels in brackets for the nuclides marked with an asterix are higher
than the rounded specific clearance levels in RP 89 or RP 113 respectively. As for logical reason a general
clearance level could not be higher then a specific clearance level,in table 1 in chapter 4.3. of the main
document the rounded general clearance levels which should be used are set to the lowest value given for this
nuclides in RP 89 or RP 113. See further explanation in section 3.3. of the Annex.
Those nuclides for which the progeny is already accounted for in the dose calculations are explicitly listed in
Table 2-1 and are marked as in the BSS with the sign “+” to indicate that the derived clearance level also
includes daughter nuclides. The daughter nuclides listed in Table 2-1 need not be considered separately for
clearance.

18
Table 3–2: Calculation results for general clearance levels and rounded general clearance levels6
Calculation results Clearance levels Exemption values Comparison of
for clearance levels rounded (EV) [ CEU 96] exemption values
(CL) and rounded
clearance levels
Nuclide [Bq/g] [Bq/g] [Bq/g] EV/CL
Ni-63 1.2E+02 100 1.0E+5 1000
Ni-65 2.0E+00 1 1.0E+1 10
Cu-64 6.8E+00 10 1.0E+2 10
Zn-65 5.2E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Zn-69 1.6E+02 100 1.0E+4 100
Zn-69m+ 2.7E+00 1 1.0E+2 100
Ga-72 3.6E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Ge-71 2.9E+04 10000 1.0E+4 1
As-73 1.7E+02 100 1.0E+3 10
As-74 4.5E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
As-76 1.4E+00 1 1.0E+2 100
As-77 6.7E+01 100 1.0E+3 10
Se-75 1.1E+00 1 1.0E+2 100
Br-82 1.9E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
Rb-86 3.3E+00 10 1.0E+2 10
Sr-85 6.6E-01 1 1.0E+2 100
Sr-85m 1.1E+01 10 1.0E+2 10
Sr-87m 4.5E+00 10 1.0E+2 10
Sr-89 2.8E+01 10 1.0E+3 100
Sr-90+ 1.1E+00 1 1.0E+2 100
Sr-91+ 1.7E+00 1 1.0E+1 10
Sr-92 7.8E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Y-90 1.4E+02 100 1.0E+3 10
Y-91 2.5E+01 10 1.0E+3 100
Y-91m 2.4E+00 1 1.0E+2 100
Y-92 4.5E+00 10 1.0E+2 10
Y-93 1.4E+01 10 1.0E+2 10
Zr-93* 6.0E+01 (100) 1.0E+3 10
Zr-95+ 2.9E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
Zr-97+ 3.1E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Nb-93m 1.1E+02 100 1.0E+4 100
Nb-94 1.4E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
Nb-95 4.2E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Nb-97+ 1.8E+00 1 1.0E+1 10
Nb-98 4.6E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Mo-90 1.8E+00 1 1.0E+1 10
Mo-93 1.3E+01 10 1.0E+3 100
Mo-99+ 2.0E+00 1 1.0E+2 100
Mo-101+ 7.4E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Tc-96 1.5E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
Tc-96m 1.9E+01 10 1.0E+3 100
Tc-97* 2.0E+02 (100) 1.0E+3 10
Tc-97m* 7.5E+01 (100) 1.0E+3 10
Tc-99* 2.1E+01 (10) 1.0E+4 1000
Tc-99m 5.3E+01 100 1.0E+2 1
Ru-97 2.2E+00 1 1.0E+2 100
Ru-103+ 7.1E-01 1 1.0E+2 100
Ru-105+ 1.6E+00 1 1.0E+1 10
Ru-106+ 2.5E+00 1 1.0E+2 100
Rh-103m7 1.3E+05 (100000) 1.0E+4 0.1

7 As can be seen from the fourth column in table 3-2, the clearance level is higher than the exemption value for
Rh-103m. Because Rh-103m is of negligible radiological importance, the clearance level is very high and
could be lowered to match the exemption value without problems. Therefore the rounded general clearance
level which should be used for Rh-103m is 10000 Bq/g.

19
Table 3–2: Calculation results for general clearance levels and rounded general clearance levels6
Calculation results Clearance levels Exemption values Comparison of
for clearance levels rounded (EV) [ CEU 96] exemption values
(CL) and rounded
clearance levels
Nuclide [Bq/g] [Bq/g] [Bq/g] EV/CL
Rh-105 7.7E+00 10 1.0E+2 10
Pd-103+ 1.1E+03 1000 1.0E+3 1
Pd-109+ 8.5E+01 100 1.0E+3 10
Ag-105 6.9E-01 1 1.0E+2 100
Ag-108m+ 1.4E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
Ag-110m+ 1.1E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
Ag-111 1.5E+01 10 1.0E+3 100
Cd-109+ 1.4E+01 10 1.0E+4 1000
Cd-115+ 1.4E+00 1 1.0E+2 100
Cd-115m+ 1.4E+01 10 1.0E+3 100
In-111 1.4E+00 1 1.0E+2 100
In-113m 5.6E+00 10 1.0E+2 10
In-114m+ 3.0E+00 1 1.0E+2 100
In-115m 9.9E+00 10 1.0E+2 10
Sn-113+ 1.4E+00 1 1.0E+3 1000
Sn-125 1.1E+00 1 1.0E+2 100
Sb-122 9.6E-01 1 1.0E+2 100
Sb-124 1.6E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
Sb-125+ 6.6E-01 1 1.0E+2 100
Te-123m* 3.5E+00 (10) 1.0E+2 10
Te-125m 7.1E+01 100 1.0E+3 10
Te-127 1.5E+02 100 1.0E+3 10
Te-127m+ 1.3E+01 10 1.0E+3 100
Te-129 2.5E+01 10 1.0E+2 10
Te-129m+ 5.2E+00 10 1.0E+3 100
Te-131 3.6E+00 10 1.0E+2 10
Te-131m+ 3.6E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Te-132+ 1.8E-01 0.1 1.0E+2 1000
Te-133 1.3E+00 1 1.0E+1 10
Te-133m 5.1E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Te-134 7.3E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
I-123 1.1E+01 10 1.0E+2 10
I-125* 7.4E+00 (10) 1.0E+3 100
I-126 7.7E-01 1 1.0E+2 100
I-129* 4.5E-01 (1) 1.0E+2 100
I-130 5.7E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
I-131 1.0E+00 1 1.0E+2 100
I-132 5.2E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
I-133 1.2E+00 1 1.0E+1 10
I-134 4.4E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
I-135 6.9E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Cs-129 2.4E+00 1 1.0E+2 100
Cs-131 1.3E+03 1000 1.0E+3 1
Cs-132 5.2E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Cs-134 1.8E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
Cs-134m 3.3E+02 1000 1.0E+3 1
Cs-135* 4.3E+01 (100) 1.0E+4 100
Cs-136 1.5E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
Cs-137+ 3.8E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Cs-138 4.8E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Ba-131 8.6E-01 1 1.0E+2 100
Ba-140 1.7E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
La-140 2.0E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
Ce-139* 3.4E+00 (10) 1.0E+2 10
Ce-141 7.0E+00 10 1.0E+2 10

20
Table 3–2: Calculation results for general clearance levels and rounded general clearance levels6
Calculation results Clearance levels Exemption values Comparison of
for clearance levels rounded (EV) [ CEU 96] exemption values
(CL) and rounded
clearance levels
Nuclide [Bq/g] [Bq/g] [Bq/g] EV/CL
Ce-143 2.4E+00 1 1.0E+2 100
Ce-144+ 3.8E+00 10 1.0E+2 10
Pr-142 1.2E+01 10 1.0E+2 10
Pr-143 1.5E+02 100 1.0E+4 100
Nd-147 3.3E+00 10 1.0E+2 10
Nd-149 4.6E+00 10 1.0E+2 10
Pm-147 6.0E+01 100 1.0E+4 100
Pm-149 4.4E+01 100 1.0E+3 10
Sm-151 1.6E+02 100 1.0E+4 100
Sm-153 2.2E+01 10 1.0E+2 10
Eu-152 2.1E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
Eu-152m 3.9E+00 10 1.0E+2 10
Eu-154 1.9E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
Eu-155 9.0E+00 10 1.0E+2 10
Gd-153 9.8E+00 10 1.0E+2 10
Gd-159 2.7E+01 10 1.0E+3 100
Tb-160 3.0E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
Dy-165 7.3E+01 100 1.0E+3 10
Dy-166 1.6E+01 10 1.0E+3 100
Ho-166 2.6E+01 10 1.0E+3 100
Er-169 2.0E+02 100 1.0E+4 100
Er-171 5.2E+00 10 1.0E+2 10
Tm-170 2.4E+01 10 1.0E+3 100
Tm-171 1.5E+02 100 1.0E+4 100
Yb-175 1.1E+01 10 1.0E+3 100
Lu-177 1.5E+01 10 1.0E+3 100
Hf-181 6.8E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Ta-182 2.5E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
W-181* 3.5E+01 (100) 1.0E+3 10
W-185 1.0E+02 100 1.0E+4 100
W-187 1.5E+00 1 1.0E+2 100
Re-186 3.6E+01 100 1.0E+3 10
Re-188 1.8E+01 10 1.0E+2 10
Os-185 4.9E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Os-191 1.0E+01 10 1.0E+2 10
Os-191m 5.0E+02 1000 1.0E+3 1
Os-193 1.1E+01 10 1.0E+2 10
Ir-190 1.2E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
Ir-192* 4.4E-01 (1) 1.0E+1 10
Ir-194 8.9E+00 10 1.0E+2 10
Pt-191 2.0E+00 1 1.0E+2 100
Pt-193m 1.1E+02 100 1.0E+3 10
Pt-197 6.9E+01 100 1.0E+3 10
Pt-197m 3.4E+01 100 1.0E+2 1
Au-198 1.1E+00 1 1.0E+2 100
Au-199 6.9E+00 10 1.0E+2 10
Hg-197 1.8E+01 10 1.0E+2 10
Hg-197m 1.2E+01 10 1.0E+2 10
Hg-203 1.8E+00 1 1.0E+2 100
Tl-200 4.7E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Tl-201 1.1E+01 10 1.0E+2 10
Tl-202 8.5E-01 1 1.0E+2 100
Tl-204 1.3E+01 10 1.0E+4 1000
Pb-203 2.0E+00 1 1.0E+2 100
Pb-210+ 8.6E-03 0.01 1.0E+1 1000

21
Table 3–2: Calculation results for general clearance levels and rounded general clearance levels6
Calculation results Clearance levels Exemption values Comparison of
for clearance levels rounded (EV) [ CEU 96] exemption values
(CL) and rounded
clearance levels
Nuclide [Bq/g] [Bq/g] [Bq/g] EV/CL
Pb-212+ 1.0E+00 1 1.0E+1 10
Bi-206 1.1E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
Bi-207 1.5E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
Bi-210 1.9E+01 10 1.0E+3 100
Bi-212+ 9.4E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Po-203 6.9E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Po-205 7.7E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Po-207 8.7E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Po-210 2.5E-02 0.01 1.0E+1 1000
At-211 4.2E+01 100 1.0E+3 10
Ra-223+ 8.1E-01 1 1.0E+2 100
Ra-224+ 3.2E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Ra-225 6.3E-01 1 1.0E+2 100
Ra-226+ 8.0E-03 0.01 1.0E+1 1000
Ra-227 8.6E+00 10 1.0E+2 10
Ra-228+ 1.7E-02 0.01 1.0E+1 1000
Ac-227+ 2.4E-02 0.01
Ac-228 1.3E+00 1 1.0E+1 10
Th-226+ 5.9E+01 100 1.0E+3 10
Th-227 4.5E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Th-228+ 1.1E-01 0.1 1.0E+0 10
Th-229+ 4.2E-02 0.1 1.0E+0 10
Th-230 1.2E-01 0.1 1.0E+0 10
Th-231 1.3E+02 100 1.0E+3 10
Th-232+ 1.4E-02 0.01 1.0E+0 100
Th-234+ 1.9E+01 10 1.0E+3 100
Pa-230 5.3E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Pa-231 1.9E-02 0.01 1.0E+0 100
Pa-233 2.0E+00 1 1.0E+2 100
U-230+ 3.8E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
U-231 1.1E+01 10 1.0E+2 10
U-232+ 5.5E-02 0.1 1.0E+0 10
U-233 6.2E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
U-234 6.7E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
U-235+ 7.1E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
U-236 7.3E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
U-237 4.5E+00 10 1.0E+2 10
U-238+ 6.9E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
U-239 1.2E+02 100 1.0E+2 1
U-240+ 4.5E+00 10 1.0E+3 100
Np-237*+ 3.1E-01 (1) 1.0E+0 1
Np-239 3.8E+00 10 1.0E+2 10
Np-240 1.1E+00 1 1.0E+1 10
Pu-234 2.9E+02 100 1.0E+2 1
Pu-235 1.0E+02 100 1.0E+2 1
Pu-236* 3.1E-01 (1) 1.0E+1 10
Pu-237 1.4E+01 10 1.0E+3 100
Pu-238 1.5E-01 0.1 1.0E+0 10
Pu-239 1.4E-01 0.1 1.0E+0 10
Pu-240 1.4E-01 0.1 1.0E+0 10
Pu-241* 3.4E+00 (10) 1.0E+2 10
Pu-242 1.5E-01 0.1 1.0E+0 10
Pu-243 1.6E+02 100 1.0E+3 10
Pu-244+ 1.5E-01 0.1 1.0E+0 10
Am-241 1.7E-01 0.1 1.0E+0 10

22
Table 3–2: Calculation results for general clearance levels and rounded general clearance levels6
Calculation results Clearance levels Exemption values Comparison of
for clearance levels rounded (EV) [ CEU 96] exemption values
(CL) and rounded
clearance levels
Nuclide [Bq/g] [Bq/g] [Bq/g] EV/CL
Am-242 1.3E+02 100 1.0E+3 10
Am-242m+ 1.2E-01 0.1 1.0E+0 10
Am-243+ 1.7E-01 0.1 1.0E+0 10
Cm-242 1.2E+00 1 1.0E+2 100
Cm-243 2.3E-01 0.1 1.0E+0 10
Cm-244 2.7E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
Cm-245 1.5E-01 0.1 1.0E+0 10
Cm-246 1.7E-01 0.1 1.0E+0 10
Cm-247+ 1.8E-01 0.1 1.0E+0 10
Cm-248 4.9E-02 0.1 1.0E+0 10
Bk-249 2.2E+01 10 1.0E+3 100
Cf-246 1.3E+01 10 1.0E+3 100
Cf-248 6.8E-01 1 1.0E+1 10
Cf-249 1.0E-01 0.1 1.0E+0 10
Cf-250 1.9E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
Cf-251 1.0E-01 0.1 1.0E+0 10
Cf-252 2.2E-01 0.1 1.0E+1 100
Cf-253 2.7E+00 1 1.0E+2 100
Cf-254 1.6E-01 0.1 1.0E+0 10
Es-253 2.2E+00 1 1.0E+2 100
Es-254*+ 3.7E-01 (1) 1.0E+1 10
Es-254m+ 8.8E-01 1 1.0E+2 100
Fm-254 6.0E+01 100 1.0E+4 100
Fm-255 1.8E+01 10 1.0E+3 100

 5HODWLRQWRWKH([HPSWLRQ9DOXHV

As a matter of fact, any set of clearance levels should not exceed the exemption values as laid
down in the Basic Safety Standards [CEU 96] in order to avoid situations in which material
which has been cleared would again fall under the scheme of reporting and authorisation
because it exceeded the exemption values. It is therefore necessary to compare the derived
clearance levels with the exemption values for all nuclides. Table 3-2 shows this comparison in
which the rounded clearance levels have been used because they were rounded by the same
procedure as the exemption values (cf. Section 3.1.). As can be seen from the last column in
table 3-2, the clearance level is larger than the exemption value only for Rh-103m. In all other
cases the clearance levels are lower than or equal to the exemption values. Because Rh-103m is
of negligible radiological importance, the clearance level is very high and could be lowered to
match the exemption value without problems. Therefore in table 1 in chapter 4.3. of the main
part the rounded general clearance level which should be used for Rh-103m is set as
10000 Bq/g.
It should further be noted that no uniform factor exists by which the set of clearance levels could
be related to the set of exemption values. According to table 3-2, the ratio between exemption
values and clearance levels covers a range from 1 to 1000 with a span from 10 to 100 for the
most relevant nuclides. Lowering the clearance levels so that a uniform ratio of e.g. 100 could
be applied would make clearance practically impossible while adjusting them for a ratio of e.g.
10 could result in significantly exceeding individual doses of 10 µSv/a. It must therefore be
concluded that clearance levels and exemption values cannot be matched by a simple ratio
which is a result of the totally different scenarios on which both sets of values are based.

23
 5HODWLRQWR2WKHU6HWVRI&OHDUDQFH/HYHOV

The rounded clearance levels as listed in table 3-2 are now compared with the sets of clearance
levels which have already been recommended by the European Commission for clearance of
metals (Radiation Protection No. 89, [EUR 98]) and for clearance of building rubble8 (Radiation
Protection No. 113, [EUR 00]). As for logical reason a general clearance level could not be
higher than a specific clearance level, it must be lower than or equal to any other clearance
levels.
The comparison between the clearance levels from table 3-2 and the sets of clearance levels for
metals and for building rubble is given in table 3–3. The list of nuclides in table 3–3 is
considerably shorter than the list in table 3-2 because clearance levels for metals and building
rubble have been calculated only for longer lived nuclides.
Table 3–3 shows the rounded general clearance levels as of table 3-2 in the third column, the
rounded clearance levels for metals in the fourth and the rounded clearance levels for building
rubble in the sixth column. The fifth and seventh column show the ratio between the general
clearance level and the other clearance level. A ratio greater than 1 is highlighted as it marks
nuclides where the calculated general clearance level exceeds the clearance level in question.

Table 3–3: Comparison between the rounded calculation results for general clearance levels and
the clearance levels for metals and for building rubble of RP 89 [EUR 98] and RP 113 [EUR 00]
T1/2 Rounded CL RP 89 Comparison CL RP 113 Comparison
general CL
Nuclide [a] [Bq/g] [Bq/g] Cgen/CLmet [Bq/g] Clgen/CLbldg
H-3 1.2E+01 1000 1000 1 100 10
C-14 5.7E+03 100 100 1 10 10
Na-22 2.6E+00 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
S-35 2.4E-01 100 1000 0.1 1000 0.1
Cl-36 3.0E+05 10 10 1 1 10
K-40 1.3E+09 1 1 1 1 1
Ca-45 4.5E-01 100 1000 0.1 1000 0.1
Sc-46 2.3E-01 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Mn-53 3.7E+06 1000 10000 0.1 1000 1
Mn-54 8.6E-01 1 1 1 0.1 10
Fe-55 2.7E+00 100 10000 0.01 1000 0.1
Co-56 2.2E-01 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Co-57 7.4E-01 10 10 1 1 10
Co-58 1.9E-01 1 1 1 0.1 10
Co-60 5.3E+00 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Ni-59 7.5E+04 100 10000 0.01 1000 0.1
Ni-63 9.6E+01 100 10000 0.01 1000 0.1
Zn-65 6.7E-01 1 1 1 1 1
As-73 2.2E-01 100 100 1 100 1
Se-75 3.3E-01 1 1 1 1 1
Sr-85 1.8E-01 1 1 1 1 1
Sr-90 2.9E+01 1 10 0.1 1 1
Y-91 1.6E-01 10 10 1 100 0.1
Zr-93 1.5E+06 100 10 10 100 1

8 Clearance levels for buildings prior to demolition which are also contained in RP 113 are not suitable for
comparison because they refer to building surfaces and are given in Bq/cm²; the clearance levels for building
rubble arising from the demolition of an entire building are so sensitive that normally the standing structure
would be cleared on the basis of surface activity; for partial demolition clearance levels which are a factor 10
higher are applicable.

24
Table 3–3: Comparison between the rounded calculation results for general clearance levels and
the clearance levels for metals and for building rubble of RP 89 [EUR 98] and RP 113 [EUR 00]
T1/2 Rounded CL RP 89 Comparison CL RP 113 Comparison
general CL
Nuclide [a] [Bq/g] [Bq/g] Cgen/CLmet [Bq/g] Clgen/CLbldg
Zr-95 1.7E-01 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Nb-93m 1.4E+01 100 1000 0.1 1000 0.1
Nb-94 2.0E+04 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Mo-93 3.5E+03 10 100 0.1 100 0.1
Tc-97 2.6E+06 100 1000 0.1 10 10
Tc-97m 2.4E-01 100 1000 0.1 10 10
Tc-99 2.1E+05 10 100 0.1 1 10
Ru-106 1.0E+00 1 1 1 1 1
Ag-108m 1.3E+02 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Ag-110m 6.9E-01 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Cd-109 1.3E+00 10 10 1 100 0.1
Sn-113 3.1E-01 1 1 1 1 1
Sb-124 1.7E-01 0.1 1 0.1 100 0.001
Sb-125 2.8E+00 1 10 0.1 1 1
Te-123m 3.3E-01 10 10 1 1 10
Te-127m 3.0E-01 10 100 0.1 100 0.1
I-125 1.7E-01 10 1 10 100 0.1
I-129 1.6E+07 1 1 1 0.1 10
Cs-134 2.1E+00 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Cs-135 2.3E+06 100 10 10 1000 0.1
Cs-137 3.0E+01 1 1 1 1 1
Ce-139 3.8E-01 10 10 1 1 10
Ce-144 7.8E-01 10 10 1 10 1
Pm-147 2.6E+00 100 10000 0.01 1000 0.1
Sm-151 9.0E+01 100 10000 0.01 1000 0.1
Eu-152 1.3E+01 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Eu-154 8.8E+00 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Eu-155 5.0E+00 10 10 1 10 1
Gd-153 6.6E-01 10 10 1 10 1
Tb-160 2.0E-01 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Tm-170 3.5E-01 10 100 0.1 100 0.1
Tm-171 1.9E+00 100 1000 0.1 1000 0.1
Ta-182 3.1E-01 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
W-181 3.3E-01 100 100 1 10 10
W-185 2.1E-01 100 1000 0.1 1000 0.1
Os-185 2.6E-01 1 1 1 1 1
Ir-192 2.0E-01 1 1 1 0.1 10
Tl-204 3.8E+00 10 1000 0.01 100 0.1
Pb-210 2.2E+01 0.01 1 0.01 0.1 0.1
Bi-207 3.8E+01 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Po-210 3.8E-01 0.01 1 0.01 1 0.01
Ra-226 1.6E+03 0.01 1 0.01 0.1 0.1
Ra-228 5.8E+00 0.01 1 0.01 0.1 0.1
Th-228 1.9E+00 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Th-229 7.3E+03 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Th-230 7.7E+04 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Th-232 1.4E+10 0.01 1 0.01 0.1 0.1
Pa-231 3.3E+04 0.01 1 0.01 0.1 0.1
U-232 7.2E+01 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1

25
Table 3–3: Comparison between the rounded calculation results for general clearance levels and
the clearance levels for metals and for building rubble of RP 89 [EUR 98] and RP 113 [EUR 00]
T1/2 Rounded CL RP 89 Comparison CL RP 113 Comparison
general CL
Nuclide [a] [Bq/g] [Bq/g] Cgen/CLmet [Bq/g] Clgen/CLbldg
U-233 1.6E+05 1 1 1 1 1
U-234 2.4E+05 1 1 1 1 1
U-235 7.0E+08 1 1 1 1 1
U-236 2.3E+07 1 10 0.1 1 1
U-238 4.5E+09 1 1 1 1 1
Np-237 2.1E+06 1 1 1 0.1 10
Pu-236 2.8E+00 1 1 1 0.1 10
Pu-238 8.8E+01 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Pu-239 2.4E+04 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Pu-240 6.5E+03 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Pu-241 1.4E+01 10 10 1 1 10
Pu-242 3.8E+05 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Pu-244 8.3E+07 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Am-241 4.3E+02 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Am-242m 1.5E+02 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Am-243 7.4E+03 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Cm-242 4.5E-01 1 10 0.1 1 1
Cm-243 2.9E+01 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Cm-244 1.8E+01 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Cm-245 8.5E+03 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Cm-246 4.7E+03 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Cm-247 1.6E+07 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Cm-248 3.4E+05 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Bk-249 8.8E-01 10 100 0.1 10 1
Cf-248 9.2E-01 1 10 0.1 1 1
Cf-249 3.5E+02 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Cf-250 1.3E+01 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Cf-251 9.0E+02 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Cf-252 2.6E+00 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Cf-254 1.7E-01 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 1
Es-254 7.6E-01 1 10 0.1 0.1 10

The comparison in table 3–3 yields the following results:

• In only very few cases do the rounded general clearance levels exceed the rounded clearance
levels for metals while they are normally equal or a factor of 10 lower. Those nuclides for
which the general clearance levels are higher are usually not leading in nuclide vectors.
• In other cases the rounded general clearance levels are higher than the rounded clearance
levels for building rubble. Nuclides like Cl-36, Mn-54, Tc-99, I-129 or Ir-192 which are
concerned here may be relevant in nuclide vectors from nuclear installations.
• The highest ratio in table 3–3 is 10. That means that the general clearance levels do not
exceed that other sets by more than one order of magnitude.
• It can generally be observed that there is a considerable degree of consistency among the
three sets of clearance levels.

From this comparison it can be concluded that the agreement between the general clearance
levels and the clearance levels for metals is good. The few cases where the general clearance
levels is higher than the specific clearance level could be adjusted in such a way that they are
lower or equal than the specific clearance levels for metals or building rubble for each nuclide.

26
The calculated rounded general clearance levels in brackets for the nuclides marked with an
asterix in table 3-2 are higher than the rounded specific clearance levels in RP 89 or RP 113.
As the general clearance levels are applicable to any dry material without a limit setting for the
maximum quantity of the material and therefore to avoid legal problems in table 1 in chapter
4.3. of the main document the rounded general clearance levels which should be used are set to
the lowest value given in RP 89 or RP 113 for the nuclides in table 3-2 marked with an asterix.
In table 1 of the main part the rounded general clearance levels for the in table 3-3 highlighted
nuclides are reduced to match the criterion that general clearance levels should not be higher
than specific clearance levels.

For smaller masses the authorities could relax the clearance levels after a case study9.

 6SHFLDO&RQVLGHUDWLRQWR6KRUW/LYHG1XFOLGHV

As the list of table 3-2 contains all nuclides for which exemption values exist in the Basic Safety
Standards [CEU 96], it contains also short-lived nuclides for which the scenarios of section 2.4.
may not be totally appropriate because clearance levels are derived from exposure situations of
one year duration.
The other two recommendations on clearance which the European Commission has issued
([EUR 98] and [EUR 00]) have concentrated on nuclides with a half-life of more than around 60
days. The only recent international generic assessment which also contains shorter-lived
nuclides is TECDOC 1000 of the IAEA [IAE 98] where they have been derived from the same
scenarios as the long-lived nuclides.
In practice for short-lived nuclides (with a half-life of less than 7 days) higher dilution factors
would apply in the scenarios and being aware that for those nuclides other scenarios10 might be
relevant, it would therefore be a viable option for the generic clearance levels of table 3-2 to
replace the (rounded) general clearance levels which have been derived from the scenarios in
section 2.4. by the exemption values.

 &216,'(5$7,216727+(&2//(&7,9('26(

Collective doses for clearance options can generally be calculated in two ways:
1. If the radiological scenarios are of probabilistic nature and result in dose distributions (i.e.
the number of exposed persons as a function of dose is calculated), then the collective dose
can be derived from this dose distribution by integrating over the relevant dose interval. An
approach of this kind has been pursued e.g. in several German studies like [GÖR 89].
2. If the scenarios are of deterministic nature, the result is a fixed relation between the activity
in the material and the resulting annual individual dose. This approach has been used here.
The collective dose can then be derived as a simple multiplication of the resulting dose and
the number of people exposed.

9 For example it is stated in [EUR 00] that the clearance levels for building rubble could be raised if smaller
masses are involved: 7KHPDVVVSHFLILFFOHDUDQFHOHYHOVLQ WDEOHRIWKHUHFRPPHQGDWLRQ>(85@DUHYDOLG
IRU DQ\ TXDQWLW\ RI UXEEOH W\SLFDOO\ RQ WKH RUGHU RI RQH QXFOHDU SRZHU SODQW )RU TXDQWLWLHV RI UXEEOH QRW
H[FHHGLQJDERXW0JDIURPRQHVLWHWKHDXWKRULWLHVFRXOGUHOD[WKHFOHDUDQFHOHYHOV)RUVXFKTXDQWLWLHV
PDVVVSHFLILFFOHDUDQFHOHYHOVDIDFWRUKLJKHUZRXOGXVXDOO\EHUDGLRORJLFDOO\DFFHSWDEOH

10 For example in [SSK 98].

27
The scenarios which have been developed in section 2 do not allow for an immediate calculation
of collective doses because no assumptions are included concerning the number of people that
could be affected. It would also be extremely difficult to make a sensible estimate of this
number because the quantities which are involved and the origins of the cleared materials are to
a large extent undetermined. However, the recommendations [EUR 98] and [EUR 00] both
contain estimations of the collective doses caused by recycling (or disposal) of metals and of
building rubble, respectively, which show results below 1 manSv/a. In view of the fact the
general clearance levels are generally lower than the other two value sets (cf. Section 3.3.) and
the fact that the largest material quantities are formed by building rubble and metals it is clear
that application of the general clearance levels could lead only to collective doses which are still
smaller than those estimated for building rubble and metals.

 18&/,'(63(&,),&'$7$

This section lists background information to the scenarios in section 2 and to the calculations
presented in section 3.
Table 5-1 contains a list of the parent nuclides for which daughter nuclides have been taken into
account. Because of varying ratios of half-lives and branches in the decay chains, the
equilibrium factor between parent and daughter nuclides is not always 1. The ratios are therefore
provided in table 5-1 as well.
Table 5-2 lists the dose coefficients for inhalation, ingestion, external irradiation and skin
contamination which already include the progeny as listed in table 5-1. These dose coefficients
are therefore directly applicable in the scenarios of section 2.
The values are given for the maximum activity within the first 100 years.

Table 5–1: Activity ratios for daughter nuclides in relation to the parent nuclide
3DUHQW 'DXJKWHUQXFOLGHVDQGDFWLYLW\UDWLRV11
Ca-47 Sc-47
0.4210
Fe-52 Mn-52m Mn-52
0.8420 0.0007
Co-58m Co-58
0.0052
Zn-69m Zn-69
0.8230
Sr-85m Sr-85
0.0006
Sr-90 Y-90
0.9980
Sr-91 Y-91m Y-91
0.4546 0.0065
Sr-92 Y-92
0.3200
Y-91m Y-91
0.0006
Zr-93 Nb-93m
0.9910
Zr-95 Nb-95m Nb-95
0.0067 0.4818
Zr-97 Nb-97m Nb-97
0.9404 0.8170
Mo-93 Nb-93m
0.9760

11 Progenies with a zero contribution are not listed in the table.

28
Table 5–1: Activity ratios for daughter nuclides in relation to the parent nuclide
3DUHQW 'DXJKWHUQXFOLGHVDQGDFWLYLW\UDWLRV11
Mo-99 Tc-99m
0.6964
Mo-101 Tc-101
0.3730
Tc-96m Tc-96
0.0079
Ru-103 Rh-103m
0.9900
Ru-105 Rh-105m Rh-105
0.2410 0.0931
Ru-106 Rh-106
1.0000
Pd-103 Rh-103m
0.9860
Pd-109 Ag-109m
0.9930
Ag-108m Ag-108
0.0930
Ag-110m Ag-110
0.0130
Cd-109 Ag-109m
1.0000
Cd-115 In-115m
0.8010
In-114m In-114
0.9550
Sn-113 In-113m
0.9960
Sn-125 Sb-125 Te-125m
0.0091 0.0019
Sb-125 Te-125m
0.1940
Te-127m Te-127
0.9620
Te-129m Te-129
0.6230
Te-131 I-131
0.0021
Te-131m Te-131 I-131 Xe-131m
0.2090 0.1100 0.0005
Te-132 I-132
0.8990
Te-133 I-133 Xe-133m Xe-133
0.0096 0.0001 0.0012
Te-133m Te-133 I-133 Xe-133m Xe-133
0.0842 0.0384 0.0003 0.0051
Te-134 I-134
0.3270
I-131 Xe-131m
0.0033
I-133 Xe-133m Xe-133
0.0063 0.1150
I-135 Xe-135m Xe-135
0.1450 0.3110
Cs-134m Cs-134
0.0002
Cs-137 Ba-137m
0.946
Ba-131 Cs-131
0.4050
Ba-140 La-140
0.7360
Ce-143 Pr-143
0.0781

29
Table 5–1: Activity ratios for daughter nuclides in relation to the parent nuclide
3DUHQW 'DXJKWHUQXFOLGHVDQGDFWLYLW\UDWLRV11
Ce-144 Pr-144m Pr-144
0.0140 1.000
Nd-147 Pm-147
0.0109
Nd-149 Pm-149
0.0290
Dy-166 Ho-166
0.5800
Er-171 Tm-171
0.0004
Os-191m Os-191
0.0311
Os-193 Ir-193m
0.0003
Ir-190 Os-190m
0.9960
Pt-193m Pt-193
0.0002
Pt-197m Pt-197
0.0660
Hg-197m Hg-197
0.1925
Pb-210 Bi-210 Po-210
0.9950 0.9320
Pb-212 Bi-212 Po-212 Tl-208
0.7810 0.5006 0.2804
Bi-210 Po-210
0.0320
Bi-212 Po-212 Tl-208
0.6410 0.3062
At-211 Po-211
0.5830
Ra-223 Rn-219 Po-215 Pb-211 Bi-211 Tl-207 Po-211
1.0000 1.0000 0.9870 0.9870 0.9843 0.0027
Ra-224 Rn-220 Po-216 Pb-212 Bi-212 Po-212 Tl-208
1.0000 1.0000 0.7460 0.7560 0.4782 0.2678
Ra-225 Ac-225 Fr-221 At-217 Bi-213 Tl-209 Po-213 Pb-209
0.4420 0.4420 0.4420 0.4420 0.0096 0.4325 0.4420
Ra-226 Rn-222 Po-218 Pb-214 Bi-214 Po-214 Pb-210 Bi-210 Po-210
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9260 0.9260 0.9250
Ra-228 Ac-228 Th-228 Ra-224 Rn-220 Po-216 Pb-212 Bi-212 Po-212 Tl-208
1.000 0.5780 0.5780 0.5780 0.5780 0.5780 0.5780 0.3705 0.2075
Ac-227 Th-227 Fr-223 Ra-223 Rn-219 Po-215 Pb-211 Bi-211 Tl-207 Po-211
0.9720 0.0140 0.9850 0.9850 0.9850 0.9850 0.9850 0.9820 0.0027
Ac-228 Th-228 Ra-224 Rn-220 Po-216 Pb-212 Bi-212 Po-212 Tl-208
0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0002 0.0001
Th-226 Ra 222 Rn-218 Po-214
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
Th-227 Ra-223 Rn-219 Po-215 Pb-211 Bi-211 Tl-207 Po-211
0.4620 0.4620 0.4620 0.4620 0.4620 0.4608 0.0013
Th-228 Ra-224 Rn-220 Po-216 Pb-212 Bi-212 Tl-208 Po-212
0.9730 0.9730 0.9730 0.9730 0.9730 0.3493 0.6237
Th-229 Ra-225 Ac-225 Fr-221 At-217 Bi-213 Tl-209 Po-213 Pb-209
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.0216 0.9784 1.0000
Th-230 Ra-226 Rn-222 Po-218 Pb-214 Bi-214 Po-214 Pb-210 Bi-210 Po-210
0.0424 0.0424 0.0424 0.0424 0.0424 0.0424 0.0295 0.0295 0.0292
Th-232 Ra-228 Ac-228 Th-228 Ra-224 Rn-220 Po-216 Pb-212 Bi-212 Po-212 Tl-208
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.6410 0.3590
Th-234 Pa-234m Pa-234
1.0000 0.0015
Pa-230 U-230 Th-226 Ra 222 Rn-218 Po-214 Pb-210 Bi-210 Po-210
0.0319 0.0319 0.0319 0.0319 0.0319 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002
Pa-231 Ac-227 Th-227 Fr-223 Ra-223 Rn-219 Po-215 Pb-211 Bi-211 Po-211 Tl-207
0.9570 0.9436 0.0134 0.9570 0.9570 0.9570 0.9570 0.9570 0.0026 0.9544

30
Table 5–1: Activity ratios for daughter nuclides in relation to the parent nuclide
3DUHQW 'DXJKWHUQXFOLGHVDQGDFWLYLW\UDWLRV11
U-230 Th-226 Ra-222 Rn-218 Po-214 Pb-210 Bi-210 Po-210
0.9930 0.9930 0.9930 0.9930 0.0025 0.0025 0.0024
U-232 Th-228 Ra-224 Rn-220 Po-216 Pb-212 Bi-212 Po-212 Tl-208
0.9060 0.9060 0.9060 0.9060 0.9060 0.9060 0.5808 0.3253
U-233 Th-229 Ra-225 Ac-225 Fr-221 At-217 Bi-213 Po-213 Tl-209 Pb-209
0.0094 0.0094 0.0094 0.0094 0.0094 0.0094 0.0092 0.0002 0.0094
U-234 Th-230
0.0009
U-235 Th-231 Pa-231 Ac-227 Th-227 Ra-223 Rn-219 Po-215 Pb-211 Bi-211 Tl-207
1.0000 0.0021 0.0015 0.0015 0.0015 0.0015 0.0015 0.0015 0.0015 0.0015
U-238 Th-234 Pa-234m Pa-234 U-234
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.0003
U-239 Np-239
0.0067
U-240 Np-240m Np-240
0.9590 0.0009
Np-237 Pa-233 U-233
1.0000 0.0004
Pu-236 U-232 Th-228 Ra-224 Rn-220 Po-216 Pb-212 Bi-212 Po-212 Tl-208
0.0347 0.0342 0.0342 0.0342 0.0342 0.0342 0.0342 0.0219 0.0123
Pu-238 U-234
0.0002
Pu-241 Am-241
0.0296
Pu-244 U-240 Np-240m Np-240 Pu-240
1.0000 1.0000 0.0011 0.0105
Am-242 Cm-242
0.0033
Am-242m Np-238 Am-242 Cm-242 Pu-238 U-234
0.0005 0.9950 0.8090 0.3510 0.0001
Am-243 Np-239 Pu-239
1.0000 0.0029
Cm-242 Pu-238
0.0050
Cm-243 Pu-239
0.0011
Cm-244 Pu-240
0.0027
Cm-245 Pu-241 Am-241
0.9850 0.1190
Cm-246 Pu-242
0.0002
Cm-247 Pu-243 Am-243 Np-239
1.0000 0.0094 0.0094
Bk-249 Cf-249
0.0025
Cf-248 Cm-244 Pu-240
0.0431 0.0001
Cf-249 Cm-245 Pu-241 Am-241
0.0074 0.0059 0.0004
Cf-250 Cm-246
0.0027
Cf-253 Cm-249 Es-253 Bk-249 Cf-249
0.0030 0.3410 0.0444 0.0001
Cf-254 Cm-246
0.0027
Es-253 Bk-249 Cf-249
0.0531 0.0002
Es-254 Bk-250 Cf-250 Cm-246
1.0000 0.0484 0.0002
Es-254m Bk-250 Fm-254 Cf-250
0.0024 0.7960 0.0003

31
Table 5–2: Dose coefficients used in the calculations of clearance levels

5DGLR (;7$ (;7% (;7& ,1+% ,1+$ ,1*% ,1*$ 6.,1

QXFOLGH —6YK —6YK —6YK LQIDQW ZRUNHU FKLOG ZRUNHU 6YD
%TJ %TJ %TJ 6Y%T 6Y%T 6Y%T 6Y%T %TFPð
H-3 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 3.4E-10 4.1E-11 1.2E-10 4.2E-11 0.0E+00
Be-7 8.1E-03 1.9E-03 1.6E-02 2.5E-10 4.3E-11 1.3E-10 2.8E-11 2.4E-05
C-14 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 8.3E-09 5.8E-10 1.6E-09 5.8E-10 7.9E-03
F-18 1.6E-01 3.8E-02 3.1E-01 4.1E-10 8.9E-11 3.0E-10 4.9E-11 2.4E-02
Na-22 3.9E-01 9.3E-02 6.9E-01 9.7E-09 2.0E-09 1.5E-08 3.2E-09 2.2E-02
Na-24 8.0E-01 1.9E-01 1.3E+00 2.3E-09 5.3E-10 2.3E-09 4.3E-10 2.6E-02
Si-31 1.6E-04 4.0E-05 2.8E-04 6.9E-10 1.1E-10 1.0E-09 1.6E-10 2.6E-02
P-32 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 2.2E-08 2.9E-09 1.9E-08 2.4E-09 2.4E-02
P-33 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 6.1E-09 1.3E-09 1.8E-09 2.4E-10 1.4E-02
S-35 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 5.9E-09 1.1E-09 5.4E-09 7.7E-10 7.9E-03
Cl-36 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 3.1E-08 5.1E-09 6.3E-09 9.3E-10 2.2E-02
Cl-38 2.9E-01 6.8E-02 4.6E-01 4.7E-10 7.3E-11 7.7E-10 1.2E-10 6.8E-02
K-40 2.9E-02 7.1E-03 4.9E-02 2.4E-08 3.0E-09 4.2E-08 6.2E-09 2.1E-02
K-42 5.2E-02 1.3E-02 8.6E-02 1.6E-09 2.0E-10 3.0E-09 4.3E-10 6.3E-02
K-43 1.6E-01 3.7E-02 3.0E-01 1.3E-09 2.6E-10 1.4E-09 2.5E-10 2.0E-02
Ca-45 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 1.2E-08 2.3E-09 4.9E-09 7.6E-10 1.4E-02
Ca-47 2.0E-01 4.8E-02 3.5E-01 1.2E-08 2.4E-09 1.1E-08 1.8E-09 4.2E-02
Sc-46 3.6E-01 8.9E-02 6.5E-01 2.8E-08 4.8E-09 7.9E-09 1.5E-09 1.8E-02
Sc-47 1.3E-02 1.2E-03 2.6E-02 4.0E-09 7.3E-10 3.9E-09 5.4E-10 1.4E-02
Sc-48 6.1E-01 1.5E-01 1.1E+00 7.8E-09 1.6E-09 9.3E-09 1.7E-09 2.2E-02
V-48 5.3E-01 1.3E-01 9.3E-01 1.4E-08 2.7E-09 1.1E-08 2.0E-09 3.6E-02
Cr-51 4.7E-03 9.7E-04 9.3E-03 2.6E-10 3.4E-11 2.3E-10 3.8E-11 1.3E-04
Mn-51 1.6E-01 3.8E-02 3.1E-01 4.0E-10 6.8E-11 6.1E-10 9.3E-11 4.2E-02
Mn-52 6.3E-01 1.5E-01 1.1E+00 8.6E-09 1.8E-09 8.8E-09 1.8E-09 8.2E-03
Mn-52m 4.3E-01 1.0E-01 7.6E-01 2.8E-10 5.0E-11 4.4E-10 6.9E-11 5.1E-02
Mn-53 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 4.6E-10 3.6E-11 2.2E-10 3.0E-11 7.3E-07
Mn-54 1.5E-01 3.6E-02 2.7E-01 7.5E-09 1.2E-09 3.1E-09 7.1E-10 5.3E-04
Mn-56 3.1E-01 7.5E-02 5.4E-01 1.1E-09 2.0E-10 1.7E-09 2.5E-10 3.7E-02
Fe-52 4.8E-01 1.1E-01 8.6E-01 6.0E-09 9.9E-10 9.5E-09 1.5E-09 7.1E-02
Fe-55 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 1.9E-09 3.3E-10 2.4E-09 3.3E-10 1.4E-04
Fe-59 2.2E-01 5.3E-02 3.8E-01 1.8E-08 3.2E-09 1.3E-08 1.8E-09 1.8E-02
Co-55 3.4E-01 8.2E-02 6.2E-01 4.1E-09 7.8E-10 5.5E-09 1.1E-09 2.1E-02
Co-56 6.8E-01 1.6E-01 1.1E+00 2.5E-08 4.0E-09 1.5E-08 2.5E-09 1.3E-02
Co-57 1.3E-02 6.8E-04 2.5E-02 2.8E-09 3.9E-10 1.6E-09 2.1E-10 1.3E-03
Co-58 1.7E-01 4.1E-02 3.1E-01 7.3E-09 1.4E-09 4.4E-09 7.4E-10 4.2E-03
Co-58m 8.9E-04 2.1E-04 1.6E-03 1.5E-10 2.2E-11 1.7E-10 2.8E-11 2.1E-03
Co-60 4.7E-01 1.1E-01 7.9E-01 4.2E-08 7.1E-09 2.7E-08 3.4E-09 1.7E-02
Co-60m 6.6E-04 1.5E-04 1.2E-03 7.1E-12 1.2E-12 1.2E-11 1.7E-12 5.7E-03
Co-61 9.0E-03 1.4E-03 1.8E-02 4.0E-10 7.1E-11 5.1E-10 7.4E-11 2.0E-02
Co-62m 5.0E-01 1.2E-01 8.5E-01 1.9E-10 3.6E-11 3.0E-10 4.7E-11 4.7E-02
Ni-59 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 7.9E-10 9.4E-11 3.4E-10 6.3E-11 1.3E-06
Ni-63 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 2.5E-09 3.1E-10 8.4E-10 1.5E-10 1.6E-04
Ni-65 1.0E-01 2.5E-02 1.7E-01 7.7E-10 1.3E-10 1.3E-09 1.8E-10 2.8E-02
Cu-64 3.1E-02 7.4E-03 6.0E-02 5.5E-10 1.5E-10 8.3E-10 1.2E-10 1.1E-02
Zn-65 1.1E-01 2.6E-02 1.9E-01 7.6E-09 2.8E-09 1.6E-08 3.9E-09 7.7E-04
Zn-69 9.8E-07 2.2E-07 1.9E-06 2.3E-10 4.3E-11 2.2E-10 3.1E-11 2.0E-02
Zn-69m 6.7E-02 1.5E-02 1.3E-01 2.4E-09 3.7E-10 2.5E-09 3.6E-10 2.3E-02
Ga-72 5.1E-01 1.2E-01 8.5E-01 4.5E-09 8.4E-10 6.8E-09 1.1E-09 2.1E-02
Ge-71 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 1.2E-10 1.1E-11 7.8E-11 1.2E-11 2.2E-06
As-73 1.7E-04 2.0E-11 4.3E-04 5.4E-09 6.5E-10 1.9E-09 2.6E-10 5.3E-03
As-74 1.3E-01 3.0E-02 2.4E-01 1.1E-08 1.8E-09 8.2E-09 1.3E-09 2.0E-02
As-76 7.5E-02 1.8E-02 1.4E-01 5.1E-09 9.2E-10 1.1E-08 1.6E-09 4.7E-02
As-77 1.3E-03 2.5E-04 2.5E-03 2.2E-09 4.2E-10 2.9E-09 4.0E-10 2.0E-02
Se-75 5.2E-02 8.6E-03 1.0E-01 7.8E-09 1.4E-09 1.3E-08 2.6E-09 1.9E-03
Br-82 4.7E-01 1.1E-01 8.5E-01 3.8E-09 8.8E-10 2.6E-09 5.4E-10 1.3E-02

32
 5DGLR (;7$ (;7% (;7& ,1+% ,1+$ ,1*% ,1*$ 6.,1
QXFOLGH —6YK —6YK —6YK LQIDQW ZRUNHU FKLOG ZRUNHU 6YD
%TJ %TJ %TJ 6Y%T 6Y%T 6Y%T 6Y%T %TFPð
Rb-86 1.7E-02 4.2E-03 3.0E-02 1.2E-08 1.3E-09 2.0E-08 2.8E-09 2.3E-02
Sr-85 8.4E-02 2.0E-02 1.6E-01 4.4E-09 5.6E-10 3.1E-09 5.6E-10 5.6E-04
Sr-85m 2.9E-02 4.7E-03 5.8E-02 2.7E-11 5.9E-12 3.2E-11 6.4E-12 1.2E-03
Sr-87m 5.0E-02 1.1E-02 9.7E-02 9.7E-11 2.2E-11 1.7E-10 3.0E-11 6.1E-03
Sr-89 2.4E-05 5.9E-06 4.4E-05 1.5E-08 1.4E-09 1.8E-08 2.6E-09 2.3E-02
Sr-90 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 1.4E-07 3.2E-08 9.3E-08 3.1E-08 4.5E-02
Sr-91 1.2E-01 3.0E-02 2.2E-01 1.4E-09 2.9E-10 4.0E-09 6.5E-10 2.3E-02
Sr-92 2.6E-01 6.4E-02 4.5E-01 1.5E-09 2.7E-10 3.9E-09 5.9E-10 1.8E-02
Y-90 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 1.3E-08 1.6E-09 2.0E-08 2.7E-09 2.4E-02
Y-91 6.7E-04 1.6E-04 1.1E-03 3.9E-08 5.2E-09 1.8E-08 2.4E-09 2.3E-02
Y-91m 8.9E-02 2.1E-02 1.7E-01 9.3E-11 1.7E-11 7.1E-11 1.2E-11 2.7E-03
Y-92 4.5E-02 1.1E-02 8.0E-02 1.8E-09 2.7E-10 3.6E-09 4.9E-10 6.3E-02
Y-93 1.6E-02 3.7E-03 2.8E-02 4.4E-09 5.7E-10 8.5E-09 1.2E-09 5.1E-02
Zr-93 6.2E-10 0.0E+00 2.2E-06 6.4E-09 6.9E-09 1.7E-09 4.0E-10 2.1E-04
Zr-95 1.9E-01 4.7E-02 3.6E-01 2.3E-08 4.2E-09 7.2E-09 1.2E-09 2.7E-02
Zr-97 4.9E-01 1.2E-01 9.1E-01 8.1E-09 1.4E-09 1.4E-08 2.2E-09 4.7E-02
Nb-93m 6.3E-10 0.0E+00 2.3E-06 3.1E-09 2.9E-10 9.1E-10 1.2E-10 1.0E-06
Nb-94 2.8E-01 6.7E-02 5.1E-01 4.3E-08 7.2E-09 9.7E-09 1.7E-09 2.0E-02
Nb-95 1.3E-01 3.2E-02 2.5E-01 6.8E-09 1.3E-09 3.2E-09 5.8E-10 6.4E-03
Nb-97 1.1E-01 2.7E-02 2.1E-01 3.7E-10 6.9E-11 4.5E-10 6.8E-11 2.3E-02
Nb-98 4.5E-01 1.1E-01 7.9E-01 5.2E-10 9.6E-11 7.1E-10 1.1E-10 4.0E-02
Mo-90 1.4E-01 2.8E-02 2.6E-01 2.8E-09 5.6E-10 1.2E-09 3.1E-10 2.0E-02
Mo-93 4.1E-09 0.0E+00 1.5E-05 9.0E-09 1.5E-09 7.8E-09 2.7E-09 5.5E-06
Mo-99 3.6E-02 6.6E-03 6.8E-02 7.0E-09 1.1E-09 3.6E-09 7.6E-10 2.3E-02
Mo-101 2.9E-01 6.8E-02 5.1E-01 2.7E-10 5.3E-11 3.2E-10 4.9E-11 2.7E-02
Tc-96 4.4E-01 1.1E-01 8.1E-01 4.7E-09 1.0E-09 5.1E-09 1.1E-09 2.1E-03
Tc-96m 1.1E-02 2.6E-03 2.0E-02 9.3E-11 1.9E-11 1.1E-10 2.2E-11 2.4E-03
Tc-97 5.5E-09 0.0E+00 1.9E-05 1.2E-09 1.6E-10 4.9E-10 8.3E-11 5.0E-04
Tc-97m 2.7E-05 2.0E-07 7.5E-05 1.3E-08 2.7E-09 4.1E-09 6.6E-10 7.6E-03
Tc-99 4.3E-08 2.1E-10 8.6E-08 1.7E-08 3.2E-09 4.8E-09 7.8E-10 1.4E-02
Tc-99m 1.4E-02 9.4E-04 2.8E-02 1.3E-10 2.9E-11 1.3E-10 2.2E-11 3.0E-03
Ru-97 3.1E-02 5.2E-03 6.2E-02 7.7E-10 1.6E-10 8.5E-10 1.5E-10 1.3E-03
Ru-103 8.0E-02 1.9E-02 1.5E-01 1.1E-08 1.9E-09 4.6E-09 7.3E-10 1.1E-02
Ru-105 1.3E-01 3.2E-02 2.5E-01 1.5E-09 2.8E-10 2.1E-09 2.9E-10 2.3E-02
Ru-106 2.2E-02 5.3E-03 4.2E-02 1.4E-07 1.7E-08 4.9E-08 7.0E-09 2.5E-02
Rh-103m 4.4E-07 0.0E+00 7.0E-06 1.9E-11 2.4E-12 2.7E-11 3.8E-12 1.4E-05
Rh-105 1.2E-02 2.4E-03 2.3E-02 2.2E-09 4.1E-10 2.7E-09 3.7E-10 1.8E-02
Pd-103 1.9E-05 3.7E-06 9.4E-05 2.3E-09 3.0E-10 1.4E-09 1.9E-10 2.2E-05
Pd-109 3.9E-04 2.8E-05 8.2E-04 2.6E-09 4.7E-10 4.1E-09 5.5E-10 3.8E-02
Ag-105 8.2E-02 1.8E-02 1.6E-01 4.5E-09 7.3E-10 2.5E-09 4.7E-10 2.0E-03
Ag-108m 2.7E-01 6.4E-02 5.1E-01 8.9E-08 1.9E-08 1.1E-08 2.3E-09 3.4E-03
Ag-110m 4.9E-01 1.2E-01 8.8E-01 4.6E-08 7.3E-09 1.4E-08 2.8E-09 8.5E-03
Ag-111 4.0E-03 8.3E-04 7.8E-03 9.9E-09 1.6E-09 9.3E-09 1.3E-09 2.0E-02
Cd-109 2.9E-04 1.2E-06 7.2E-04 3.0E-08 5.1E-09 9.5E-09 2.0E-09 1.8E-02
Cd-115 5.3E-02 1.2E-02 1.0E-01 7.1E-09 1.3E-09 1.0E-08 1.5E-09 3.6E-02
Cd-115m 4.0E-03 9.6E-04 7.0E-03 4.0E-08 5.5E-09 1.9E-08 3.3E-09 2.3E-02
In -111 5.2E-02 7.7E-03 1.0E-01 1.5E-09 3.1E-10 1.7E-09 2.9E-10 4.5E-03
In-113m 4.0E-02 8.9E-03 7.8E-02 1.6E-10 3.2E-11 1.8E-10 2.8E-11 8.6E-03
In-114m 1.9E-02 4.1E-03 3.6E-02 4.8E-08 5.9E-09 3.1E-08 4.1E-09 1.2E-02
In-115m 2.4E-02 5.0E-03 4.7E-02 4.7E-10 8.7E-11 6.0E-10 8.6E-11 1.5E-02
Sn-113 4.0E-02 9.0E-03 7.9E-02 1.3E-08 1.9E-09 5.2E-09 7.6E-10 8.7E-03
Sn-125 5.6E-02 1.4E-02 9.8E-02 2.1E-08 2.8E-09 2.2E-08 3.1E-09 3.6E-02
Sb-122 7.5E-02 1.8E-02 1.4E-01 8.3E-09 1.2E-09 1.2E-08 1.7E-09 2.5E-02
Sb-124 3.4E-01 8.2E-02 5.9E-01 3.1E-08 4.7E-09 1.6E-08 2.5E-09 2.2E-02
Sb-125 6.9E-02 1.6E-02 1.3E-01 2.3E-08 3.9E-09 7.3E-09 1.3E-09 1.8E-02
Te-123m 1.6E-02 1.4E-03 3.2E-02 1.8E-08 3.4E-09 8.8E-09 1.4E-09 2.0E-02
Te-125m 8.5E-05 8.5E-07 6.2E-04 1.5E-08 2.9E-09 6.3E-09 8.7E-10 2.6E-02
Te-127 7.6E-04 1.7E-04 1.5E-03 1.0E-09 1.8E-10 1.2E-09 1.7E-10 2.1E-02

33
5DGLR (;7$ (;7% (;7& ,1+% ,1+$ ,1*% ,1*$ 6.,1
QXFOLGH —6YK —6YK —6YK LQIDQW ZRUNHU FKLOG ZRUNHU 6YD
%TJ %TJ %TJ 6Y%T 6Y%T 6Y%T 6Y%T %TFPð
Te-127m 7.7E-04 1.6E-04 1.6E-03 3.6E-08 6.4E-09 1.9E-08 2.5E-09 3.7E-02
Te-129 8.7E-03 2.0E-03 1.7E-02 3.3E-10 5.7E-11 4.4E-10 6.3E-11 2.3E-02
Te-129m 1.1E-02 2.6E-03 2.1E-02 3.5E-08 5.4E-09 2.4E-08 3.0E-09 3.7E-02
Te-131 6.6E-02 1.4E-02 1.2E-01 4.1E-10 8.4E-11 1.0E-09 1.3E-10 2.8E-02
Te-131m 2.7E-01 6.4E-02 4.9E-01 1.6E-08 2.8E-09 3.4E-08 4.3E-09 2.9E-02
Te-132 3.9E-01 9.2E-02 7.2E-01 1.7E-08 3.2E-09 3.2E-08 4.0E-09 3.8E-02
Te-133 1.6E-01 3.7E-02 2.9E-01 3.8E-10 6.4E-11 1.1E-09 1.1E-10 3.6E-02
Te-133m 4.1E-01 9.7E-02 7.4E-01 1.6E-09 2.7E-10 4.1E-09 4.5E-10 4.0E-02
Te-134 2.9E-01 6.9E-02 5.4E-01 7.0E-10 1.4E-10 1.0E-09 1.5E-10 1.3E-02
I-123 1.9E-02 2.0E-03 3.7E-02 8.7E-10 1.1E-10 1.9E-09 2.1E-10 4.5E-03
I-125 6.4E-05 0.0E+00 6.6E-04 2.0E-08 7.3E-09 5.7E-08 1.5E-08 1.8E-04
I-126 7.6E-02 1.8E-02 1.4E-01 8.1E-08 1.4E-08 2.1E-07 2.9E-08 1.4E-02
I-129 7.2E-05 0.0E+00 5.0E-04 7.2E-08 5.1E-08 2.2E-07 1.1E-07 5.8E-03
I-130 3.7E-01 8.7E-02 6.8E-01 8.2E-09 9.6E-10 1.8E-08 2.0E-09 1.4E-02
I-131 5.9E-02 1.3E-02 1.2E-01 7.2E-08 1.1E-08 1.8E-07 2.2E-08 2.1E-02
I-132 4.0E-01 9.7E-02 7.3E-01 1.1E-09 2.0E-10 2.4E-09 2.9E-10 2.4E-02
I-133 1.0E-01 2.4E-02 1.9E-01 1.9E-08 2.1E-09 4.4E-08 4.3E-09 2.3E-02
I-134 4.7E-01 1.1E-01 8.4E-01 4.6E-10 7.9E-11 7.5E-10 1.1E-10 2.5E-02
I-135 3.0E-01 7.2E-02 5.2E-01 4.1E-09 4.6E-10 8.9E-09 9.3E-10 2.3E-02
Cs-129 3.9E-02 8.7E-03 7.7E-02 3.4E-10 8.1E-11 3.0E-10 6.0E-11 1.8E-03
Cs-131 4.4E-05 0.0E+00 4.2E-04 2.4E-10 4.5E-11 2.9E-10 5.8E-11 6.7E-04
Cs-132 1.2E-01 2.9E-02 2.2E-01 1.5E-09 3.8E-10 1.8E-09 5.0E-10 1.6E-03
Cs-134 2.7E-01 6.5E-02 5.0E-01 1.1E-08 9.6E-09 1.6E-08 1.9E-08 1.7E-02
Cs-134m 1.8E-03 1.1E-04 3.8E-03 1.3E-10 2.8E-11 1.2E-10 2.4E-11 9.8E-03
Cs-135 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 1.7E-09 9.9E-10 2.3E-09 2.0E-09 9.6E-03
Cs-136 3.8E-01 9.0E-02 6.9E-01 7.3E-09 1.9E-09 9.5E-09 3.0E-09 2.1E-02
Cs-137 1.0E-01 2.4E-02 1.9E-01 8.8E-09 6.7E-09 1.2E-08 1.3E-08 2.2E-02
Cs-138 4.4E-01 1.1E-01 7.4E-01 2.6E-10 4.6E-11 5.9E-10 9.2E-11 5.4E-02
Ba-131 6.9E-02 1.5E-02 1.3E-01 2.2E-09 3.7E-10 2.7E-09 4.7E-10 5.1E-03
Ba-140 3.4E-01 8.2E-02 5.9E-01 2.0E-08 2.7E-09 2.8E-08 4.0E-09 5.3E-02
La-140 4.3E-01 1.0E-01 7.3E-01 8.8E-09 1.5E-09 1.3E-08 2.0E-09 2.5E-02
Ce-139 1.6E-02 1.6E-03 3.3E-02 7.5E-09 1.3E-09 1.6E-09 2.6E-10 3.3E-03
Ce-141 8.1E-03 5.7E-04 1.6E-02 1.4E-08 2.7E-09 5.1E-09 7.1E-10 2.5E-02
Ce-143 3.9E-02 8.3E-03 7.5E-02 6.5E-09 1.1E-09 8.7E-09 1.2E-09 2.4E-02
Ce-144 7.4E-03 1.4E-03 1.3E-02 1.9E-07 2.3E-08 3.9E-08 5.3E-09 3.9E-02
Pr-142 1.1E-02 2.7E-03 1.8E-02 5.3E-09 7.0E-10 9.8E-09 1.3E-09 3.5E-02
Pr-143 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 1.2E-08 1.9E-09 8.7E-09 1.2E-09 2.2E-02
Nd-147 1.8E-02 3.7E-03 3.5E-02 1.1E-08 1.9E-09 7.8E-09 1.1E-09 2.3E-02
Nd-149 5.5E-02 1.1E-02 1.1E-01 8.3E-10 1.4E-10 1.1E-09 1.5E-10 2.0E-02
Pm-147 3.7E-07 1.7E-08 7.3E-07 2.1E-08 3.5E-09 1.9E-09 2.6E-10 1.1E-02
Pm-149 1.8E-03 3.6E-04 3.4E-03 5.0E-09 7.6E-10 7.4E-09 9.9E-10 2.0E-02
Sm-151 1.6E-09 0.0E+00 3.5E-08 1.1E-08 2.6E-09 6.4E-10 9.8E-11 2.5E-04
Sm-153 3.6E-03 8.5E-05 7.5E-03 4.2E-09 6.8E-10 5.4E-09 7.4E-10 2.0E-02
Eu-152 2.0E-01 4.7E-02 3.5E-01 1.1E-07 2.7E-08 7.4E-09 1.4E-09 1.5E-02
Eu-152m 5.4E-02 1.3E-02 9.7E-02 1.9E-09 3.2E-10 3.6E-09 5.0E-10 2.2E-02
Eu-154 2.2E-01 5.2E-02 3.9E-01 1.6E-07 3.5E-08 1.2E-08 2.0E-09 3.1E-02
Eu-155 4.3E-03 5.0E-05 8.8E-03 2.6E-08 4.7E-09 2.2E-09 3.2E-10 7.6E-03
Gd-153 5.7E-03 5.3E-05 1.2E-02 9.9E-09 1.4E-09 1.8E-09 2.7E-10 3.6E-03
Gd-159 5.1E-03 1.1E-03 1.0E-02 2.2E-09 3.9E-10 3.6E-09 4.9E-10 2.0E-02
Tb-160 1.9E-01 4.5E-02 3.4E-01 3.2E-08 5.4E-09 1.0E-08 1.6E-09 3.1E-02
Dy-165 3.3E-03 6.9E-04 6.4E-03 5.2E-10 8.7E-11 7.9E-10 1.1E-10 2.0E-02
Dy-166 4.4E-03 6.5E-04 8.3E-03 1.5E-08 2.3E-09 1.8E-08 2.4E-09 5.6E-02
Ho-166 4.0E-03 8.5E-04 6.9E-03 6.0E-09 8.3E-10 1.0E-08 1.4E-09 3.0E-02
Er-169 1.5E-07 4.6E-09 3.0E-07 4.7E-09 9.2E-10 2.8E-09 3.7E-10 1.6E-02
Er-171 5.1E-02 9.6E-03 1.0E-01 1.8E-09 3.0E-10 2.5E-09 3.6E-10 2.0E-02
Tm-170 2.8E-04 5.7E-07 6.0E-04 3.6E-08 5.2E-09 9.8E-09 1.3E-09 2.0E-02
Tm-171 2.3E-05 1.4E-09 5.6E-05 6.8E-09 9.1E-10 7.8E-10 1.1E-10 2.2E-03
Yb-175 5.7E-03 1.2E-03 1.1E-02 3.5E-09 6.4E-10 3.2E-09 4.4E-10 1.1E-02

34
5DGLR (;7$ (;7% (;7& ,1+% ,1+$ ,1*% ,1*$ 6.,1
QXFOLGH —6YK —6YK —6YK LQIDQW ZRUNHU FKLOG ZRUNHU 6YD
%TJ %TJ %TJ 6Y%T 6Y%T 6Y%T 6Y%T %TFPð
Lu-177 4.1E-03 5.1E-04 8.2E-03 5.3E-09 1.0E-09 3.9E-09 5.3E-10 1.5E-02
Hf -81 8.3E-02 1.8E-02 1.6E-01 2.2E-08 4.1E-09 7.4E-09 1.1E-09 2.0E-02
Ta-182 2.3E-01 5.3E-02 4.0E-01 3.2E-08 5.8E-09 9.4E-09 1.5E-09 2.1E-02
W-181 1.6E-03 1.8E-06 3.8E-03 2.5E-10 4.3E-11 4.7E-10 7.6E-11 9.8E-04
W-185 2.8E-06 1.5E-07 5.6E-06 1.4E-09 2.2E-10 3.3E-09 4.4E-10 1.1E-02
W-187 7.7E-02 1.8E-02 1.5E-01 2.0E-09 3.3E-10 4.3E-09 6.3E-10 2.0E-02
Re-186 1.9E-03 1.1E-04 3.9E-03 8.7E-09 1.2E-09 1.1E-08 1.5E-09 2.0E-02
Re-188 8.4E-03 1.6E-03 1.6E-02 6.0E-09 7.4E-10 1.1E-08 1.4E-09 3.4E-02
Os-185 1.2E-01 2.7E-02 2.2E-01 6.6E-09 1.0E-09 2.6E-09 5.1E-10 9.1E-04
Os-191 5.6E-03 2.0E-04 1.2E-02 8.0E-09 1.3E-09 4.1E-09 5.7E-10 1.0E-02
Os-191m 4.0E-04 6.4E-06 8.7E-04 1.0E-09 1.7E-10 8.4E-10 1.1E-10 5.7E-03
Os-193 9.2E-03 1.8E-03 1.8E-02 3.8E-09 6.4E-10 6.0E-09 8.1E-10 2.0E-02
Ir-190 4.7E-01 1.1E-01 9.1E-01 1.1E-08 2.3E-09 7.1E-09 1.2E-09 1.2E-02
Ir-192 1.3E-01 2.7E-02 2.5E-01 2.3E-08 4.1E-09 8.7E-09 1.4E-09 2.3E-02
Ir-194 1.5E-02 3.3E-03 2.8E-02 5.3E-09 7.1E-10 9.8E-09 1.3E-09 3.5E-02
Pt-191 3.6E-02 6.7E-03 7.0E-02 1.1E-09 1.9E-10 2.1E-09 3.4E-10 5.7E-03
Pt-193m 5.8E-04 1.2E-06 1.3E-03 1.6E-09 2.1E-10 3.4E-09 4.5E-10 1.2E-02
Pt-197 2.0E-03 1.3E-04 4.0E-03 1.1E-09 1.6E-10 3.0E-09 4.0E-10 2.0E-02
Pt-197m 9.0E-03 1.5E-03 1.8E-02 3.5E-10 5.4E-11 8.1E-10 1.1E-10 2.0E-02
Au-198 6.4E-02 1.4E-02 1.2E-01 5.0E-09 9.8E-10 7.2E-09 1.0E-09 2.3E-02
Au-199 1.0E-02 9.6E-04 2.0E-02 3.4E-09 6.8E-10 3.1E-09 4.4E-10 1.3E-02
Hg-197 4.0E-03 2.0E-05 8.5E-03 1.7E-09 2.8E-10 1.6E-09 2.3E-10 6.0E-03
Hg-197m 9.7E-03 7.1E-04 2.0E-02 3.8E-09 7.1E-10 3.7E-09 5.1E-10 2.0E-02
Hg-203 3.2E-02 6.0E-03 6.3E-02 1.0E-08 1.9E-09 1.1E-08 1.9E-09 1.6E-02
Tl-200 2.2E-01 5.2E-02 4.0E-01 1.0E-09 2.5E-10 9.1E-10 2.0E-10 4.1E-03
Tl-201 6.6E-03 2.4E-04 1.4E-02 4.5E-10 7.6E-11 5.5E-10 9.5E-11 5.5E-03
Tl-202 6.9E-02 1.5E-02 1.3E-01 1.5E-09 3.1E-10 2.1E-09 4.5E-10 2.3E-03
Tl-204 6.5E-05 2.7E-08 1.4E-04 5.0E-09 6.2E-10 8.5E-09 1.3E-09 2.1E-02
Pb-203 3.8E-02 6.6E-03 7.6E-02 7.2E-10 1.6E-10 1.3E-09 2.4E-10 4.8E-03
Pb-210 4.1E-05 3.5E-07 1.0E-04 1.9E-05 3.2E-06 1.2E-05 9.0E-07 2.3E-02
Pb-212 2.2E-01 5.0E-02 3.7E-01 3.1E-07 6.3E-08 6.4E-08 6.1E-09 5.6E-02
Bi-206 5.7E-01 1.4E-01 1.0E+00 1.0E-08 2.1E-09 1.0E-08 1.9E-09 7.2E-03
Bi-207 2.7E-01 6.3E-02 4.8E-01 2.3E-08 3.2E-09 7.1E-09 1.3E-09 1.1E-02
Bi-210 5.0E-08 1.2E-08 9.1E-08 8.7E-07 1.3E-07 2.9E-07 9.0E-09 2.3E-02
Bi-212 2.3E-01 5.3E-02 3.7E-01 1.6E-07 3.9E-08 1.8E-09 2.6E-10 2.5E-02
Po-203 3.1E-01 7.3E-02 5.6E-01 2.7E-10 6.1E-11 2.4E-10 5.2E-11 1.5E-02
Po-205 2.8E-01 6.5E-02 5.0E-01 4.0E-10 8.9E-11 2.8E-10 5.9E-11 5.8E-03
Po-207 2.4E-01 5.7E-02 4.4E-01 6.2E-10 1.5E-10 5.7E-10 1.4E-10 5.1E-03
Po-210 1.6E-06 3.8E-07 2.9E-06 1.5E-05 2.2E-06 8.8E-06 2.4E-07 4.2E-09
At-211 3.3E-03 1.9E-04 6.4E-03 5.2E-07 1.1E-07 7.8E-08 1.1E-08 5.4E-04
Ra-223 3.8E-02 7.2E-03 7.5E-02 2.8E-05 5.7E-06 1.1E-06 1.0E-07 5.5E-02
Ra-224 2.1E-01 4.8E-02 3.5E-01 1.1E-05 2.5E-06 7.1E-07 7.0E-08 6.2E-02
Ra-225 1.5E-02 3.2E-03 2.9E-02 3.6E-05 7.3E-06 1.3E-06 1.1E-07 8.6E-02
Ra-226 1.8E-01 4.2E-02 3.2E-01 3.4E-05 5.3E-06 1.2E-05 1.1E-06 5.2E-02
Ra-227 2.7E-02 5.8E-03 5.3E-02 8.0E-10 2.1E-10 4.3E-10 8.4E-11 2.0E-02
Ra-228 3.3E-01 7.6E-02 5.6E-01 1.1E-04 2.2E-05 6.3E-06 7.5E-07 2.8E-02
Ac-228 1.6E-01 3.9E-02 2.9E-01 8.4E-08 1.2E-08 2.8E-09 4.3E-10 2.8E-02
Th-226 9.6E-04 1.0E-04 1.9E-03 3.1E-07 7.8E-08 2.4E-09 3.5E-10 1.9E-03
Th-227 3.2E-02 5.7E-03 6.2E-02 5.2E-05 1.0E-05 5.8E-07 5.5E-08 8.5E-02
Th-228 2.7E-01 6.2E-02 4.5E-01 1.7E-04 3.4E-05 1.1E-06 1.4E-07 5.9E-02
Th-229 4.2E-02 7.7E-03 8.0E-02 2.6E-04 5.9E-05 2.4E-06 6.0E-07 7.5E-02
Th-230 7.7E-03 1.8E-03 1.4E-02 4.1E-05 7.4E-06 8.2E-07 2.5E-07 9.4E-04
Th-231 8.2E-04 8.7E-06 1.7E-03 2.4E-09 4.0E-10 2.5E-09 3.4E-10 1.9E-02
Th-232 4.4E-01 1.0E-01 7.6E-01 2.4E-04 4.8E-05 7.2E-06 1.0E-06 1.7E-03
Th-234 3.0E-03 6.0E-04 5.6E-03 4.1E-08 5.8E-09 2.5E-08 3.4E-09 3.4E-02
Pa-230 1.1E-01 2.5E-02 2.0E-01 4.3E-06 8.5E-07 1.8E-08 2.9E-09 6.1E-03
Pa-231 5.4E-02 9.9E-03 1.1E-01 8.3E-04 2.5E-04 5.4E-06 1.9E-06 1.3E-03
Pa-233 2.9E-02 5.3E-03 5.7E-02 1.5E-08 2.8E-09 6.2E-09 8.7E-10 2.6E-02

35
 5DGLR (;7$ (;7% (;7& ,1+% ,1+$ ,1*% ,1*$ 6.,1
QXFOLGH —6YK —6YK —6YK LQIDQW ZRUNHU FKLOG ZRUNHU 6YD
%TJ %TJ %TJ 6Y%T 6Y%T 6Y%T 6Y%T %TFPð
U-230 2.5E-03 4.1E-04 4.9E-03 5.8E-05 1.2E-05 3.3E-07 5.8E-08 5.7E-03
U-231 5.8E-03 1.1E-04 1.2E-02 2.6E-09 4.0E-10 2.0E-09 2.8E-10 6.2E-03
U-232 2.6E-01 5.8E-02 4.2E-01 2.6E-04 5.7E-05 1.8E-06 4.6E-07 1.1E-03
U-233 4.1E-04 7.3E-05 7.9E-04 3.6E-05 7.5E-06 1.6E-07 5.6E-08 6.1E-05
U-234 7.3E-06 2.5E-07 1.5E-05 3.3E-05 6.9E-06 1.3E-07 5.1E-08 8.9E-05
U-235 1.9E-02 2.1E-03 3.8E-02 3.1E-05 6.5E-06 1.4E-07 5.0E-08 2.2E-02
U-236 4.2E-06 1.2E-09 9.2E-06 3.1E-05 6.3E-06 1.3E-07 4.6E-08 4.1E-05
U-237 1.4E-02 1.2E-03 2.7E-02 8.7E-09 1.7E-09 5.4E-09 7.6E-10 1.7E-02
U-238 3.1E-03 6.1E-04 5.7E-03 2.9E-05 5.7E-06 1.5E-07 4.7E-08 6.7E-02
U-239 4.2E-03 4.3E-04 8.3E-03 2.3E-10 4.2E-11 2.3E-10 3.2E-11 2.0E-02
U-240 4.1E-02 9.8E-03 7.6E-02 4.9E-09 8.4E-10 8.1E-09 1.1E-09 4.1E-02
Np-237 3.1E-02 5.4E-03 6.1E-02 4.4E-05 1.5E-05 2.2E-07 1.1E-07 3.1E-02
Np-239 1.9E-02 2.4E-03 3.9E-02 5.9E-09 1.1E-09 5.7E-09 8.0E-10 3.6E-02
Np-240 1.9E-01 4.5E-02 3.6E-01 6.3E-10 1.3E-10 5.2E-10 8.2E-11 5.5E-02
Pu-234 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 7.8E-08 1.6E-08 1.1E-09 1.6E-10 9.8E-04
Pu-235 1.3E-02 4.9E-04 2.7E-02 1.3E-11 2.5E-12 1.3E-11 2.1E-12 2.0E-03
Pu-236 9.7E-03 2.2E-03 1.6E-02 5.7E-05 1.5E-05 2.9E-07 1.0E-07 1.1E-06
Pu-237 4.2E-03 6.8E-05 8.4E-03 1.9E-09 2.9E-10 6.9E-10 1.0E-10 1.4E-03
Pu-238 9.2E-07 4.8E-11 2.3E-06 7.8E-05 3.0E-05 4.0E-07 2.3E-07 9.5E-04
Pu-239 5.3E-06 1.8E-07 1.1E-05 8.0E-05 3.2E-05 4.2E-07 2.5E-07 1.3E-05
Pu-240 9.5E-07 1.3E-13 2.3E-06 8.0E-05 3.2E-05 4.2E-07 2.5E-07 9.1E-07
Pu-241 2.6E-05 7.1E-11 6.6E-05 3.1E-06 1.4E-06 1.7E-08 1.1E-08 1.4E-08
Pu-242 9.3E-07 1.7E-13 2.3E-06 7.6E-05 3.1E-05 4.0E-07 2.4E-07 7.6E-07
Pu-243 1.9E-03 9.5E-05 3.8E-03 5.6E-10 1.1E-10 6.2E-10 8.5E-11 2.0E-02
Pu-244 4.3E-02 1.0E-02 8.0E-02 7.5E-05 3.0E-05 4.2E-07 2.4E-07 4.1E-02
Am-241 8.9E-04 2.4E-09 2.2E-03 7.3E-05 2.7E-05 3.7E-07 2.0E-07 6.3E-04
Am-242 1.2E-03 2.6E-05 2.4E-03 7.6E-08 1.2E-08 2.2E-09 3.0E-10 1.7E-02
Am-242m 1.7E-03 1.4E-04 3.3E-03 9.7E-05 3.8E-05 5.0E-07 2.8E-07 1.7E-02
Am-243 2.3E-02 2.4E-03 4.5E-02 7.2E-05 2.7E-05 3.8E-07 2.0E-07 3.7E-02
Cm-242 9.4E-07 2.1E-13 2.3E-06 2.2E-05 3.9E-06 7.8E-08 1.3E-08 2.1E-05
Cm-243 1.5E-02 1.9E-03 3.0E-02 6.7E-05 2.0E-05 3.3E-07 1.5E-07 1.7E-02
Cm-244 6.1E-07 1.1E-13 1.5E-06 6.2E-05 1.7E-05 2.9E-07 1.2E-07 1.9E-05
Cm-245 7.0E-03 3.0E-04 1.4E-02 8.3E-05 3.1E-05 4.2E-07 2.4E-07 9.4E-03
Cm-246 2.2E-07 3.7E-17 6.0E-07 7.3E-05 2.7E-05 3.7E-07 2.1E-07 1.3E-05
Cm-247 5.1E-02 1.1E-02 1.0E-01 6.8E-05 2.5E-05 3.5E-07 1.9E-07 2.1E-02
Cm-248 5.4E-07 9.4E-14 1.3E-06 2.5E-04 9.5E-05 1.4E-06 7.7E-07 6.1E-07
Bk-249 1.3E-04 2.7E-05 2.5E-04 7.3E-07 2.1E-07 5.1E-09 1.8E-09 3.5E-03
Cf-246 1.7E-06 4.9E-08 3.4E-06 1.7E-06 3.5E-07 2.4E-08 3.3E-09 5.2E-04
Cf-248 1.3E-07 4.9E-15 3.7E-07 4.1E-05 6.8E-06 1.7E-07 3.3E-08 5.2E-04
Cf-249 5.0E-02 1.1E-02 9.8E-02 1.6E-04 4.5E-05 8.7E-07 3.5E-07 3.0E-03
Cf-250 1.6E-06 7.1E-10 3.3E-06 1.1E-04 2.2E-05 5.5E-07 1.6E-07 4.3E-05
Cf-251 1.3E-02 1.2E-03 2.6E-02 1.6E-04 4.6E-05 8.8E-07 3.6E-07 1.7E-02
Cf-252 1.0E-06 2.9E-10 2.2E-06 9.7E-05 1.3E-05 5.1E-07 9.0E-08 4.5E-05
Cf-253 2.6E-05 4.7E-06 5.0E-05 9.2E-06 1.7E-06 2.7E-08 3.6E-09 6.9E-03
Cf-254 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 2.5E-04 2.2E-05 2.6E-06 4.0E-07 4.5E-01
Es-253 4.8E-05 7.6E-06 9.6E-05 1.1E-05 2.1E-06 4.5E-08 6.2E-09 3.0E-04
Es-254 1.5E-01 3.6E-02 2.7E-01 4.2E-05 7.1E-06 1.9E-07 3.6E-08 6.1E-03
Es-254m 9.6E-02 2.3E-02 1.8E-01 2.0E-06 4.4E-07 3.3E-08 4.6E-09 2.1E-02
Fm-254 2.9E-06 9.1E-09 6.5E-06 3.2E-07 7.7E-08 3.2E-09 4.4E-10 5.1E-04
Fm-255 1.1E-04 1.8E-06 2.3E-04 1.2E-06 2.6E-07 1.9E-08 2.5E-09 8.0E-02
Ac-227 5.2E-02 9.4E-03 1.0E-01 6.4E-04 1.6E-04 4.3E-06 1.2E-06 5.8E-02

36
 %,%/,2*5$3+<

This section contains a number of publications which have been analysed for deriving scenarios
and parameter values. The studies and recommendations listed here have been performed or
issued by the European Commission or by EU Member States with the exception of
TECDOC 855 which has been issued by the IAEA.

EC: Recommended radiological protection criteria for the recycling of metals from the
dismantling of nuclear installations; Radiation Protection 89, 1998.
EC: Basis for the definition of surface contamination clearance levels for recycling or reuse of
metals arising from the dismantling of nuclear installations; A. Deckert, 1999.
EC: Recommended radiological protection criteria for the clearance of buildings and building
rubble from the dismantling of nuclear installations. Radiation Protection 113, 2000.
Deckert, Thierfeldt, Kugeler, Neuhaus: Definition of Clearance Levels for the Release of
Radioactively Contaminated Buildings and Building Rubble, Final Report for EC contract
C1/ETU/970040. Brenk Systemplanung. Aachen/Germany, May 1999.
Harvey, Mobbs, Penfold, Titley: Calculation of Clearance Levels for the UK Nuclear Industry,
Contract Report NRPB-M986, NRPB, Chilton Didcot/UK, October 1998.
Mobbs, Harvey: Methodology and models used to calculate individual and collective doses
resulting from the recycling of metals from the dismantling of nuclear installations; NRPB/UK,
Final report for EC DG XI. (no date).
Hill, Thorne, Williams, Leyshon-Jones: Derivation of UK Unconditional Clearance Levels for
Solid Radioactively Contaminated Materials.,DETR report no. DETR/RAS/98.004, Department
of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, UK, April 1999.
Haristoy, Guetat, Chapuis: Définition des autorisations de sortie ou clearance levels pour les
bétons venant du démantèlement, report by ISPN, Fontenay-aux-Roses, for European
Commission, EUR 16004 FR. 1995.
Timmermans, van der Steen: Clearance levels for radioactive materials and sources, KEMA
NUCLEAR, Arnhem/The Netherlands, October 1996.
Elert, Wiborh, Bengtsson: Basis for criteria for exemption of decommissioning waste,
KEMAKTA Consult AB, report prepared for the Swedish Radiation Protection Institute,
Stockholm/Sweden, February 1992.
German Commission on Radiological Protection: Clearance of Materials, Buildings and Sites
with Negligible Radioactivity from Practices subject to Reporting or Authorisation; reports of
the Strahlenschutzkommission (SSK) des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz und
Reaktorsicherheit, Heft 16, Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart/Germany, 1998.
Deckert, Thierfeldt: Berechnung massenspezifischer Freigabewerte für schwach radioaktive
Reststoffe, report BMU-1998-520 for the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature
Conservation and Nuclear Safety, series Reaktorsicherheit und Strahlenschutz (ISSN 0724-
3316), Brenk Systemplanung, Aachen/Germany,1998.
Deckert, Thierfeldt: Radiologische Bewertung einer Kontamination: Entscheidungshilfe zur
Festlegung von flächenspezifischen Freigabewerten, final report for contract St.Sch. 4149 part 2
for the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Brenk
Systemplanung, Aachen/Germany, 1999.

37
IAEA: Clearance levels for radionuclides in solid materials - Applications of exemption
principles (Interim report for comment), TECDOC 855, Vienna, January 1996.

 /,7(5$785(

[CEU 96] COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Council Directive 96/29/EURATOM of 13 May 1996 laying down basic safety standards
for the protection of the health of workers and the general public against the dangers arising
from ionizing radiation, OJ no. L 159, 29.6.96, p. 1- 114.

[DEC 93] DECKERT,A.; HOPPE,G.; JOHN,T.; THIERFELDT,S. (BRENK SYSTEMPLANUNG)

Strahlenexposition durch konventionelle Beseitigung von Abfällen mit Restaktivität, report
BMU-1994-393, series Reaktorsicherheit und Strahlenschutz of the German Federal
Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, ISSN 0724-3316.
Brenk Systemplanung, Aachen, 1993.

[DEC 99] DECKERT, A.; THIERFELDT, S.; KUGELER, E.; NEUHAUS, I.

Definition of Clearance Levels for the Release of Radioactively Contaminated Buildings
and Building Rubble, Final Report for Contract C1/ETU/970040, BS-Nr. 9707-5, Brenk
Systemplanung GmbH, Aachen, Mai 1999.

[EUR 93] EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Principles and Methods for Establishing Concentrations and Quantities (Exemption Values)
Below which Reporting is not Required in the European Directive, Radiation Protection 65,
XI-028/93-EN, 1993.

[EUR 98] EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Recommended radiological protection criteria for the recycling of metals from the
dismantling of nuclear installations, Radiation Protection No. 89, Luxembourg, 1998, ISBN
92-828-3284-8.

[EUR 00] EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Recommended radiological protection criteria for the clearance of buildings and building
rubble from the dismantling of nuclear installations, Radiation Protection No. 113,
Luxembourg, 2000, ISBN 92-828-9172-0.

[GÖR 89] GÖRTZ, R.; GRAF, R.; KNAUP, A.G.

Strahlenexposition der Bevölkerung infolge der Freigabe von Eisenmetallschrott aus
Kernkraftwerken zur schadlosen Verwertung, report BMU-1994-222, series
Reaktorsicherheit und Strahlenschutz of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment,
Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU), ISSN 0724-3316, Brenk Systemplanung,
Aachen, 1990.

[IAE 98] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY

Clearance of materials resulting from the use of radionuclides in medicine, industry and
researc, IAEA-TECDOC-1000, Vienna, 1998.

[KOC 87] KOCHER, D.C.; ECKERMANN, K.F.

Electron Dose-Rate Conversion Factors for External Exposure of the Skin from Uniformly
Deposited Activity on the Body Surface, Health Physics, Vol. 53, No. 2, 1987, S. 135-141.

38
[SSK 98] GERMAN COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION
Freigabe von Materialien. Gebäuden und Bodenflächen mit geringfügiger Radioaktivität aus
anzeige- und genehmigungspflichtigem Umgang (Clearance of Materials, Buildings and
Sites with Negligible Radioactivity from Practices subject to Reporting and Authorisation)
Recommendation of the German Commission on Radiological Protection, passed on the
151st meeting, February 1998.

39
 $EVWUDFW

The concept of clearance relates to the release of materials from regulatory control pursuant to Article 5.2 of the
Council Directive 96/29/Euratom of 13 May 1996 laying down basic safety standards for the protection of the
health of workers and the general public against the dangers from ionising radiation.

The concept of exemption relates to practices which do not need to be reported to the national competent authorities
under Article 3.2 of the Directive.

The present document discusses the relationship between the two concepts and their practical use in the overall
scheme of regulatory control of practices. It introduces the concept of general clearance levels for any type of
material and any possible pathway of disposal, recycling or reuse. Guidance of the Group of Experts established
under Article 31 of the Euratom Treaty is provided, including enveloping scenarios for general clearance, parameter
values, and a nuclide-specific list of calculated clearance levels.

40