This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier.

The attached
copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research
and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution
and sharing with colleagues.
Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or
licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party
websites are prohibited.
In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the
article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or
institutional repository. Authors requiring further information
regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are
encouraged to visit:
http://www.elsevier.com/copyright
 Author's personal copy

Global and Planetary Change 66 (2009) 19–33

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Global and Planetary Change

j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s ev i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / g l o p l a c h a

Beachrocks and sea level changes since Middle Holocene: Comparison between the
insular group of Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia (Cyclades, Greece) and the southern coast
of Turkey
Stéphane Desruelles a,⁎, Éric Fouache a, Attila Ciner b, Rémi Dalongeville c, Kosmas Pavlopoulos d,
Erdal Kosun e, Yvan Coquinot f, Jean-Luc Potdevin f
a
Université Paris 12-Val de Marne, EA 435 Géonat, F 94010 Créteil Cedex & CNRS, UMR 8591 LGP, F 92195 Meudon Cedex, France
b
Hacettepe University, Department of Geological Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
c
CNRS — Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, UMR 5133 Archéorient, F 69365 Lyon Cedex 07, France
d
Harokopio University, Department of Geography, 17671 Athens, Greece
e
Akdeniz University, Department of Geology, 07058 Campus Antalya, Turkey
f
Université des Sciences et Technologies — CNRS, UMR 8157 Géosystèmes , F 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The small insular group of Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia in Cyclades, Greece, and the southern coast of Turkey
Received 9 April 2008 from Andriake to Arsuz show three bands of beachrocks, emerged up to + 0.35 m and submerged sometimes
Accepted 31 July 2008 down to −4.3 m. Because beachrocks are formed within the intertidal zone by carbonate cementation of the
Available online 30 November 2008
beach deposits during stages of shoreline stabilisation (both eustatic and tectonic), they correspond to
different generations indicating different sea level stands.
Keywords:
sea level changes
11 sites on the southern coast of Turkey and 7 bays on the insular group of Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia were
beachrocks studied. 52 beachrock samples were analysed by polarizing microscope, cathodoluminescence and SEM. This
early diagenesis study indicated that carbonate elements that constitute most of the samples were at least partly incorporated
Holocene within the intertidal zone. The adequate method for radiocarbon dating (total sample or cement) was decided
Turkey according to these observations. Because diagenetic cements seemed difficult to extract manually and the
Greece sources of carbonate pollution are limited in Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia, we performed 14C AMS dating on total
Mediterranean samples. On the southern coast of Turkey, due to the abundance of micrite in between the limestone pebbles
that often constitute the beachrocks, available cements had to be manually extracted for 14C AMS dating.
The dates obtained from Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia beachrocks indicate 3 separate sea level stands: the first one
at about − 3.6 m (±0.5 m) around 2000 BC, the second one at about −2.5 m (±0.5 m) around 400 BC and finally
the third sea level at about −1 m (±0.5 m) around 1000 AD. On the southern coast of Turkey, several relative sea
level positions in 4 areas (I to IV) are recognised. From Finike Bay to the west (area I), a post-Roman relative sea
level rise is observed after a period of coastline stabilisation. The area from the east of Finike Peninsula to
Çimtur (area II) witnessed relative sea level rise since mid-Holocene interrupted by 3 phases of stability
corresponding to beachrock bands. Two levels have been dated. The first one is between 0 m and −0.8 m and
dates from 5th to 7th century AD. The second one is between − 1.5 m and −2.2 m and dates around 7th to 6th
century BC. From Incekum to Karataş–Osmaniye Fault Zone to the south of Adana (area III), the shoreline was
raised around + 0.5 m after 19 BC–200 AD and later becomes stable at least since the 12th century AD as can be
interpreted from archaeological remains. To the east, beachrocks in Gözcüler (area IV) indicate a relative sea
level rise interrupted by a phase of coastline stabilisation between 0 m and −0.5 m from the 4th to the 7th
century AD. Our southern Turkish coastline observations reveal a very dynamic tectonic regime – mainly
subsidence to the west and uplift to the east – since at least mid-Holocene.
The comparison of the results obtained from Greece and Turkey indicates a tectonic subsidence during the last
6000 years in the centre of Cyclades.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

⁎ Corresponding author. The eastern Mediterranean has been the focus of numerous studies
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (S. Desruelles), [email protected]
(É. Fouache), [email protected] (A. Ciner), [email protected] (K. Pavlopoulos),
on relative Holocene sea level variations (Négris, 1903; Cayeux, 1914;
[email protected] (E. Kosun), [email protected] (Y. Coquinot), Flemming, 1969; Kelletat, 1975; Blackman, 1982a, b). Although the
[email protected] (J.-L. Potdevin). absolute timing of sea level changes is often qualitative there are

0921-8181/$ – see front matter © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.07.009
 Author's personal copy

20
S. Desruelles et al. / Global and Planetary Change 66 (2009) 19–33
Fig. 1. Geodynamic setting of the eastern Mediterranean and location of study areas 1: strike-slip fault; 2: overthrust and thrust faults; 3: tectonic plate relative movement; 4: horst and graben system. (Gautier, 1995; Gürsoy et al., 2003;
ten Veen et al., 2004).
 Author's personal copy

S. Desruelles et al. / Global and Planetary Change 66 (2009) 19–33 21

nevertheless few studies with quantitative proxy data obtained from 1985; Flecker et al., 2005; Karabıyıkoğlu et al., 2000; Çiner et al.,
vermetids developed on notches (Pirazzoli, 2005; Morhange et al., 2008). These basins are unconformably overlain by Pliocene shallow
2006). In order to present new reconstructions, we studied beachrocks marine to fluvial sediments (Poisson et al., 2003) and Quaternary tufas
in 2 areas where archeological remains are numerous: Mykonos– especially in and near the Antalya town (Bürger, 1990; Glover and
Delos–Rhenia in Cyclades, Greece, and southern Turkey from Andriake Robertson, 2003). The Metamorphic Alanya Massif composed of 3
to Arsuz (Fig. 1). thrust sheets (Okay and Özgül, 1984) bounds the eastern part of the
Beachrock is an early cemented sedimentary body composed of Miocene Manavgat Basin. To the northeast of Anamur town, the
aragonite or high-magnesium calcite (HMC), within the intertidal Miocene Mut and Adana Basins are mainly made up of shallow to deep
zone. Its formation requires vertical stability of the shoreline, water clastics and reefal carbonates (Şafak et al., 2005; Yetiş et al.,
probably for several centuries (Dalongeville and Sanlaville, 1984; 1995).
Neumeier, 1998; Vousdoukas et al., 2007), associated with the To the east of İçel lies the delta of the Seyhan and the Ceyhan
progradation of the beach in which the beachrock is formed. The Rivers, essentially made up of alluvium which fill in the Çukurova
exhumation of beachrock is the result of seashore erosion due to a delta plain. This area is defined by a SW–NE strike-slip fault zone
negative sediment budget or as a consequence of a sea level rise. Parts (Karataş–Osmaniye Fault Zone) located in the extension of the Misis
of the beachrock that have resisted erosion represent the original Rift (Fig. 1). Cretaceous ophiolitic and calcareous rocks (Boulton and
intertidal zone. This marker horizon can be dated thanks to the early Robertson, 2007) dominate the area south of İskenderun.
cement which is developed between sediments. Although beachrocks
are less precise than other markers such as fauna associated to bio- 3. Materials and methods
constructions, forms of bio-corrosion and notches at the foot of
limestone cliffs, they are often the only markers permitting sea level 3.1. Selection of sample sites
reconstructions.
This paper aims to establish the chronology of the relative sea level Field prospecting in Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia using previous works
variations that occurred since Middle Holocene in areas studied by Bernier et al. (1987) and Bernier and Dalongeville (1996) enabled us
in Greece and in Turkey by using the 14C dating obtained from the to select 7 sites (Fig. 2). In southern Turkey, beachrocks from 11 sites
beachrocks. have been collected following previous studies by Dalongeville and
Sanlaville (1977, 1979) (Fig. 3). We focused on sites containing multiple
2. Geological setting generations of beachrocks, submerged and/or emerged, stratified and
located in different geologic and tectonic settings. In Mykonos–Delos–
The study areas are both located in the eastern Mediterranean, and Rhenia, all 7 sites were selected within the same tectonic group,
exhibit different geological and tectonic characteristics. subjected to a slow subsidence. In Mykonos, sites A (Kalafati), B (Aghios
Ioannis) and C (Aghios Sostis) are on granites (Fig. 2). However, locally
2.1. Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia group sandstones (essentially eolianites) can be observed. In Delos, site D
(Fourni) is surrounded by granite, locally covered by eolianites. In
The islands of Mykonos, Delos and Rhenia are located on a Miocene Rhenia, sites E (Kormou Ammos), F (Steni) and G (Lazaret) are found on
metamorphic dome (Lucas, 1999), essentially made of granite and to a gneissic outcrops.
lesser extent, of gneiss (Fig. 2). Meta-volcanic and meta-sedimentary In southern Turkey (Fig. 3), site 1 (Finike), the westernmost studied
rocks outcrop in the northeast of Mykonos. This insular group is area, is located in a large bay with a thick Quaternary alluvium
located in the centre of the Aegean back-arc extensional basin, to the surrounded by calcareous rocks in general. Sites 2 (Adrasan), 3 (Kemer)
north of the subduction of the African plate under the Eurasian plate and 4 (Kargacık) are bound by an ophiolitic complex and limestones of
(Fig. 1). This N–S extension initiated during the Early Miocene Bey Dağları. Site 5 (Belek) is located between the mouths of the Aksu
probably causing the subsidence of the Cyclades Plateau and and Köprü Rivers. Çimtur Bay (site 6) lies on the eastern border of the
consequently of Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia (Piper and Perissoratis, Manavgat sedimentary coastal plain, just south of the Alanya
2003). The major N–S faults that cut the insular group may have Metamorphic Complex. The latter frames sites 10 (east of Alanya)
been active until the Pliocene (Anastasakis and Dermitzakis, 1990). and 11 (west of Kahyalar). North–South vertical faults cut this coastal
There has probably not been any significant tectonic activity since section. Site 13 (east of Aydıncık) is located within an environment of
then (Hejl et al., 2002). sedimentary rocks. In the coastal area from Aydıncık to İskenderun,
there are few markers of ancient shorelines. A few marine abrasion
2.2. Southern coast of Turkey platforms, correlating with the present sea level, have been observed
in the cliff area stretching from Aydıncık to Viranşehir (site 14) (Fig. 3).
This area is located in the eastern extension of the Aegean arc, on Besides, in places (such as Viranşehir and İçel) there are a few
the southern piedmont of the Taurus Mountains chain (Fig. 1 and 3). beachrocks, located at elevations comparable to the outcrop described
Mainly limestones and to a lesser extent ophiolitic rocks make up the by Taillefer (1964). In addition, the sediments of Seyhan and Ceyhan
dominant lithologies in these mountains. Roughly N–S extending Rivers that create the Çukurova delta plain might cover some existing
faults that were active during the Quaternary, especially on the beachrocks. Sites 15 (Gözcüler) and 16 (Arsuz) are in Hatay, a region
eastern and western fringes of the Köprüçay and Aksu Basins (Glover mainly made of ophiolitic and calcareous rocks.
and Robertson, 1998; Deynoux et al., 2005) and to the south of Adana
town (Karataş–Osmaniye Fault Zone) (Fig. 3) indicate the complex 3.2. Topographic and bathymetric surveys
nature of tectonics along the coastline.
The westernmost part of our study area (north of Finike Bay) is Each site has been studied according to its geomorphic and
composed of the Bey Dağları carbonate platform of Late Cretaceous to hydrologic environments (Figs. 4 and 5). The readings are based on the
Palaeogene age (Poisson, 1977). The southerly-derived Antalya Com- present mean sea level, established from consulting tide gauge
plex, made up of allochtonous Mesozoic rocks (mostly carbonates) records and recording the altitude of the closest biological markers
occupies the southeastern part of Antalya town (Robertson, 2000). (such as vermetid reefs). The seashores of the studied areas have a low
In the Antalya area and towards the east, small Miocene average tidal range (±0.2 m to ±0.3 m; Dalongeville, 1997), but annual
sedimentary basins (Aksu, Köprüçay and Manavgat Basins) filled variations caused by barometric fluctuations can reach as much as
with coarse clastics and reefal limestones are observed (Akay et al., ±0.5 m.
 Author's personal copy

22
S. Desruelles et al. / Global and Planetary Change 66 (2009) 19–33
Fig. 2. Geology and location of the sample sites of Mykonos, Delos and Rhenia islands 1: elevation contours, 20 masl; 2: spot height in m; 3: ephemeral flow; 4: granites; 5: gneiss; 6: marbles; 7: micaschists; 8: metavolcanics; 9: Miocene
conglomerates; 10: Permo-triassic carbonates; 11: sandstones (eolianites); 12: barite veins; 13: faults, joints and hidden faults, hidden joints; 14: normal faults; 15: low-angle normal faults; 16: beachrocks, cemented pebble bars; 17:
submerged archaeological vestiges; 18: sample site.
 Author's personal copy

S. Desruelles et al. / Global and Planetary Change 66 (2009) 19–33 23

Within each bay, the sampling sites were chosen after a careful This method aims to harmonize the data and compare beachrocks
observation of the beachrocks outcrops. We selected areas where the from different sites and regions. It allows for the reconstructions of
erosion and removal of beachrock slabs were limited. intertidal zones of constant extent (1 m in height) as some beachrocks
have been partially dismantled since their formation. If we had based
3.3. Beachrocks sampling the study solely on present altitudes of some of those beachrocks, the
corresponding intertidal zone would not be completely recreated
In order to date the sea level corresponding to each beachrock, we (case of site 1 (Finike) beachrock of which the summits of the two ends
have dated the beachrock end slabs. In fact, the back-end slab are at the same height) (Fig. 5A).
(landward) is theoretically the oldest, and the front-end slab (seaward)
is the youngest. However, sampling was not possible at all extremities, 4. Results
particularly for the ones buried under the sand, and some samples
could not be dated. In Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia, 30 samples were On all 7 sites selected in Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia, the beachrock
collected by diving. In southern Turkey, 38 beachrock samples were bands, separated by sandy stretches, are located between 0 m and
collected in and out of the water, often by diving. −3.8 m (Fig. 4). In southern Turkey, the submerged beachrock bands
might go down to −4.3 m, as in Finike (Fig. 5). The beachrocks are best
3.4. Microscopic study and radiocarbon dating exposed between Alanya and Kahyalar (Bener, 1974; Avşarcan, 1997).
Our observations confirm the existence of several beachrocks tens of
After preliminary observations under a binocular magnifier, 16 kms long at about 0 m and +0.35 m height.
samples were removed from our study because their composition did
not permit to make thin sections. Thin sections were made from 20 4.1. Types of cements
beachrock samples from Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia and from 32
samples collected from southern Turkey. They were examined under The bounding materials observed between the grains are early
a polarizing and a scanning electron microscope and in cathodolumi- intertidal cements, sparitic and micro sparitic cements, peloidal HMC
nescence. These observations permitted to characterize the nature of and micrite (Desruelles et al., 2004; Fouache et al., 2005a) (Figs. 6–8).
the constituents and organic elements, the morphology and the Most of the material was set in when the beachrock was formed
geochemistry of the cements. This analysis allowed us to select within the intertidal zone.
samples where dating could be carried out. It also permitted to choose
the most adequate method for the extraction of cement. Although the 4.1.1. Early intertidal cements
cement can be contaminated by carbonate particles other than the The early diagenetic cements are characterized by a high pro-
calcite cement, the radiocarbon 14C dating is still the most appropriate portion of magnesium calcite (HMC) or aragonite in their composition.
method for the Mediterranean beachrocks. Their genesis is contemporary to the beachrocks and they originate
All Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia samples were dated by the “Centre de from sea or brackish water (Heckel, 1983; Longman, 1980; Neumeier,
datation par le Radiocarbone” (in Lyons, France) and the ones from 1998).
Turkey were dated by the “Poznan Radiocarbon Laboratory” in Poland. The cements are a few tens of mm thick and often envelop the
The dates were calibrated using the curve of Hughen et al. (2004), grains as a thin film. When they have a micritic texture (as observed in
according to the 13C/12C isotopic ratios. The marine reservoir effects, Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia), they form thin isopach fringes (sample A11)
assessed in Ftelia (Mykonos) (Fig. 2) by Facorellis and Maniatis (2002), or clusters and bridges between the grains (sample G12). The HMC
do not bring about significant differences in relation to the calibrated cement coating is often characteristic of the marine phreatic zone:
dating of the Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia samples. In southern Turkey, non-jointed limpid crystal fringes (calcite), jointed limpid crystal
the 13C/12C ratios of the samples dated with 14C indicate an fringes with a palissadic texture (Fig. 8B) and/or thicker radiaxial
insignificant influence of fresh water (Fig. 10). In addition, seawater fibrous calcite cements (RFC) (Fig. 8A, C and D).
samples were collected and dated. They indicate a negligible ageing of Among the beachrock samples from southern Turkey (Fig. 7), two
seawater by carbonates of the surrounding rocks. other types of diagenetic cements were observed:

3.5. Precision of the reconstructions carried out using the beachrocks - fan and needle-shaped aragonitic cement characteristic of the
dating marine phreatic zone (samples Ke2 and Ke4) (Fig. 8B),
- HMC sparitic cements in stalactic disposition characteristic of the
Sedimentary structures within the beachrock such as keystone marine vadose zone (sample Kah3).
vugs (rounded vacuoles which form in the intertidal top segment as
the swash floods the beach sediment from the top and traps air 4.1.2. Peloidal high-magnesium calcite (HMC)
bubbles, Beaudoin, 1954; Dunham, 1970) permit a precise reconstruc- Peloidal HMC is a micrite partially replaced by coalescent
tion of sea levels (to ±0.25 m). In the case of submerged beachrock pellet clusters. These pellets are agglomerates of particles whose
(numerous in the studied areas) where the sedimentary structures are size ranges from 10 µm to 100 µm (Fig. 8C). They form during the
difficult to identify, this range is increased to ±0.5 m. diagenesis inside the pore space within the intertidal zone. They are
probably associated to a precipitate of HMC caused by bacterial action
From the field measurements carried out on the beachrocks, the
(Amieux et al., 1989; Chafetz, 1986; Kerans et al., 1986; Meyers, 1987;
ancient intertidal zones are reconstructed in the following manner:
Pickard, 1992; Strasser et al., 1992) and by interstitial water circulation
- the average summit altitude from both beachrocks ends (“front” (Neumeier, 1998). Consequently, the peloidal HMC can be considered
and “back”) (Figs. 4 and 5) represents the central axis of the as true cement contributing to the strengthening of the beachrock
reconstructed intertidal zone. For example, the central axis for the (Neumeier, 1998). However, it is often “polluted” by later cements
first beachrock line in Kemer is reconstructed at −0.4 m (average (LMC micro sparitic cements). The peloidal HMC contains cements
from 0 m and −0.8 m) (Fig. 5B). that were not completely formed in the intertidal zone.
- the entire reconstructed intertidal zone corresponds to a theore-
tical altitude ranging ±0.5 m from this axis (Fig. 9). In the case of 4.1.3. Micritic fillings, including internal sediments
the beachrock in Kemer, this former intertidal zone is located These micritic fillings are not diagenetic cements, but result from
between +0.2 m and −0.9 m. infiltrations within the pore space of the newly formed beachrocks.
 Author's personal copy

24 S. Desruelles et al. / Global and Planetary Change 66 (2009) 19–33

 Author's personal copy

S. Desruelles et al. / Global and Planetary Change 66 (2009) 19–33 25

are likely to influence the radiocarbon dating by producing apparently

older dates. The micrite infiltrations are contemporary or posterior to
the beachrock formation in the intertidal zone. They are often
geotropic deposits resulting from gravity in the beachrock pore
space (Fig. 8D). These internal geotropic sediments may come from
the percolation of fine particles originating from the water/sediment
interface, in the intertidal zone.
In 4 beachrock samples from Turkey (Ke3, DA3, DA4, Kah3), we
often observe laminated micrite, partially filling the pore spaces
(Fig. 8E). These micritic fillings can be considered as internal sedi-
ments with a centrifugal disposition. Because of their layout mode,
conditioned by the presence of a gaseous phase, these sediments are
interpreted to be characteristic of marine vadose environments
(Purser, 1980).
20 beachrock samples, 17 of which come from the Turkish coast,
contain interstitial micrite (Fig. 8F). This non-diagenetic micrite seems
to have been incorporated to the sediments during the beachrock
cementation in the intertidal zone and/or later, in a quieter
environment, in the upper subtidal zone. Among the calcareous
constituents identified in the observed beachrocks of both study areas,
the most reliable for radiocarbon dating are the diagenetic intertidal
cements.

4.2. Cement composition and mineralogy of the dated beachrock samples

Most of the collected samples contain at least one of the calcareous

constituents deposited within the intertidal zone. The microscopic
analysis, together with the field observations, provides evidence that
these samples come from beachrocks.

4.2.1. Samples collected in Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia

These samples are mainly made of siliceous clasts. They also
contain some bioclasts and limestone lithoclasts, particularly when
limestones and eolianites outcrops are located near the sites (sites B, C
and E) (Fig. 2).
Diagenetic intertidal cements are absent in three samples (Fig. 6).
However, two of them (D21b and A22) contain internal sediments
which can be considered as peloidal HMC contemporary to the
lithification in the intertidal zone. Although field evidence indicates
that sample D12 is taken from a beachrock, it does not contain any
cement characteristic of the intertidal zone.
Diagenetic intertidal zone cements are usually thin (less than
100 µm). For all samples except C12, they are associated to detritic
constituents (bioclasts, micritic fillings, internal sediments), some-
times to micritic cement and to peloidal HMC (Fig. 8).
Considering the thinness of the cements, the dominance of
siliceous clasts and the low proportion of bioclasts and non-
recrystallized micritic fillings, the beachrock dating was carried out
on “total sample”. As observed under the microscope, the cements are
often less than 100 µm thick and therefore the carbonate fraction
below this size was collected after the crushing of the sample. This
allowed the elimination of most of the clasts before the radiocarbon
dating.

Fig. 4. Profiles of the dated beachrock outcrops in Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia A: Kalafati 4.2.2. Samples collected in southern Turkey
(37°26′N; 25°25′E); B: Aghios Ioannis (37°25′N; 25°18′E); C: Aghios Sostis (37°29′N; 25°21′
E); D: Fourni (37°23′N; 25°16′N); E: Bay to the west of Kormou Ammos (37°26′N; 25°12′E);
Except in Hatay area to the east where samples also contain
F1: Steni (37°24′N; 25°13′E), transect 1; F2: Steni, transect 2; G: Lazaret (37°24′N; 25°14′E). siliceous clasts derived from the ophiolites outcropping nearby, all
samples are essentially made up of carbonate clasts and contain
They are composed of a fine matrix containing microclasts, mainly bioclasts as well as micritic fillings (Fig. 7).
siliceous in Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia and generally carbonate in The diagenetic intertidal cements, observed in 24 out of 32
southern Turkey, and some bioclasts. These calcareous constituents samples, are finer than the Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia beachrocks.

Fig. 3. Geology and location of the sample sites in southern Turkey 1: spot height in m; 2: main river; 3: Holocene alluvium; 4: Pliocene–Quaternary sediments; 5: Miocene
sediments; 6: Mesozoic–Early Tertiary metamorphic complex; 7: Mesozoic–Early Tertiary allochtonous margin and oceanic derived units; 8: Mesozoic–Early Tertiary carbonate
platform; 9: main faults, hidden faults; 10: overthrust and thrust faults; 11: normal faults; 12: beachrock; 13: coastal archaeological sites; 14: main town; 15: study site; 16: sample
site; 17: area established according to our study.
 Author's personal copy

26 S. Desruelles et al. / Global and Planetary Change 66 (2009) 19–33

Fig. 5. Profiles of the dated beachrock outcrops in southern Turkey A: Finike (36°20′N; 30°15′E); B: Kemer (36°38′N; 30°33′E); C: Kargacık (36°45′N; 30°34′E); D: Belek (36°51′N;
31°03′E); E: east of Alanya (36°32′N; 32°02′E); F: Gözcüler (36°26′N; 35°54′E).

Only one sample (B2) contains diagenetic intertidal cements, theless from beachrocks because their pore spaces are partially
nevertheless associated to bioclasts and numerous carbonate filled with internal sediments with geotropic or centrifugal
clasts. Samples deprived of early intertidal cements come none- dispositions.
 Author's personal copy

S. Desruelles et al. / Global and Planetary Change 66 (2009) 19–33 27

Considering the thinness of the diagenetic intertidal cements 4.3. Beachrocks morphology and dating
and the important proportion of carbonate clasts, bioclasts, and
micritic fillings in most samples, we have chosen to date the cement At the scale of the Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia insular group, 3
and, in addition, to manually extract and date non-pelleted internal beachrock bands have been distinguished (Desruelles et al., 2004;
sediments which are poor in carbonate microclasts. Due to technical Fouache et al., 2005a). They permitted to reconstruct 3 successive
difficulties, limited amount of material could be extracted under the intertidal zones that indicate phases of relative sea level stability:
binocular microscope. Besides, our aim to date several beachrock
bands from a single site reduced the number of datable samples. - the first one, closest to the shoreline, is generally located between
Besides, to obtain complete transects, we aim to date several 0 m and −1.7 m,
generations of beachrocks located in the same site. This method - the second, intermediate and less widespread, is developed
required to eliminate samples: there are only 2 sites (Kemer, site 3, between −1.1 m and −2.5 m,
and Gözcüler, site 15) (Figs. 3 and 5) where beachrock bands belonging - the third, farthest from the shoreline, is generally found between
to several generations can be dated. For the former site, dating was −2.7 m and −5 m.
carried out on centrifugal internal sediments (sample Ke3) or on
intertidal aragonitic cement (samples Ke2 and Ke4). For the latter site, Radiocarbon dating on the “total sample” is generally satisfying
dating was done on intertidal HMC cements (G1 and G2). (Fig. 10). In most cases, the oldest dates correspond to the deepest

Fig. 6. Carbonate fabrics observed in the samples collected in Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia 1: small isopachous fringe of limpid and non contiguous HMC crystals; 2: small bladed
isopachous fringe of limpid and contiguous HMC crystals; 3: isopachous cement of radiaxial fibrous calcite (RFC); 4: isopachous micritic cement; 5: peloidal HMC cement; 6:
bioclasts; 7: geotropic deposit of internal sediments; 8: micrite infiltration; 9: early zoned spar cement; 10: marine cementation of magnesium calcite around pellets (probably
caused by bacterial actions) and/or recrystallization.
 Author's personal copy

28 S. Desruelles et al. / Global and Planetary Change 66 (2009) 19–33

Fig. 7. Carbonate fabrics observed in the samples collected in southern Turkey 1: small isopachous fringe of limpid and non contiguous HMC crystals; 2: isopachous cement of
radiaxial fibrous calcite (RFC); 3: fan and needle-shaped aragonitic cement coatings; 4: isopachous micritic cement; 5: peloidal HMC cement; 6: bioclasts; 7: geotropic deposit of
internal sediments; 8: centrifugal internal sediments; 9: micrite infiltration; 10: early zoned spar cement; 11: marine cementation of magnesium calcite around pellets (probably
caused by bacterial actions) and/or recrystallization.

beachrocks. A few exceptions must be noted. Samples for site F −1 m, the second between −1.2 m and −2.3 m and the third between
(Figs. 2 and 4) are too recent in comparison to the overall tendency. −2.2 m and −3.2 m.
This is probably related to the presence of submerged archeological - the area III stretches from Incekum to Karataş–Osmaniye Fault
remains (Desruelles et al., 2004). Samples C21a, C21b and D21a, from Zone. It comprises sites 10, 11 and 13. It is the only area
sites C and D, look too old compared to their depth. This could be where the central axes of the reconstructed intertidal zones are
related to an ageing of the dating by some detritics (particularly emerged. This layer can be compared to the first intertidal
carbonate clasts and micritic fillings — Desruelles, 2004; Desruelles zone reconstructed in areas II and IV. On site 10, this level is
et al., 2004). added to another fossil intertidal zone, reconstructed between
However, when the two end-slabs of a beachrock are dated, the −2.2 m and −3.3 m.
front-end slab is younger than the back-end one. This chronology is - the area IV covers İskenderun Bay down to Arsuz and com-
in compliance with the model of beachrock formation. prises sites 15 and 16. Two generations, corresponding to two
Over the entire Turkish coastline 3 beachrock bands are fossil intertidal zones are distinguished: the first one between
observed, whose layout sometimes varies significantly from site to + 0.3 m and − 0.8 m and the second one between − 0.7 m and
site (Fig. 9). 4 areas can be distinguished (Fig. 3): − 1.7 m. No beachrocks are observed south of Arsuz till the Syrian
border.
- the area I corresponds to the Finike Bay. Only one generation can be
observed; it corresponds to a fossil intertidal zone between −3.5 m In Turkey, only 2 sites could be dated (3 and 16). They show
and −4.5 m. ages coherent with the oldest ages obtained from the deepest
- the area II stretches east of the Finike peninsula to Çimtur. It beachrocks (Fig. 10). In Kemer (Figs. 3 and 5B), the sample collected
comprises sites 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. In this area, 2 to 3 former submerged at −2.2 m on the beachrock located between −1.4 m and −2.8 m is
intertidal zones are reconstructed: the first one between 0 m and dated at 659–502 BC. As for the beachrock closest to the surface
 Author's personal copy

S. Desruelles et al. / Global and Planetary Change 66 (2009) 19–33 29

Fig. 8. Cements and detrical elements identified in the beachrock samples A: thin section B21 seen with plane-polarized light. Isopachous cement of radiaxial fibrous HMC (a); B: thin
section Ke4 seen with cross-polarized light. Small isopachous fringe of calcite cement (a), aragonite cement (b) and micritic mud (c); C: thin section B 21 seen with
cathodoluminescence. Isopachous cement of radiaxial fibrous calcite (a) and peloidal HMC cement (b); D: thin section B21 seen with cross-polarized light. Isopachous cement of
radiaxial fibrous calcite (a) and geotropic deposit of internal sediment containing pellets (b); E: thin section DA4 seen with plane-polarized light. Centrifugal internal sediment (a)
containing sometimes microclasts; F: thin section S6 seen with cross-polarized light. Micritic mud rich in carbonate microclasts and bioclasts.

(between 0 m and −0.8 m), the obtained dating on the back-end end extremity (439–537 AD) (Fig. 5F) is older than G2 collected at the
extremity (435–534 AD) is older than the one obtained at the other other end (606–667 AD).
end (669–733 AD). In Gözcüler, the sample G1, collected on the back-
5. Discussion

5.1. Relative sea level variations in Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia

The location of beachrock bands indicates 3 generations, corre-

sponding to 3 phases of relative sea level stability with unknown
durations separated by periods of acceleration in the rise of sea level
(Fig. 11):

- the first phase of relative stability, around 1000 AD, corresponds to

a sea level at −1 m (±0.5 m),
- the second phase of relative stability, around 400 BC, has a sea level
at −2.5 m (±0.5 m),
- the third phase of relative stability, around 2000 BC, has a sea level
at −3.6 m (±0.5 m) compared to present sea level.
For the first and third phases, the mean height values and ages of
the reconstructed intertidal zones have been retained. For the second
phase, this mean value was obtained from information on the
archeological remains of Delos and Rhenia (Dalongeville et al., 2007;
Desruelles et al., 2004; Desruelles et al., 2007).
Our datings, although probably slightly “over-estimated”, indicate
an evolution different from the Lambeck and Purcell's (2005)
model: the range of the relative Holocene sea level rise (about 3.6 m
since 4000 years) is higher than the value proposed by this glacio-
hydro-isostatic model (Fig. 12), which does not take into account the
effects of local tectonics. The model indicates sea levels at −1 m in
2000 BP whereas our results show that it took 1000 years for such a
rise to occur. The difference between those results is caused by the
influence of the regional subsidence over the relative sea level
variations in Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia. On the other hand, our results
Fig. 9. Depth of intertidal zones reconstructed in Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia and in
are in agreement with the ones provided by Flemming et al., (1971)
southern Turkey using the beachrocks 1: depth of the reconstructed intertidal zone; 2:
middle of the intertidal zone reconstructed using the lower and the upper limits of the established from the inventory of submerged archeological markers in
beachrock line. the Aegean Sea.
 Author's personal copy

30 S. Desruelles et al. / Global and Planetary Change 66 (2009) 19–33

Fig. 10. 14C ages of beachrock samples collected in Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia and in southern Turkey.

Fig. 11. Periods of relative sea level stabilisation and elevation in Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia since 5000 BP 1: period of relative sea level stabilisation attested by the beachrocks
outcrops; 2: probable evolution of the relative sea level.
 Author's personal copy

S. Desruelles et al. / Global and Planetary Change 66 (2009) 19–33 31

Fig. 12. Predicted sea level changes according to Lambeck and Purcell's (2005) model.

5.2. Relative sea level variations in southern Turkey 1815 ± 35 years BP and 1545 ± 45 years BP. Our result from Incekum is in
accordance with their dates.
In area I the beachrock between −3.5 m and −4.5 m is deeper than The presence of emerged beachrocks at similar heights on sites 10,
the Roman archeological remains located at −1.5 m (Fouache et al., 11, 13 and 14 (Taillefer, 1964) permits to infer that this uplift has
1999, 2005b) in Andriake (Fig. 3). That beachrock may result from a affected most of the area III. Before this tectonic coastal uplift, tectonic
phase of relative sea level stability older than the Roman period. As an in origin, relative sea level stability has provoked the formation of a
alternative hypothesis we relate the formation of these beachrocks to band of beachrock located today between −2.2 m and −3.3 m. This
the same period. Their actual depth might be related to the rapid former sea level could not be dated, because of the lack of suitable
submersion of the Finike Bay that is mainly covered by unconsolidated cement in the beachrock.
sediments contrary to the Roman foundations built on hard rocks. The area IV has gone through at least 2 relative sea level stability
The placement of the reconstructed intertidal zones in area II is phases. The study of samples from site 15, collected on the line closest
comparable to the one in Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia. These two areas have to the surface, permits the reconstruction of a sea level between 0 m
gone through 2 or 3 sea level stability phases. In Kemer, sample Ke4's and −0.5 m during the 4th to 7th century AD. This result is very similar
dating (Fig. 10) permits the reconstruction of a mean sea level located to the proposed reconstruction in area II. As for area I, the proposed
between −1.5 m and −2.2 m during the 6th and 7th centuries BC. The sea level rise is higher than the one indicated by the Lambeck and
dating of samples Ke2 and Ke3's permits the reconstruction of another Purcell's (2005) model. From this model, the sea level 2000 years ago
sea level between 0 m and 0.8 m during the 5th and 7th centuries AD. In was similar to the present one. Area IV then appears to have been
this area, Lambeck and Purcell's (2005) glacio-hydro-isostatic model affected by a slight subsidence, tectonic in origin.
indicates a smaller amount of sea level rise (Fig. 12). It predicts a sea level
between −0.25 m and −0.5 m 2000 years ago. A sea level rise of about 5.3. Regional synthesis
0.37 m can be deducted over 2000 years, whereas our results show that a
similar amount of rise (ca. 0.4 m) has taken place over 1400 years. The The reconstructed relative sea levels in areas II and IV of the
comparison of our results, even though slightly “over-estimated”, with Turkish coast can be compared to the ones reconstructed in Mykonos–
this model brings forth the influence of tectonics in the vertical Delos–Rhenia:
displacements in this coastal region. This influence appears more
important on the submersion of the deepest beachrocks. - area II has seen a phase of relative sea level stability between
In area III, the present sea level appears unchanged since the 12th −1.5 m and −2.2 m coeval to the 6th and 7th centuries BC, whereas
century AD. In fact, the Seldjoukid boatsheds in Alanya (Fouache et al., a deeper sea level (−2.5 m) was restored for a more recent age
1999, 2005b) (Fig. 3) are at the same level as the notch that is (around the 4th century BC) in the Cyclades.
developing at the foot of the cliff. Their utilization appears to be - areas II and IV have seen a phase of relative sea level stability
adapted to a sea level comparable to the present one. between 0 m and −0.8 m coeval to the 4th to 7th century AD. A
We have also identified a corrosion bench emerged at +0.5 m above deeper sea level (−1 m) is also restored for a more recent age
the present mean sea level in Incekum (Fig. 3). Fossil vermetid tubes (around the 10th century AD) in the Cyclades.
collected at this height and their radiocarbon dating has permitted the
reconstruction of an ancient sea level at 19 BC–200 AD (sample Lyon- This comparison indicates that subsidence is greater in Mykonos–
2801Poz). This sea level has shaped the corrosion bench that has later Delos–Rhenia than in areas II and IV of the Turkish coast, at least since
been uplifted by at least +0.5 m, probably before the 12th century AD. 2800 years. This corresponds to the comparative results of Lambeck
Kelletat and Kayan (1983) also reported similar vermetids (Dendropoma and Purcell's (2005) model. In Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia, a relative sea
petraeum) at +0.5 m, developed on bio-erosional benches in Fığla Burnu level rise of 1 m was observed in 1000 years instead of 2000 years as
1 km to the east of Incekum. They presented several 14C dates obtained predicted by the model. In areas II and IV, a rise of about 0.4 m occurred
from stomatolitic algaes (Neogoniolithon notarisii) ranging between over 1400 years instead of 2000 years as indicated by the model.
 Author's personal copy

32 S. Desruelles et al. / Global and Planetary Change 66 (2009) 19–33

The influence of tectonics is greater in the other areas studied in stability may have permitted the formation of the beachrock band
southern Turkey. Area I has undergone an important subsidence, located about − 3 m (± 0.5 m). A tectonic subsidence, before the
probably before the Roman period. The sea level reconstructed at Roman period, may have displaced the beachrocks at depth in area
about −1.5 m for this period (2nd century BC–6th century AD) I. A second phase of relative sea level stability at about 2.5 m
corresponds well to sea levels reconstructed in area II. Areas I and II (± 0.5 m) around the 4th century BC may have favored the
would then have seen a comparable evolution, at least since the formation of another generation of beachrock. Later, these bea-
Roman period. The presence of deeper Roman foundations, down to chrocks do not appear to have been strongly displaced by vertical
−3 m to −4 m, west of Andriake (in Demre and in Kale, particularly) movements in areas II and III. On the contrary, one may wonder if
permits to bring the limit of area I to the west, near Andriake (Fig. 3). such movements might have obstructed their formation in area I. A
Especially the eastern part of area III was uplifted by about +0.5 m, third phase of relative sea level stability at about − 0.4 m (± 0.5 m)
probably before the 12th century AD. The Incekum corrosion bench around the 6th century AD may be the origin of corrosion forms and
can be compared to corrosion benches frequently observed, at about of a beachrock generation. In area III, as in other eastern
+0.6 m, in Syria and Lebanon (Morhange et al., 2006), where they Mediterranean regions, the “Early-Byzantine Paroxysm” (Pirazzoli,
were dated to 1900–2000 BP (Sanlaville, 1977). It can also be related to 2005) may have caused uplift, of about + 0.5 m, of former sea level
the visible +0.8 m notch south of area IV (around the Orontes delta, markers. The sea level would be stable or in slight rise since the
Samandağ), dated to 1700–2800 BP (Pirazzoli, 2005). These corrosion 12th century AD.
forms may have been shaped before a co-seismic uplift, during the In Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia, where the altitudinal placement of
“Early Byzantine Paroxysm” (Pirazzoli et al., 1996; Pirazzoli, 2005), beachrock resembles the one in areas II and IV of the Turkish coast,
dated to 1750–2000 BP. Several studies indeed indicate a clustering of tectonic subsidence has intensified the rise of relative sea level of
earthquakes in the eastern Mediterranean between 4th and 6th eustatic or glacio-hydro-isostatic origin. In fact, the total range of the
century AD (Stiros, 2001). rise of relative sea level is greater there than in the first 2 areas in
Such regional comparisons show that tectonics played a determin- Turkey.
ing role in the Holocene relative sea level evolution in our study areas. Although the tectonic context is different between the study areas
Subsidence, with amplitude varying in time and space, accounts for in Greece and Turkey, strong similarities have been observed in the
the presence of submerged beachrock bands in all studied areas. This Holocene relative sea level evolution. Local tectonic movements of
amplitude explains the difference in beachrock depths (the case of variable intensity might explain the observed differences between
area I in Turkey) between these regions. Uplifts are the cause of the these areas. Therefore the use of the beachrocks as a potential paleo-
partial emersion of the beachrocks in area III in Turkey. Their sea level indicator might be an important tool in the understanding of
formation probably correlates to the first generations of areas II and IV. the tectonic development of the region since mid-Holocene.
Part of these differential movements appears to have been caused
by a tectonic event of regional extent, the “Early Byzantine Paroxysm”. Acknowledgements
Numerous studies of the emerged corrosion forms in the eastern
Mediterranean tend to prove it (Pirazzoli, 2005). Rapid rises of This study was carried out in Mykonos–Delos–Rhenia thanks to
relative sea level, as in the subsiding regions on the Turkish coast the financial support of the French School of Athens (Water in Delos
(area II) and the centre of the Cyclades, might be related to this program directed by M. Brunet) and in southern Turkey thanks to the
regional event. support of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MALRHO program
directed by R. Dalongeville and E. Fouache) and of TÜBITAK, the
6. Conclusions Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Project n
104Y261). Thin sections and microscopic studies were made in the
The comparative study of beachrocks from Mykonos–Delos– laboratory UMR 8157 Géosystèmes (Université des Sciences et
Rhenia and southern Turkey has confirmed the difficulty to date the Technologies — CNRS, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France). The authors warmly
markers of ancient sea levels in geological contexts where calcareous thank Dr. Marc Massault (Université Paris-Sud, UMR 8148 IDES, Orsay,
rocks dominate. Because of the dominance of this lithology intertidal France), for analysis and dating of fresh and marine waters from
diagenetic cements had to be manually extracted from the beachrocks southern Turkey, Dr. Cecile Fouache-Loire, Dr. Nikos Palyvos and Prof.
and unfortunately with a limited success. Therefore only 2 areas could Dr. Morgan De Dapper for the English improvement. We also thank
be dated from numerous samples collected along the Turkish coast. the anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions to
This study has permitted, by cross-comparing the positioning of improve this paper.
several beachrock bands with dates and indications obtained
from archeological remains and corrosion benches, to bring forth
References
the role of tectonics in relative sea level variations in eastern
Mediterranean.
Akay, E., Uysal, S., Poisson, A., Cravatte, J., Müller, C., 1985. Stratigraphy of the Antalya
This study establishes similar points in the evolution of these Neogene Basin. Geological Society of Turkey Bulletin 28, 105–119.
shorelines, points which have been submerged for at least 4000 years. Amieux, P., Bernier, P., Dalongeville, R., de Medwecki, V., 1989. Cathodoluminescence of
Periods of slower rise or relative stability of sea level have followed carbonate-cemented Holocene beachrock from the Togo coastline (West Africa): an
approach to early diagenesis. Sedimentary Geology 65, 261–272.
one another. They have shaped corrosion forms at the foot of cliffs and, Anastasakis, G.C., Dermitzakis, M., 1990. Post-Middle Miocene paleogeographic
when they were associated to sufficient sedimentary inputs, allowed evolution of the region, its possible influence on the distribution of the Quaternary
the formation of beachrocks in sandy shores. These periods have been mammals of the Cyclades Islands. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie
Monatschefte 1, 1–16.
interrupted by phases of acceleration of the relative sea level rise,
Avşarcan, B., 1997. Yalıtaşı oluşumu ile ilgili kuramlar ve Türkiye kıyılarındaki yalıtaşlarının
often caused by vertical tectonic movements. These movements have bazı özellikleri. I. Ü. Coğrafya Dergisi 5, 259–282 (in Turkish with English abstract).
also displaced existing beachrock bands. This explains the differences Beaudoin, R., 1954. Géologie des sables alvéolaires de l'Ancien Monde. Bulletin de la
Société Géologique de France, Série 6 (IV), 571-484.
in the height of beachrock positions observed between four areas in
Bener, M., 1974. Antalya-Gazipaşa Kıyı Kesiminde Yalıtaşı Oluşumu. I.Ü. Edebiyat Fak.
the southern Turkish coast. Yayınları. No: 1758. (in Turkish with English abstract).
The chronological comparison of the phases of relative stability Bernier, P., Dalongeville, R., 1996. Mediterranean coastal changes recorded in beachrock
and acceleration of the sea level rise brings forth the role of local cementation. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie supplementband 102, 185–198.
Bernier, P., Dalongeville, R., Duchêne, H., Rougemont, G., 1987. Les littoraux de Délos et
tectonics, in relation to the regional geodynamics. On the Turkish de Rhénée. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 111.2, 655.
coast from Andriake to Arsuz, a first phase of relative sea level Blackman, D.J., 1982a. Ancient harbours in the Mediterranean, part 1. IJNA 11.2, 79–104.
 Author's personal copy

S. Desruelles et al. / Global and Planetary Change 66 (2009) 19–33 33

Blackman, D.J., 1982b. Ancient harbours in the Mediterranean, part 2. IJNA 11.3, 185–211. Reimer, R.W., Remmele, S., Southon, J.R., Stuiver, M., Talamo, S., Taylor, F.W., van der
Boulton, S.J., Robertson, A.H.F., 2007. The Miocene of the Hatay area, S Turkey: transition Plicht, J., Weyhenmeyer, C.E., 2004. MARINE04 marine Radiocarbon age calibration
from the Arabian passive margin to an underfilled foreland basin related to closure 26–0 ka BP. Radiocarbon 46, 1059–1086.
of the Southern Neotethys Ocean. Sedimentary Geology 198.1–2, 93–124. Karabıyıkoğlu, M., Çiner, A., Monod, O., Deynoux, M., Tuzcu, S., Örçen, S., 2000. Tectono-
Bürger, D., 1990. The travertine complex of Antalya Southwest Turkey. Zeitschrift für sedimentary evolution of the Miocene Manavgat Basin, Western Taurids, Turkey. In:
Geomorphologie Supplementary Bulletin 77, 25–46. Bozkurt, E., Winchester, J.A., Piper, J.A.D. (Eds.), Tectonics and magmatism in Turkey
Cayeux, L., 1914. Les déplacements de la mer à l'époque historique. Revue scientifique and the surrounding area, 173. Geological Society of London Special Publication,
19, 577–586. pp. 271–294.
Chafetz, H.S., 1986. Marine peloids: a product of bacterially induced precipitation of Kelletat, D., 1975. Eine eustatische Kurve für das jüngere Holozän, konstruiert nach
calcite. Journal of Sedimentary Petrolology 56, 812–817. Zeugnissen früherer Meeresspiegelstände im östlichen Mittelmeergebiet. Neue
Çiner, A., Karabıyıkoğlu, M., Monod, O., Deynoux, M., Tuzcu, S., 2008. Late Cenozoic Jahrbücher für Geologie und Paläontologie 6, 360–374.
sedimentary evolution of the Antalya Basin, Southern Turkey. Turkish Journal of Kelletat, D., Kayan, I., 1983. First C datings and Late Holocene tectonic events on the
Earth Sciences 17, 1–41. Mediterranean coastline, west of Alanya, Southern Turkey. Bulletin of Geological
Dalongeville, R., 1997. Travaux du groupe de recherches sur l'évolution des paysages Society of Turkey 26, 83–87 (in Turkish with English abstract).
littoraux de la Méditerranée orientale durant les six derniers millénaires (MAE, ÉFA, Kerans, C., Hurley, N.F., Playford, P.E., 1986. Marine diagenesis in Devonian reef
CNRS). BCH 121–2, 880–881. complexes of the Canning Basin, Western Australia. In: Schroeder, J.H., Purser, B.H.
Dalongeville, R., Sanlaville, P., 1977. Témoins de la ligne de rivage holocènes en Turquie (Eds.), Reef diagenesis. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 357–380.
méridionale. Bulletin de l'Association Française d'Etude du Quaternaire 4, 79–81. Lambeck, K., Purcell, A., 2005. Sea level change in the Mediterranean Sea since the LGM:
Dalongeville, R., Sanlaville, P., 1979. Rivages holocènes de la Turquie méridionale. model predictions for tectonically stable areas. Quaternary Science Reviews 24,
Bulletin du Laboratoire Rhodanien de Géomorphologie 4–5, 5–15. 1969–1988.
Dalongeville, R., Sanlaville, P., 1984. Essai de synthèse sur le beach-rock”, in: Le beach- Longman, M.W., 1980. Carbonate diagenetic textures from nearsurface diagenetic environ-
rock, actes du colloque de Lyon, nov. 1983. Travaux de la Maison de l'Orient n 8, De ments. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologist 64, 461–487.
Boccard, Paris, pp. 161–167. Lucas, I., 1999. Le pluton de Mykonos–Délos–Rhénée (Cyclades, Grèce): un exemple de mise
Dalongeville, R., Desruelles, S., Fouache, É., Hasenohr, C., Pavlopoulos, K., 2007. La hausse en place synchrone de l'extension crustale. Thèse de doctorat, Université d'Orléans, 491 p.
relative du niveau marin à Délos (Cyclades, Grèce): rythme et effets sur les paysages Meyers, J.H., 1987. Marine vadose cementation by cryptocrystalline magnesian calcite —
littoraux de la ville hellénistique. Méditerranée 108, 17–28. Maui, Hawaii. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 57, 558–570.
Desruelles, S., 2004. L'eau dans l'ensemble insulaire cristallin méditerranéen Mykonos– Morhange, C., Pirazzoli, P.A., Marriner, N., Montaggioni, L.F., Nammour, T., 2006. Late
Délos–Rhénée (Cyclades, Grèce) et sa gestion dans la ville antique de Délos. Thèse Holocene relative sea level changes in Lebanon, Eastern Mediterranean. Marine
de Géographie physique, Université Paris-Sorbonne, 457 p. Geology 230, 99–114 1–2.
Desruelles, S., Fouache, É., Pavlopoulos, K., Dalongeville, R., Peulvast, J.-P., Coquinot, Y., Négris, P., 1903. Régression et transgression de la mer depuis l'époque glaciaire jusqu'à
Potdevin, J.-L., 2004. Beachrocks et variations récentes de la ligne de rivage en Mer nos jours. Revue Universitaire des Mines 3, 249–281.
Égée et dans l'ensemble insulaire Mykonos–Délos–Rhénée (Cyclades, Grèce). Neumeier, U., 1998. Le rôle de l'activité microbienne lors de la cimentation précoce des
Géomorphologie: relief, processus, environnement 1, 5–18. beachrocks (dépôts marins littoraux). Thèse de Doctorat, Université de Genève, 152 p.
Desruelles, S., Fouache, É., Dalongeville, R., Pavlopoulos, K., Peulvast, J.-P., Coquinot, Y., Okay, A., Özgül, N., 1984. HP-LT metamorphism and the structure of Alanya Massif. In:
Potdevin, J.-L., Hasenohr, C., Brunet, M., Mathieu, R., Nicot, É., 2007. Sea level Dixon, J.E., Robertson, A.H.F. (Eds.), The geological evolution of the Eastern
changes and shoreline reconstruction in the ancient city of Delos (Cyclades, Meditterranean, 17. Geological Society of London Special Publication, pp. 429–440.
Greece). Geodinamica Acta 20 (4), 231–239. Pickard, N.A.H., 1992. Depositional controls on Lower Carboniferous microbial buildups,
Deynoux, M., Çiner, A., Monod, O., Karabıyıkoğlu, M., Manatschal, G., Tuzcu, S., 2005. Facies eastern Midland Valley of Scotland. Sedimentology 39, 1081–1100 6.
architecture and depositional evolution of alluvial fan to fan-delta complexes in the Piper, D.J.W., Perissoratis, C., 2003. Quaternary neotectonics of the South Aegean Arc.
tectonically active Miocene Köprüçay Basin, Isparta Angle, Turkey. In: Kelling, G., Marine Geology 198, 259–288.
Robertson, A.H.F., van Buchem, F. (Eds.), Cenozoic sedimentary basins of South Central Pirazzoli, P.A., 2005. A review of possible eustatic, isostatic and tectonic contributions in
Turkey. Sedimentary Geology, vol. 173, 1.4, pp. 315–343. eight late-Holocene relative sea level histories from the Mediterranean area.
Dunham, R.J., 1970. Keystone vugs in carbonate beach deposits. Bulletin of the American Quaternary Science Reviews 24, 1989–2001 18–19.
Association of Petroleum Geologist 45, 845. Pirazzoli, P.A., Laborel, J., Stiros, S.C., 1996. Earthquake. clustering in the eastern
Facorellis, G., Maniatis, I., 2002. Radiocarbon dating of the neolithic settlement of Ftelia Mediterranean during historical times. Journal of Geophysical Research 101.B3,
on Mykonos: calculation of the marine reservoir effect in the Cyclades. In: Sampson, 6083–6097.
A. (Ed.), The neolithic settlement at Ftelia, Mykonos. Publication of the University of Poisson, A., 1977. Recherches géologiques dans les Taurides occidentales (Turquie).
the Aegean, Rhodes, pp. 309–315. Doctorat d'Etat, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, 798 p.
Flecker, R., Poisson, A., Robertson, A.H.F., 2005. Facies and palaeogeographic evidence Poisson, A., Wernli, R., Sağular, E.K., Temiz, H., 2003. New data concerning the age of the
for the Miocene evolution of the Isparta Angle in its regional eastern Mediterranean Aksu Thrust in the south of the Aksu valley, Isparta Angle (SW Turkey):
context. Sedimentary Geology 173 (1.4), 277–314. consequences for the Antalya Basin and the Eastern Mediterranean. Geological
Flemming, N.C., 1969. Archaeological evidence for eustatic change of sea level and earth Journal 38, 311–327.
movements in the Western Mediterranean during the last 2,000 years. The Purser, B.H., 1980. Sédimentation et diagenèse des carbonates néritiques récents, tome
Geological Society of America Special Paper, Boulder, vol. 109. 125 pp. 1. Editions Technip, Paris, 366 p.
Flemming, N.C., Czartoryska, N.M.G., Hunter, P.M., 1971. Archaeological evidence for Robertson, A.H.F., 2000. Mesozoic-Tertiary tectonic-sedimentary evolution of a south
eustatic and tectonic components of relative sea level change in the South Aegean. Tethyan oceanic basin and its margins in southern Turkey. In: Bozkurt, E.,
Marine Archaeology 23, 1–66. Winchester, J.A., Piper, J.A.D. (Eds.), Tectonics and magmatism in Turkey and the
Fouache, É., Sibella, P., Dalongeville, R., 1999. Holocene variations of the shoreline surrounding area, 173. Geological Society of London Special Publication, pp. 97–138.
between Antalya and Andriake (Turkey). IJNA 28.4, 305–318. Şafak, Ü., Kelling, G., Gökçen, N., Gürbüz, K., 2005. The mid-Cenozoic succession and
Fouache, É., Desruelles, S., Pavlopoulos, K., Dalongeville, R., Coquinot, Y., Peulvast, J.-P., evolution of the Mut Basin, southern Turkey, and its regional significance.
Potdevin, J.-L., 2005a. Beachrocks as indicators of Late Holocene sea level rise in Sedimentary Geology 173.1–4, 121–150.
Mykonos, Delos and Rhenia Islands (Cyclades, Greece). Zeitschrift für Geomorpho- Sanlaville, P., 1977. Étude géomorphologique de la région littorale du Liban. Thèse
logie Supplementary 137, 37–43. doctorat d'État, Université de Brest, Publ. Univ. Libanaise, Beyrouth, 2 vol., 859 p.
Fouache, É., Sibella, P., Dalongeville, R., 2005b. Harbours and Holocene variations of the Stiros, S.C., 2001. The AD 365 Crete earthquake and possible seismic clustering during
shoreline between Andriake and Alanya (Turkey). Méditerranée 104 (1.2), 87–94. the fourth to sixth centuries in the Eastern Mediterranean: a review of historical
Gautier, P., 1995. Géométrie crustale et cinématique de l'extension tardi-orogénique and archaeological data. J. Structural Geology 23, 545–562.
dans le domaine centre-égéen (îles des Cyclades et d'Eubée, Grèce). Thèse de Strasser, A., Strohmenger, C., Davaud, E., Bach, A., 1992. Sequential evolution and
doctorat, Université Rennes 1, Rennes, 417p. diagenesis of Pleistocene coral reefs (South Sinai, Egypt). Sedimentary Geology 78
Glover, C., Robertson, A.H., 1998. Role of regional extensional and uplift in the Plio- (1–2), 59–79.
Pleistocene evolution of the Aksu Basin, SW Turkey. Journal of the Geological Taillefer, F., 1964. Morphologie littorale et grès de plage à Viransehir près de Mersin
Society, London 15, 365–388. (Turquie). Revue géographique de l'Est 4, 393–398.
Glover, C., Robertson, A.H., 2003. Origin of tufas (cool-water carbonate) and related ten Veen, J.H., Woodside, J.M., Zitter, T.A.C., Dumont, J.-F., Mascle, J., Volkonskaia, A.,
terraces in the Antalya areas, SW Turkey. Geological Journal 38, 1–30. 2004. Neotectonic evolution of the Anaximander Mountains at the junction of the
Gürsoy, H., Piper, J.D.A., Tatar, O., 2003. Neotectonic deformation in the western sector of Hellenic and Cyprus arcs. Tectonophysics 391 (1–4), 35–65.
tectonic escape in Anatolia: palaeomagnetic study of the Afyon region, central Vousdoukas, M.I., Velegrakis, A.F., Plomaritis, T.A., 2007. Beachrock occurrence,
Turkey. Tectonophysics 374.1–2, 57–79. characteristics, formation mechanisms and impacts. Earth Science Review 85,
Heckel, P.H., 1983. Diagenetic model for carbonates rocks in Midcontinent Pennsylvanian 23–46.
eustatic cyclothems. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 53, 733–759 3. Yetiş, C., Kelling, G., Gökçen, S.L., Baroz, F., 1995. A revised stratigraphic frame for later
Hejl, E., Riedl, H., Weintgartner, H., 2002. Post-plutonic unroofing and morphogenesis of Cenezoic sequences in the northeastern Meditterranean region. Geologische
the Attic-Cycladic complex (Aegea, Greece). Tectonophysics 349, 37–56. Rundschau 84, 794–812.
Hughen, K.A., Baillie, M.G.L., Bard, E., Beck, A.J.W., Bertrand, C.J.H., Blackwell, P.G., Buck, C.E.,
Burr, G.S., Cutler, K.B., Damon, P.E., Edwards, R.L., Fairbanks, R.G., Friedrich, M.,
Guilderson, T.P., Kromer, B., McCormac, G., Manning, S., Bronk Ramsey, C., Reimer, P.J.,