Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology

Deemed to be University Bhubaneswar, 751024

School of Civil Engineering

M. Tech Programme
Specialization: Geotechnical Engineering

Subject Code: Seminar and Viva Voce CE 6482

TOPIC: TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION/DEEP EXCAVATION

Submitted by

Christian Cedric AMOUGOU

Roll No: 2243005

Under the supervision of: Dr. Benu Gopal Mohapatra

Professor and Director, School of Civil Engineering

Academic Year 2022 – 2023

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is with immense pleasure that I express my sincere sense of gratitude and humble
appreciation to Dr. B.G. Mohapatra, Director Consultancy, KIIT Deemed to be University for
his invaluable guidance, whole‐hearted co‐operation, constructive criticism and continuous
encouragement in the preparation of this report. Without his support and guidance, the present
work would have remained a dream.

I would also like to thank Dr. S. Moulick, Dean, School of Civil Engineering, for their
creative suggestions and providing necessary facilities.

I take this opportunity to thank all my scholar friends & family for their valuable support
and encouragement throughout the preparation of this work. I also thank all those who have
directly or indirectly helped in completion of this work.

Christian Cedric Amougou

May 2023,
KIIT DU, Bhubaneswar,

Submitted by: AMOUGOU Christian Cédric Roll No: 2243005 i

ABSTRACT

The tunnel construction is based into several principle, especially the previous design
with the previous lecture for construction or excavation and control of this structure. We have
restricted our research on few points namely the type of tunnels known for Cut and cover
tunnels, bored tunnels, and immersed tube channels. Concrete mixer truck, dump truck,
rubber-tyred front loader, drilling truck, shotcrete truck, drilling dumbo are the machines
which are frequently used for construction of tunnels. The shapes’ tunnels mostly applying in
site are segmental roof section or D, circular section and rectangular section. Some excavation
and construction in sit depending about the nature of underground layer, hence we can apply
the mechanical methods, drill and blast methods and drill methods. Although, we apply those
technique the way of construction we need the technique of stabilization methods, in fact we
have the ground improvement and stabilisation techniques which is constituted to ground
freezing, grouting, ground reinforcement, fore poling, compensation grouting. The
stabilization is done, it is very important to highlight on the risk management like: Potential
effects of the project to the environment, such as settlements or vibrations, changes of the
natural water regime, water inrush in tunnels, Earthquake loads, carts cavities. The effectives’
problems which can coming in the construction excavation are such: roof collapse of hard
blocks, swelling rocks and squeezing rocks which represent.

Key works: Construction, excavation, method, stabilization, tunnel.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................ i

ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. ii

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1

OBJECTIVES........................................................................................................................... 1

I. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 2

II. TYPE OF TUNNELS, MACHINE WHICH ARE USED FOR CONSTRUCTION OF

TUNNELS ................................................................................................................................. 3

II.1 Machines used for construction of tunnel ......................................................................... 3

II.2 Types of tunnels ................................................................................................................ 3

II.2.1 Cut and Cover Tunnel .................................................................................................... 3

II.2.2 Immersed Tube Tunnel .................................................................................................. 4

II.2.3 Bored Tunnel ................................................................................................................. 4

II.2.4 Concrete Tunnels ........................................................................................................... 5

II.3 Other types of tunnels ....................................................................................................... 5

II.3.1 Off spur Tunnel .............................................................................................................. 5

II.3.2 Saddle or base tunnel ..................................................................................................... 6

II.3.3 Slope tunnel ................................................................................................................... 6

II.3.4 Spiral tunnels ................................................................................................................. 6

II.3.5 Convenance tunnels ....................................................................................................... 6

III. SHAPE AND SIZE OF TUNNELS .................................................................................. 7

IV. EXCAVATION AND COSTRUCTION METHODS OF TUNNELS .......................... 8

V. TECHNIQUES OF STABILISATION OF TUNNELS ................................................... 9

V.1 Ground improvement and stabilisation techniques........................................................... 9

V.1.1 Ground freezing ............................................................................................................. 9

V.1.2 Grouting ....................................................................................................................... 10

V.1.3 Ground reinforcement .................................................................................................. 11

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 V.1.4 Fore poling ................................................................................................................... 12

V.1.5 Compensation grouting ................................................................................................ 12

VI. RISK MANAGEMENT DURING DESIGN CONSTRUCTION TUNNELS ........... 14

VII. PROBLEM OF TUNNEL COLLAPSE ....................................................................... 14

VII.1 Roof collapse of hard blocks ........................................................................................ 15

VII.2 Over Breaking .............................................................................................................. 15

VII.3 Plane roofs.................................................................................................................... 16

VII.4 Swelling rocks and squeezing rocks ............................................................................ 16

LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................... 17

CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 18

REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 19

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Process of tunnel construction by machines (Balasubramanian., 2014) ................... 3

Figure 2: Cut and Cover Tunnel ................................................................................................ 4
Figure 3: Photo of Immersed Tube Tunnel in HZMB Island-tunnel project., (2019) ............... 4
Figure 4: Bored Tunnel, ............................................................................................................ 5
Figure 5: Concrete Tunnels ....................................................................................................... 5
Figure 6: Off spur tunnels ......................................................................................................... 5
Figure 7: Saddle or base tunnel ................................................................................................. 6
Figure 8: Slope tunnel ............................................................................................................... 6
Figure 9: Spiral tunnels ............................................................................................................. 7
Figure 10: Conveyance tunnels ................................................................................................. 7
Figure 11: Shape of tunnel (Balasubramanian, et al., 2014) ..................................................... 8
Figure 12: Potential flow paths when in-tunnel ground freezing is used at the tunnel crown
(Chapman .D., Metje .N, Stärk .A., 2018) ............................................................................... 10
Figure 13: Examples of grouting tunnels during construction: (a) from within a tunnel, (b)
using an adjacent tunnel (After Woodward., 2005), (c) from the ground surface, (d) from an
adjacent shaft, or (e) as protection to adjacent structures. (After Baker., 1982) ...................... 11
Figure 14 :Shows an anchor installation associated with sprayed concrete lining in the
Heidkopf Tunnel (HKT), Göttingen, Germany and typical rock bolts and dowels (After
Woodward., 2005) .................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 15: Basic arrangement of fore poling using dowels. (After ITA/AITES., 2007) ........ 12
Figure 16: Sprayed concrete application of the invert of a side wall drift during the
construction of the Lainzer Tunnel LT31 in Vienna, Austria .................................................. 13
Figure 17: Mesh installation and a lattice girder arrangement as used on the Gotthard Base
Tunnel (Faido). ......................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 18: Principle of expanded wedge block segmental lining. (After Whittaker and Frith
1990 and Craig and Muir Wood 1978, Chapman, Metje, Stärk et al., 2018 ) ....................... 14
Figure 19: Roof collapse in hard rock (Rodríguez Ortiz, et al., 2006) .................................... 15
Figure 20: Estimation of overbreak as a function of the rock quality and the excavation
method (Rodríguez Ortiz, et al., 2006)..................................................................................... 16
Figure 21: Fall of a domed block in a stratified roof (Rodríguez Ortiz, et al., 2006) ............. 16

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INTRODUCTION

The tunnels are the underground way used for traffic passages (Balasubramanian, 2014)
digging under the soil, earth or rock around and close excepted entry and exist. It has several
advantages such as: mining extraction, railway, roads and canalized water and use water. For
elsewhere, the tunnels constitute a mean part of the civil infrastructure and aiding as public
transportation facilities, irrigation utilities and storage locations (Z.Z. Wang., Z. Zhang.,
2012) are used for places which have some difficult ways, completed to earn some time about
de displacement, hence for reduce traffic jam, in the great cities. So, we have many
components which entry in technical construction of tunnels, such as meanly: soil, the tunnel
with hydraulic vermin. The segment flooring with support method applying in the wall and
roof during excavation. The project about the tunnel’s constructions is realized by several
engineering technology especially: civil engineering, geotechnical engineering, geological
engineering, mining engineering. We have also mechanical engineering, electrical
engineering, geology, geophysical…Those different types of techniques engineering can have
the solutions about tunnel excavation. However, excavation of tunnel is a work which is very
serious and fine. In fact, which are type of tunnels, machine which are used for construction.
What is the shape, size and excavation for this construction methods of tunnels? inside, which
techniques of stabilisation can you use for type of project? In adding what are the risks
management during design construction tunnels and differences problems of tunnel collapse.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this work is to understand the essential point about the tunnel
construction. We have focussed into the type of tunnels, machine which are used for
construction of tunnels. That mean the structure of tunnel especially the shape and size of
tunnels, so that to get a good view of the techniques of stabilization in situ and otherwise, an
highlight will be done in the risk management we can encountered through the construction
and the problem of tunnel collapse in situ.

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I. METHODOLOGY

The geological engineer is generally needed to take a number of design decisions in

which judgment and practical experience must play an important role in the construction.
evaluation of support necessary for tunnels are largely based on observations, experience,
similar approximation and personal judgment of those involved in tunnel construction. The
design of excavation has the purpose in which to check some parameters of importance for
ability in an underground for determining the main features stability are including the various
modes of failure. The various geological and geotechnical situation in different project sites
required using designing, calculations and execution methods and also made engineers give
more attention to prior experience. The underground space by a design, necessary to be able
to evaluate the consequences of different options to be able to predict what will happen. For
this object, the modelling is required from this predictive capacity, this type of modelling will
depend on the nature of project and risk management during design construction tunnels
(Hudson and Feng, 2007 Rahimi,B., et al., 2014)

In the geological engineering design, the type of design tool can be applied for the tunnel’s
excavation are such as:

- Empirical methods (Rock mass rating system, RMi rock support method, Geological
strength index),
- Calculated solutions (Numerical modelling, Analytical calculations),
- Adjudgments solutions (Observation method, Engineering judgment).
The computational tools are able to do a certain design of the tunnel lining, so that to evaluate
the underground and surface displacement. About it we will able to get some information
such void, forces stresses and structure are acting in that place (Barpi and Peila, 201,
Rahimi,B., et al., 2014). The design of the rock mass and lining let get the understanding into
behaviours of underground and prevent the types of risk that we can meet during the
construction. At base of that response we can evaluate the risks analysis and management,
hence to get a safe design for help to the way of construction widely of project (Barpi et al.,
2011, Rahimi,B., et al., 2014)

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II. TYPE OF TUNNELS, MACHINE WHICH ARE USED FOR CONSTRUCTION OF
TUNNELS

II.1 Machines used for construction of tunnel

In the construction of tunnel, certain machines (Figure 1) are required for realize this type
of project, we can namely, such as:

- Concrete mixer truck,

- Dump truck,
- Rubber-tyred front loader,
- Drilling truck,
- Shotcrete truck,
- Drilling dumbo.

Figure 1: Process of tunnel construction by machines (Balasubramanian, 2014)

II.2 Types of tunnels

There are three types of tunnelling that are commonly utilized. These are Cut and cover
tunnels, bored tunnels, and immersed tube channels (Michael Sakellariou, et al., 2019)

II.2.1 Cut and Cover Tunnel

This tunnelling method or technique includes utilizing excavation equipment to dig a

large rectangular hole in the ground (Figure 2) which is subsequently covered by a concrete
deck. It is basically utilized when the tunnel profile is shallow and the surface excavation is
conceivable within an economical budget.

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 Figure 2: Cut and Cover Tunnel
II.2.2 Immersed Tube Tunnel

This tunnelling process (Figure 3) is principally utilized for underwater crossings. This
undersea tunnel is composed of segments, constructed in a different area and floated. This
method is generally utilized related to different kinds of tunnels toward the end, for example,
bored and cut and cover tunnels. There are three unique sorts of tunnel components built
under this technique.

Figure 3: Photo of Immersed Tube Tunnel in HZMB Island-tunnel project (2019)

II.2.3 Bored Tunnel

This tunnelling method or strategy involves digging a tube-like passage through the earth.
With her great characteristics such as diameter 11.60 m, high 200 m and weight 2400 tones,
can be constructed both on the mountains and submerged bodies. This method (Figure 4) is
accomplished by utilizing Tunnel Boring Machines as explosives can trigger natural hazards
on sensitive land. At present, it is the most expensive kind of tunnel making yet it additionally
reduces the possibilities of rockfall.

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 Figure 4: Bored Tunnel,

II.2.4 Concrete Tunnels

These tube channels (Figure 5) are utilized for double and different tubes where
rectangular shapes are required for interior clearance of traffic and conformity to weight and
resistance.

Figure 5: Concrete Tunnels

II.3 Other types of tunnels

II.3.1 Off spur Tunnel

Short length tunnels to negotiate minor local obstacles, which cannot be followed with
permitted curves (Figure 6).

Figure 6: Off spur tunnels

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II.3.2 Saddle or base tunnel

These are constructed in the valleys along the natural slope. They are mainly constructed
for the transportation purposes. Railway tracks and roads can be constructed through these
saddle tunnel. They are one of main types of tunnels for transportation (Figure 7).

Figure 7: Saddle or base tunnel

II.3.3 Slope tunnel

These include the tunnels that are constructed in steep hills. These types of tunnels are
also used for transportation purpose (Figure 8).

Figure 8: Slope tunnel

II.3.4 Spiral tunnels

These include the tunnels that are provided in narrow valleys in the form of loops in the
interior of the mountain (Figure 9).

II.3.5 Convenance tunnels

These types of tunnels (Figure 10), include the sewer tunnels, water supply tunnels,
hydro-electric power tunnels etc.

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 Figure 9: Spiral tunnels

Figure 10: Conveyance tunnels

III. SHAPE AND SIZE OF TUNNELS

From Balasubramanian, (2014) present the shape of tunnel to take into account the
factors and the types of material would have been excavating the tunnels.
The following factors should be considered for choose the shape and method of excavation:
- Tunnel dimensions,
- Tunnel geometry,
- Length of tunnel,
- Total volume to be excavated,
- Geological and rock mechanical conditions,
- Ground water level and expected water in flow,
- Vibration restrictions and
- Allowed ground settlements.
The material required to excavate the tunnels are such as hard rock, soft materials
And water bearing soils. So, about the different factors and types of tunnels, we can have
three shapes such as:

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Segmental Roof Section or D (Figure 11)
1. Suitable for sub-ways or navigation tunnels
2. Additional floor space and flat floor for moving equipment
Circular Section
1. To withstand heavy internal or external radial pressures
2. Best theoretical section for resisting forces
3. Greatest C/s area for least perimeter
4. Sewers and water carrying purposes
Rectangular Section
Suitable for hard rocks, adopted for pedestrian traffic and costly & difficult to construct.

Figure 11: Shape of tunnel (Balasubramanian, et al., 2014)

IV. EXCAVATION AND COSTRUCTION METHODS OF TUNNELS

From Balasubramanian, (2014), the excavation methods of tunnels, required to study the
types of material, which is done aim to give the way about of material to build the tunnels.
We should do the tunnel in hard rock, in soft materials and in water bearing soils. These
designs mean to have the major investigations to be carried planning the project tunnels, we
can note such as:
- Geological investigations which have relation between bed rock and top soil,
- Morphology, petrology, stratigraphy,
- Electrical Resistivity methods: positions of weak zones, faults, folds and shear zones.
The methods which can apply in excavation tunnels such as:
Mechanical methods: can be apply in soft material and water bearing soil,
Drill and blast methods are applied in typical for medium to hard rock condition and also to
wide range of rock condition. In this case TBMs can be used relatively soft to hard rock

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condition, and it is best when rock fracturing weakness, it is economical for longer tunnel
lengths.

Drill methods:
- Percussion drills (penetrate rock by impact action alone),
- Rotary drill (cut by turning a bit under pressure against the rock face),
- Rotary-percussion drills (combine rotary and percussion action),
- Abrasion Drill-shot, Diamond,
- Fusion piecing,
- Special Drill-Implosion, Explosion.

Table 1: Construction methods about the typical shape (Balasubramanian, et al., 2014)

Construction methods Circular Rectangular Horseshoe Oval

Cut and Cover Х

Shield Driven X X
Immersed Tube X
Drill and Blast X X
Sequential Excavation X X

V. TECHNIQUES OF STABILISATION OF TUNNELS

This Parth, is divided into two sections: the first describes the techniques improvement
and stabilizing the ground and the second describes the various lining techniques employed in
tunnel construction.

V.1 Ground improvement and stabilisation techniques

V.1.1 Ground freezing

The ground freezing method is applied when the ground contains fresh water, with
ground greater than 5% of moisture content will be freeze (Pelizza and Piela., 2005 and
Chapman, D., Metje, N., Stärk .A., 2018). The principle of ground freezing (Figure 12) is to
use a refrigerant to covert in situ pore water into frost wall, with the ice bonding the soil
particles together. When we use from within the tunnel, freezing lances are installed in the
direction of excavation as the freeze ground should create an arching mechanism. The
distance between the lances is limited for 1.0 m and the length for 20 m or more, the cooling

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pumps through the freezing lances are the temperature of −50°C to −20°C or liquid nitrogen
which evaporates at −196°C.
The advantages of ground freezing such as: the strength of the ground can be increased, an
impermeable barrier increase, nontoxic noiseless. The limits such as the time required to
achieve ground freezing can be many weeks depending on the ground and groundwater
conditions, flowing water causes heat drain and can prevent the ground freezing.

Figure 12: Potential flow paths when in-tunnel ground freezing is used at the tunnel crown
(Chapman, D., Metje .N., Stärk .A., 2018)

V.1.2 Grouting

The grouting involves the process of injecting the material into the ground. That
technique (Figure 13) enables to reduce the hydraulic conductivity of the ground, to
strengthen and stabilize the ground. (After Woodward 2005, Baker 1982, used with
permission from ASCE and Chapman, D., Metje .N., Stärk .A., 2018 )
There are several types of grouting techniques such as permeation grouting, jet grouting and
compaction grouting.
- Permeation grouting (chemical grouting): this technique fills the voids in the soil with
either chemical or cement binders, it can be applied is from sands (0.06 mm) to coarse
gravels (60 mm) according Karo, (1990) and Chapman, Metje, Stärk., (2018)
- Jet grouting: according to Woodward, (2005), this technique uses high pressure jets to
break up the soil and replace it with a mixture of excavation soil cement, extending
from clays (<0.002 mm) to fine gravels (10 mm).
- Compaction grouting: is essentially the injection of a low slump (25 to 100 mm), it is
applied sands (0.06 mm) to medium gravels (30 mm) by Essler, (2009)

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Figure 13: Examples of grouting tunnels during construction: (a) from within a tunnel, (b)
using an adjacent tunnel (After Woodward., 2005), (c) from the ground surface, (d) from an
adjacent shaft, or (e) as protection to adjacent structures. (After Baker., 1982)

V.1.3 Ground reinforcement

Whittaker and Frith, (1990), Woodward., (2005) and Chapman, Metje, Stärk., (2018)
present three distinct types of ground reinforcement methods such as:

- Rock dowels: there are reinforcing elements with no installed tension, they consist of
rod, faceplate and nut,
- Rock bolt: reinforcing elements which are tensioned during installation, with the length
which varies between 2 and 8 m about resin capsule grouted bars, and 3 and 20 m for an
expanding shell fixing on a bar,
- Rock anchors: They consist of high strength steel tendons, the permanent anchors and
conducting proof loading tests of each is normal during tensioning which required for
double corrosion protection.
The maximum spacing (Figure 14) is 0.5 in to bolt length or 1.5 in to width and 2.0 m when
using mesh restraints, the minimum bolt length is 0.5 in to span or 3.0 in to width of an
unstable bloc.

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 Figure 14 :Shows an anchor installation associated with sprayed concrete lining in the
Heidkopf Tunnel (HKT), Göttingen, Germany and typical rock bolts and dowels (After
Woodward, 2005)

V.1.4 Fore poling

This technique is aimed at limiting the decompression in the crown (Figure 15), the steel
plates (fore poling plates) and dowels are installed ahead of the tunnel from the periphery of
face, over the upper third or quarter of excavated profile (ITA/AITES, 2007 and Chapman,
Metje, Stärk, 2018).

Figure 15: Basic arrangement of fore poling using dowels. (After ITA/AITES, 2007)

V.1.5 Compensation grouting

This technique is developed to control the settlement of structures in the vicinity of tunnel
constructed in soft ground. The settlement can occur around tunnels as a result of stress
changes.

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 - The tunnels lining systems
Sprayed concrete (shotcrete): it is an effective material for tunnel linings, the structural
material that can be used within a permanent lining to be applied as and when required in a
wide range of profiles and it can be adjusted to suit a wide range of ground (Figure 16)
conditions (Thomas, 2006 and Chapman, Metje, Stärk, 2018).

Figure 16: Sprayed concrete application of the invert of a side wall drift during the
construction of the Lainzer Tunnel LT31 in Vienna, Austria

Rubbed system: This technique (Figure 17) involves roller steel sections being placed around
the circumference of the excavated tunnel. The advantages of this technique are such as
reduced lining thickness, smaller excavated profile and reduced total costs and the limits are
such as groundwater control required, groundwater is in direct contact with the permanent
lining and reduced watertightness compared with double shell lining (After Legge, 2006, from
Sala, 2001 and Chapman, Metje, Stärk, 2018)

Figure 17: Mesh installation and a lattice girder arrangement as used on the Gotthard Base
Tunnel (Faido).

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Segmental lining: It is supported structure and applicable to the hard ground condition
(Figure 18), this technique can be classed as either temporary include (demoulding, storage,
transportation, handling…) or permanent (external ground loads, external water pressure,
internal pressure, external construction…) by (King, 2006)

Figure 18: Principle of expanded wedge block segmental lining. (After Whittaker and Frith,
1990 and Craig and Muir Wood, 1978, Chapman, Metje, Stärk et al., 2018 )

VI. RISK MANAGEMENT DURING DESIGN CONSTRUCTION TUNNELS

Schubert et al., (2006), present few risks identification must be continued through the
design period, even the beginning of the design phase. In that case the new risks may arise
and previous risks may disappear, we can amount the typical geotechnical risks such as:
- Unstable slopes or rock falls at road or rail alignments or tunnel portals,
- Problems with construction through fault zones, low strength of the rock mass, lack of
stability and squeezing conditions,
- Potential effects of the project to the environment, such as settlements or vibrations,
- Changes of the natural water regime, water inrush in tunnels,
- Earthquake loads,
- Carts cavities, etc.

VII. PROBLEM OF TUNNEL COLLAPSE

The several accidents have been reported related to the sudden collapse of very large
blocs; hence we can have: occurrences in hard rock and problems in soft rocks are present
according by J.M. Rodríguez Ortiz, et al., (2006), who present two types of problem of tunnel
collapse.

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VII.1 Roof collapse of hard blocks

The cause of the collapse was presence of near vertical joint, very closed and clean,
parallel to the tunnel axis and difficult to detect in the face. The roof was perfectly stable
when the joint intersected beneath the tunnel. The geological investigation processes often
lead to gradual changes in the joint dip, moving their intersection to a line above the tunnel
(Figure 19).

a) After b) Before
Figure 19: Roof collapse in hard rock (Rodríguez Ortiz, et al., 2006)

VII.2 Over Breaking

Specification is become more for the skilled used of explosives, avoiding over excavation
as well as damaging the rock strength around the tunnel (Figure 20). The over excavation
depends on a great extent on the rock structure and the type of excavation, we can see an
empiric relationship between these factors.

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 Figure 20: Estimation of overbreak as a function of the rock quality and the excavation
method (Rodríguez Ortiz, et al., 2006)

VII.3 Plane roofs

Amount of the causes of some collapses there is flexural bending (Figure 21) of stratified
plane roofs, the near circular profile of the tunnel is not well suited to this type of ground and
on the other hand.

Figure 21: Fall of a domed block in a stratified roof (Rodríguez Ortiz, et al., 2006)

VII.4 Swelling rocks and squeezing rocks

These problems have been reported in tunnels crossing clay and mudstones, some marly
ground and the complex gypsum-anhydrite-clay. This problem is quite new in Spain given
that only recently tunnels under high overburden, near 1000 m, have come into consideration.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Si. Autor Title Volume & Publication detail Experimental/ Constitutive Software used Relevance findings Remarks
No year analysis /experimental
model
1 P. Schubert Geotechnical risk 2006, ISBN 0 Geotechnical Risks in so-called Geotechnical risk A risk applied to a tunnel
management in 415 40005 8 Rock Tunnels – Campos e framework- management in tunnels project in Australia has
tunnelling Matos, Ribeiro e Sousa, plan, does not any accident life and material
Kleeberg & Micro soft particularly difficult damage is very frequency
Lopes Pinto (eds) Taylor & package methods
Francis Group, London,
2 J.M. Rodríguez Geotechnical risk 2006, ISBN 0 Geotechnical Risks in Rock Mass Rating Mohr Coulomb Micro soft The technique of The cause of the collapse
Ortiz management in 415 40005 8 Rock Tunnels – Campos e package excavation is chosen is the presence of near
tunnelling Matos, Ribeiro e Sousa, about the rate of rock vertical joints, very
Kleeberg & quality and in this case closed and clean, parallel
Lopes Pinto (eds) Taylor & the rock is very to the tunnel axis and
Francis Group, London, favourable with difficult to detect in the
RMR>75 face
3 Balasubramanian, Tunnels, Types & Technical https://www.researchgate.n Micro soft The general aspects The parameter of
A. Importance Report · et/publication/314174382 package importance of tunnel required of tunnel
March 2014 and the method of construction, have permit
excavation applying in to take some decision to
site, about the determine the type of
characteristics of machine used and
underground economical cost the
project can have
4 Rahimi .B, Evaluation of rock 41 (206–222) Tunnelling and Uniaxial/ triaxial Mohr Coulomb FLAC 2D, An essential step in the This research gives the
Shahriar.K, mass engineering January 2014 Underground Space compressive stereo net design procedure is to methodology for
Sharifzadeh.M geological Technology stress young’s programme and assess the ground selecting the appropriate
properties journal homepage: modulus, Micro soft behaviour approach to design the
using statistical www.elsevier.com/locate/t Poisson’s ratio, package and continuity factor ground behaviour and
analysis and ust unit in the tunnel discontinuity of tunnel
selecting proper weight night,
tunnel design
approach in Qazvin–
Rasht railway tunnel

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CONCLUSION

An essential step in the tunnel construction procedure is to assess the ground behaviour
and continuity factor. The underground behaviour is related to mode of failure and continuity
factor is one of the most, in this fact it is very required and necessary to get some review
about the ground behaviour namely the type geological investigation, hydrogeological and
geotechnical investigation without to take highlight some construction and activities which
should be around this any project of construction tunnel or excavation. Beyond, the design
project is being realize in any places can bring a certain knowledge of problem encountered
during the construction. This case of design accented into the types of tunnels and the
machines used, excavation and construction method of tunnels are been presented. This case
of study has overview on any techniques of stabilization methods through construction which
is represented amount of key of that project, in the same way we have presented the risk
management in excavation and certain problems of tunnel collapse the project can have into
construction. In fact, the project of construction tunnel required a background of machines,
the shape and size of structure the characteristic and behaviour of underground and
differences’ risk managements we can have into excavation.

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