MINDWORKZZ-MUST KNOW FORMULAE 4. HCE and LM: (i)For two numbers, HCF x LCM = Product of the two HF of Numerators ICM of Denommators ICM of Numerators HGF of Denonnators (il) HCF of fractions = (ii) LeM of fractions = 2. FACTORS: (i) Ift= a'bres, where a, band care prime factors Then, Number of factors OF N, f= (x¢3)(y#+3)(2+1) ty pet Sum of factors of N, ARITHMATIC 4. AVERAGES: mof Element } ‘No.of Elements Wk WGN toe t Wy (i) Simple Average = (i) Weighted Average (ii) Arithmetic Meat (iv) Geomettic Mea artannad/n (v) Harmonie Mean = (vi For two numbers a and, v7 1a28% [isa 718% we 125% as 6.66% NUMBER SYSTEM Product of factors of NP = (N}'® 3, REMAINDERS: atbte a 6 ¢ ) Rem =pem( | + Rem (2 1 Rem (Rem STE ene * Rem) Rem) (apne APE pant oan (2 oem 1 “ d meg eg eG (il) when f(x) = ax + bx + ex" +... Is divided by (xa), the remainder is fa) (iu) Fa) =0, (xa) isa factor of fx) © AM=(a+b)/2 @y cm= vab 2ab a+b (vi) AM > GM > HM (vii) 6ME= anix HM = HM= 2, PERCENTAGES: Fraction | Sage Fraction | Sage af2 50% 1/9 11.11% 4/3 33.33% 1/10 10% aa 25% win 9.09 % a 20% wiz 333% We 187% | 13 769% (uv) Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance at y km/hr. then, the average speed during the Ifa number ‘x is successively changed by a %, b%, €%. whole journeys 23. INTEREST: (i) Amount = Principal + Interest (i simple interest = (P*t*r}/100 Distance = (Speed Time) (iekmpnr= fet) msec (if the rato ofthe speeds of & and Bis a:b, then the ratio ‘ofthe times taken by them to cover the same distance is fa fo or ba. (iv) xm/sec = fe*25] kerr. 3. Total surface area = (3nr*) sq, units, (i Gain= (SP) -(CP) (i Loss or gain is always reckoned on CP. (psp. = 22S + co, (wise. cp, (ic (o) cP, = BOATS AND STREAMS |. In water, the direction along the stream is called downstream. And, the direction against the streams called upstream, IL. Ifthe speed of a boat in stil water is ukm/ht and the speed of the stream is v km/hr, then: Speed downstream =(u+) km/hr Speed upstream = (uv) km/h. i. tfthe speed downstream isa kf and the speed ‘upstream i b kro, then Speed instil water = (a+b) km/he (a-b) ken/he rate of stream = PROBLEMS ON TRAINS 1a km/hr = [a* Sens 2.am/s=[a* 2) km/hr. 4. If two trains of length a meters and b meters are moving in the same direction atu m/s and m/s, then the time taken by (or, o™ the faster train to cross the slower train 3. If two trains of length a meters and b meters are moving in ‘opposite directions at u 5. If tow trains (or bodies) start at the same time from points ‘Aand 8 towards each other and after crossing they take a ‘and b sec in reaching 8 and A respectively, then (W's speed): (8's speed) = (VB:V4).PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS 1. Linear arrangements of out of’ stint items =(n=ay a selection of 'r’ items out of 'n’ distinct items = = = (n} fea} (r-2) (ere) = "B, = : 3. Selection of items out of ‘n’ distinct it C on) ‘i ria-r)! 2, Circular arrangements of ‘n’ distinct items SEQUENCE, SERIES & PROGRESSION 1, ARITHMATIC PROGRESSION: fi) azar (n—ayd 2 “ (iy (ii) Sutil infinite terms = —“— (valid only when r< 2), l-r 3. Sum of First ‘n’ Natural Numbers: 2 rs2eseasans LTD 4. Sum of squares of frstn’ Natural Numbers: +l 3 pezteste y 5. Sum of cubes of first ‘n’ Natural Numbers: a@tDas 2 Peter etme | MINDWoRKZz “GREAT TEACHERS, GREAT CONTENT!e The distance between two points with coordinates (X1,Y1), (X2,Y2) is given by D = (x2 — x1)’ + (v2 - ¥1)’ Af X,=X, then the lines are y2= . Slope, m= as a perpendicular to each other) e Mid point between two points A(x,,y,) and B ( x, +x, y,ty, ian x» ¥,)is(4,) e When two lines are parallel, their slopes are equal Le. m= m, e When two lines are perpendicular, product of their slopes = -1 ie,m,*m, =-1e If two intersecting lines have slopes m1 and m2 then the angle between two lines will be m,—m. 2 tan@= mm, (where 0 is the angle between the lines) ¢ The length of perpendicular from a point(X’ ? Y) AX + BY + c on the line AX+BY+C = 0 is P = ——~———— A+B e The distance between two parallel lines Ax + By +C,=0 and Ax + By +C,=0 isCoordinates of a point P that divides the line joining A (x1,y1) and B (x2,y2) internally in the ratio l:m : lx,tmx, ly,+my, itm? l+m Coordinates of a point P that divides the line joining A (x1,y1) and B (x2,y2) externally in the ratio l:m : bx, mx, ly,— my, l-m ’ l-m For a triangle ABC, A (x1,y1), B (x2,y2), C (x3,y3): + (+%+%) Gt9,+9,) ) Centroid = ( 3 3 3 Incentre ; (ax,+ bx,+cx,) (ay,+ ay,t ay,) 3 a 3 where a, b and care the lengths of the BC, AC and AB respectively.e Equations of a lines: General equation Ax + By =C of a line Slope intercept y=met+e form (c is y intercept) Point-slope form yy, = mx —x,) Intercept form x +~y~2n=41 a b Two point form y-y, xox, WV, a ued e Pythagoras theorem: Inaright angled triangle ABC where 2B= 90°, AC’ = AB’ + BCe Apollonius theorem: Ina triangle ABC, if AD is the median to side BC then by Apollonius theorem, 2#(AD’ + BD’) = AC’ + AB” ¢ Mid Point Theorem : The line joining the midpoint of any two sides in a triangle is parallel to the third side and is half the length of the third side. If X is the midpoint of CA and Y is the midpoint of CB. Then XY will be parallel to AB and XY = 1/2 * AB ce Basic proportionality theorem : If a line is drawn parallel to one c side of a triangle and it intersects the other two sides at two distinct points then it divides the two sides in the ratio of respective sides. If in a triangle ABC, D and E are the points lying on AB and BC respectively and DE is parallel to AC then AD/DB = EC/BE e Interior Angular Bisector theorem : In a triangle the angular bisector of an angle divides the side opposite to the angle, in the ratio of the remaining two sides. B In a triangle ABC if AD is the angle bisector of angle A then AD divides the side BC in the same ratio as the other two sides of the triangle. i.e. BD/ CD= AB/AC. Ae Exterior Angular Bisector theorem : The angular bisector of the exterior, the angle of a triangle divides the opposite side externally in the ratio of the sides containing the angle. In a triangle ABC, if CE is the angular bisector of exterior angle BCD of a triangle, then AE/BE = AC/BC e Cyclic Quadrilateral : If a quadrilateral has all its vertices on the circle and its opposite angles are supplementary (here x+y =180°) then that quadrilateral is called cyclic quadrilateral. Ina cyclic quadrilateral the opposite angles are supplementary. Exterior angle is equal to its remoteinterior opposite angle. (here ZCBX = ZADC) > Ifx is the side of an equilateral triangle then the : Altitude (h) = 72x 1B 2 40 Area = i 1 Inradius = tai *h 2 Circumradius = ch h Area of a cyclic quadrilateral is A=\(s — a(s — b\(s — O(s — d — (atbtctd) where S = “—>—— Exterior angle is equal to its remote interior opposite angle. (here 2CBX = 2 ADC) e Ifxis the side of an equilateral triangle then the Altitude (h) = 2x1 Inradius =~ *h 2 Circumradius = rhs h a e Area of an isosceles triangle = 4 \ 4c — a (where a, b and c are the length of the sides of BC, AC and AB respectively and b = c) Similar triangles : If two triangles are similar then their corresponding angles are equal and the corresponding sides will be in proportion. For any two similar triangles : e Ratio of sides = Ratio of medians = Ratio of heights = Ratio of circumradii = Ratio of Angular bisectorse Ratio of areas = Ratio of the square of the sides. Tests of similarity : (AA / SSS / SAS) Congruent triangles: If two triangles are congruent then their corresponding angles and their corresponding sides are equal. Tests of congruence : (SSS / SAS / AAS / ASA) Area of a triangle: . A= SE — OE = HE = 9 where s = FD. . aA=+ * base * altitude . 7 + * ab * sinC (Cis the angle formed between sides a and b) abc : : : e A= AR” where R is the circumradiuse Az=r*swhere ris the inradius and s is the semi perimeter. (where a, b and c are the lengths of the sides BC, AC and AB) Special triangles : ° 30°, 60°,90° e 45°, 45°,90°Consider the triangle ABC with incentre I, and the incircle touching the triangle at P,Q,R as shown in the diagram. As tangents drawn from a point are equal, AP=AQ, CP=CR and BQ=BR. A 7 B e In an equilateral triangle, the centroid divides the median in the ratio 2:1. As the median is also the perpendicular bisector, angle bisector, G is also the circumcentre and incentre. e If a is the side of an equilateral triangle, circumradius =a/V3 and inradius = a/(2¥3 )Circles e The angle subtended by a diameter of circle on the circle =90" e Angles subtended by an equal chord are equal. Also, angles subtended in the major segment are half the angle formed by the chord at the center e Equal chords of a circle or equidistant from the center ¢ The radius from the center to the point where a tangent touches a circle is perpendicular to the tangent « Tangents drawn from the same point to a circle are equal in length e A perpendicular drawn from the center to any chord, bisects the chord2 * ar 8 Area of sector OAXC = 360 eistaae Lie 360nr” — 2r°Sin® Inscribed angle Theorem : c KS 22 ACB = ZAOB The angle inscribed by the two points lying on the circle, at the center of the circle, is twice the angle inscribed at any point on the circle by the same points. Area of minor segment AXC =Angles subtended by the same segment on the circle will be equal. So, here angles a and b will be equal. The angle made by a chord with a tangent to one of the ends of the chord is equal to the angle subtended by the chord in the other segment. As shown in the figure, ACB = 2 BAT.Consider a circle as shown in the image. Here, AP * AQ = AS * AU = AT” Two tangents drawn to a circle from an external common point will be equal in length. So here AZ = AT Direct common tangent : PpIn this figure PQ and RS are the direct common tangents and let AB (Distance between the two centers) = D 2 PQ'=RS =D’ -(r, —7,) Transverse common tangent : In this figure PQ and RS are the transverse common tangents and let AB (Distance between the two centers) = D PQ’=RS* =D -(r, + ryPolygons and Quadrilaterals If all sides and all angles are equal, then the polygon is a regular polygon Aregular polygon of n sides hast diagonals Ina regular polygon of n sides, each exterior 360 angle is as degrees. Sum of measure of all the interior angles of a regular polygon is 180 (n-2) degrees (where n is the number of sides of the polygon) Sum of measure of all the exterior angles of regular polygon is 360 degreesE D ABCDEF is a regular hexagon with each side equal to ‘x’ then. Each interior angle = 120° Each exterior angle = 60° Sum of all the exterior angles = 360° Sum of all the interior angles = 720° 3/3 2 2 Area = aAreas of differen it geometrical figures: Triangles + * base * height Rectangle length * width Trapezoid + * sum of bases * height Parallelogram base * height Circle nm * radius” Rhombus => * product of diagonals Square side’ or diagonals” Kite + * product of diagonalsSolids Volume of different solids: Cube length’ Cuboid length * base * height Prism. Area of base * height Cylinder ah Pyramid + * Area of base * height Cone Leqe* 3 ar * h Cone Frustum (If R is the base radius, r is the upper surface lradius and h is the height of thd frustum) 1 2 2 za *(R + Rr +r) Sphere teqer Hemi-sphere strTotal Surface area of different solids: Prism ase area *base perimeter * Cube 6% length’ Cuboid 2(lh + bh + lb) Cylinder 2urh + 2nr? Pyramid = * Perimeter of base * slant height + Areaof base Cone (lis the slant height) tmr(l +r) Cone Frustum (where R & rare the radii of the base faces and lis the slant height) ar(R’+ r+Rit rl) Sphere 4nr Hemi-sphere 2 3urLateral/Curved surface area: Prism base perimeter * height Cube 4* length’ Cuboid 2 length * height + 2 breadth * height Cylinder 2nrh Pyramid + * Perimeter of base * slant height Cone (lis the slant trl height) Cone Frustum (where R is mR + r)L the base radius, | is the slant height)The angle subtended by a diameter of circle on the circle = 90 degrees Angles subtended by equal chords are equal. Also, angles subtended in the major segment are half the angle formed by the chord at the center The radius from the center to the point where a tangent touches a circle is perpendicular to the tangent. Tangents drawn from the same point to a circle are equal in length. is () AZ.- UdTT QNADRATI