Exrermext No.1 AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE TEST 1. Concept and Significance of the Test ‘The ‘Aggregate crushing value’ gives a relative measure ofthe resistance of fan aggregate to crushing under a gradually applied compressive load. I i the percentage by weight of the crushed (or finer) material obtained when the test aggregates are subjected to a specified load under standardized conditions, and is ‘numerical index of the strength of the aggregate used in raid construction, ‘Aggregates with lower crushing value indicate a lower crushed fraction under load land. would give a longer service life to the road and hence a more economical performance. Weaker aggregates if used would get erushed unier uaftic loads, Would produce smaller pieces not coated with binder and these would be easily displaced or loosened out resulting in loss of the surfacelayer. In short the aggregates used in road construction must be strong enough to wihstand crushing under roller and wale 2. Objectives ‘To determine crushing valve of given road aggregates; }) 10 ascoss suitability of aggregates for use in different typos of road pavements, 3. Apparatus ‘The apparatus forthe standard aggregate crushing test as per IS: 2386-1963 (Par TV) consists of the following: (The test mould.a 15.2 em diameter open-ended stl cylinder with square base plats; plunger having apiston of diameter '5em, with aloe Drovided. across the stem of the plunger so trata rod could be inserted for lifting or placing the plunger inthe cylinder. (i) A straight metal amping rod of eicular cross-section 16 mm in diameter ‘and 45 to 60cm long, rounded atone end. (Gi) balance of capacity’S kg, readable and accurate upto 1 gr, (iv) TS sieves of sizes 12.5 mm, 10 mm, 2.36 mm, (¥)Acompression esting machine capable of applying load upto 40 tonnes ‘ata uniform rate of 4 tonnes per minute.me of 8. oo. fn Seow el ig 1 Aegrgate ching valet parts (vi) A cylindrical measure having ineral diameter of 11.5 om and height Tem, 4. Procedure The Aggregate Sample: The matecial forthe standard west consists of ag- sgregates sized 10.0 mm to 12.5 mm. The aggregates should be in surface dry ‘condition before testing. The aggregates may be dred by heating at 100" - 110°C for not more than 4 hours and cooled to room temperature before testing, if necessary. (Sieve themateral through 12.5 mmand 1OmmIS sieves. The aggregates ‘passing trough 125 mm sieve and retained on 10.0 mm sieve comprise the west mater “Take about 3.25 kg ofthis material, Pour the agerceales to fill about just more than 1/Srd depth of the measuring cylinder. (iv) Compact the material by giving 25 genle blows withthe rounded end ‘of tamping rod. (8). Add two more layers in similar manner, such tha the cylinder i full, (i) Remove the excess material witha straightedge. The quantity contained jn de measuring eylinder is that amount of aggregates which will be used to prepare the test specimen, (il) Empty the cylinder and weigh the aggregates accurate upto 1 gm. (i) Transfer the whole ofthis weighed quantity 10 the test mould by filling itinshrce layers inthe same manner as for cylindrical measure. The total depth ofthe sample is then about 10 cms and the surface a litle below the top of mould. (ix) Level off the surface and place the plunger over it so that it rests horizontally on the surface ofthe aggregates. ‘ ‘ (x) Place this assembly onthe pedestal of compression testing machine. (xi) Apply the load ata uniform rate of 4 tonnes per minute until the total applied load is 40 tonnes. (i) Release the load. (si) Take the aggregate out of cylinder and sieve them through 2.36 mm IS. sieve. Weigh this fraction passing through itt an accuracy of 0.1 gm, ‘This fraction isa measure of loss of material due to crushing. (xiv) Note down the observations inthe proforma and compute the aggregate ‘rushing value, The mean of wo observation, rounded tonearest whole number is reported as the “Aggregate crushing value’. Test with Non-standard Sizes of Aggregates If required or ifthe standard size isnot available, test may be carried out with itferent gradings. However specifications will be different for such cases and. should conform to those given in the following tbl Aggregate size Quantity of material, 1S Siove for Passing Retained apparatus and procedure separating, through on fines 2 20 Standard 4.75 mm 20 25 Standard 335mm 10 63.) Testcylinder-7.5 emdiameer 1.70 mm. 63 435 | Cylindrical measwe-60cm 118mm. diameter and 9cm height ‘Tamping rod ~8 mm diameter and 30cm length 475 338 | Depth of material in est £880 microns cylinder ater tamping ~ Sem 335 236 J Total load applied- 10tonnes 600 microns uniformly in 10 minutes 5, Precautions (The plunger should be placed centrally and rest directly on the ag> ‘regates, Care should be taken that it does not touch the walls ofthe cylinder so as to ensure that the entire load is transfered onto the ‘aggregates. i)_In the operation of sieving the aggregates through 2.36 mm sieve and ‘weighing cae should be ken avoid loss of fines. The sum of weights of fractions retained and passing the sieve should not differ from the original weight ofthe specimen by more than 1 gm. (ii) The amping should be done property by gently dropping the tamping rod and not by hammering action. Also the tamping should be uniform‘over the surface of the aggregates taking care thatthe tamping rod does not frequently strike against the walls ofthe mould. 6. Record of Observations Sample 1 Sample It Total weightof dry = Wi gm ‘sample taken ‘Weight of portion = W2 gm passing 2.36 mm sieve Wa ‘Aggregate crushing = Wy, % 100 value (per cent) Mean = ‘Agaregate crushing value (Note : The mean of the two results to the nearest whole number is reported as the “Aggregate crushing value’ of the material). ‘T-Anterpretation of Results ‘The suitability of aggregate is adjudged, dependent upon its proposed use in the pavement layers. The table given below lays down specified limits of per cent aggregate crushing value, for different types of road construction ‘Type of Road Construction Aggregate Crushing Value ‘Not more than | 1 Flexible Pavements a. Soling 50 — Water-bound-macadam 40 © Bituminous macadam 40 4. Bituminous surface dressing. 30 ‘or thin permix carpet e._Dense-mix carpet 30 Rigid Pavements a Other than wearing course 45 . Surface or wearing course 30 8. Questions for Discussion ©. Which property of aggregates is measured by this test (How is aggrogate crushing value expressed ? (Gi) What variation inthe results is expected if the smaller size aggregates are used in test? (©) Should the aggregates having high ACV be considered good for load construction, (©) What are the uses of determining ACV ?Experiment No. 3 DETERMINATION OF LOS ANGELES ABRASION VALUE 1, Concept and Significance ‘The aggregate used in surface course of the highway pavements are subjected to wearing due to movement of traffic. When vehicles move on the road, the soil particles present between the pneumatic tyres and road surfaces causes abrasion of road aggregates, The steel reamed wheels and animal driven vehicles also cause considerable abrasion of the road surface, Therefore, the road aggregates should bbe hard enough to resist the abrasion. Resistance to abrasion of aggregate is determined in laboratory by Los-Angeles test machine. ‘The principle of Los Angeles abrasion testis to produce the abrasive action by use of standard steel balls which when mixed with the aggregates and rotated {ma drum for specific number of revolutions also cause impact on aggregates. The percentage wear of the aggregates duc to rubbing with ste! alls i determined and is known as Los Angeles Abrasion Value. 2. Objectives () to determine the Los Angeles abrasion value (Gi to find out the suitability of aggregates for its use in road construction. 3. Apparatus “The apparatus as per 1S 2386 (Part IV) -1963 consists of: (Los Angeles Machine: It consists of a hollow steel cylinder, closed at both the ends with an intemal diameter of 700 mm and length $00 mm (see Fig 3.1) and capable of rotating about its horizoatal axis. A remov- able cover for introducing sample is provided which when clamped is dust tight. A removable stcel shaft projecting radially 88 mm into cylinder and extending full length (i.e 500 mm) is mounted firmly on the interior of cylinder. The shelf is placed at a distance 1250 mm ‘minimum from the opening inthe direction of rotation, 1) Abrasive charge: Cast iron or steel balls, appoximately 48 mm in diameter and each weighing between 390 10 445 g; six 1 twelve balls are required, (Gil) Steve: The 1.70 mm IS Sieve. — Steel cylinder Shett — Axis of rotation _— Abrisive chorgeard faggregote Support Fig 21 Los Angles Machine (Gv) Balance of capacity 5 kg or 10 kg, () Drying oven (vi) Miscellaneous like tay etc. 4.Procedure Test sample: It consists of clean aggregates dried in oven at 105°-110" C and are coarser han 1.70 mm sieve size. The sample should conform 10 any of the {gradings shown in Table ‘Table 1. Grading of Test Samples Sieve size ‘Weight in g of tet Sample for Grade ‘Square Hake) | Passing Reninedon =A BC D -E F Gn 1, Select the grading to be used in the test. It should be chosen such that it ‘conforms tothe grading tobe used in construction, to the maximum extent possible. 2. Take 5 ke of sample for gradings A,B, Cor D and 10 kg for gradings E, F and. 3..Choose the abrasive charge as per Table 2. Table 2, Selection of Abrasive Charge B 7. Amterpretation of Results Los Angeles abrasion test is commonly used to evaluate the hardness of the ‘aggregates. The lest has more acceptability because the resistance to abrasion and. impact is determined simultaneously. Depending upon the numerical value, the suitability ofaggregates for different road constructions can be judged as per Indian Road Congress specifications given below: Grading No.of ste! balls Weight of charge, g A 2 5000 + 25 B n 4584 425 c 8 3330420 D 6 2500415, E 2 ‘5000+ 25 FE 2 5000 + 25 G 2 000+ 25 4, Open the cover and feed the aggregates and steel balls in the cylinder. Replace the cover tightly. 5. Rotate the machine ata uniform speed of 30 to 3 revolutions per minute. 6. Allow the machine to run for 500 revolutions for gradings A. B,C or D and 1000 revolutions for gradings E, F or G. 77 Stop the machine after desired number of revolutions. 8. Remove the dust cover and tke out material 9. Separate the steel balls and sieve the material on 1.70 mm IS sieve. 10, Wash the material coarser than 1.70 mm size. 11, Dry itn the oven toa constant weight and weigh to an accuracy of 1g. 12. Calculate the percentage of loss'of material. 13. Take another sample and repeat the experiment. Find the mean of two values and report it as Los Angeles Abrasion Value. 5.Precautions 1. The cover should be fixed tightly before rotating the machine. 2, Allmaterial shouldbe discharged from the cylinder after te conduct of test. 6. Record of Observations Grading selected Sample 1 Sample 2 (Original weight of the sample (Ws) = ‘Weight of aggregates retained on (W) 1.70 mm IS sieve Loss of weight (Wi-Wa) = secege wal e] Los Angeles Abrasion Value = SrNo. Type of pavement layer ‘Max. permissible abrasion value in % 1, Water Bound Macadam, sub base course 0 2, WBMbase course with bituminous surfacing 30 3. Bitumnous Bound Macadam 50 4. WBMsurfacing course 40 5. Bitum:nons penetration Macadam 40 6. Bitumnous surface dressing, cement 35 ‘concrete surface course 7. Bitum nous concrete surface course 30 8. Questions for Discussion (@ What properties of aggregates are determined by Los Angeles test? (Gi) How does impact occur in the test? {Gii) Whats the purpose of providing the self inside the cylinder ? Gv) Sample A and B have LA Abrasion values 15 and 30 respectively which sample is harder’? {() How do you select the grading ? (vi) An aggregate sample is found to be having LA abrasion value of 37. For which type of road constructions it may be used ?4 Penetration No. of divisions Corresponding Corrected mm onprovingring oad Toad ka) ka) 00 Os 10 15 20 as 40 50 15 100 ns CBR at 2.5 mm penevat ‘CBR at S mm penewation = CBR ratio of sample = (To be adopted for design) .lnterpretation of Results California bearing ratios an empirical value andis useful in design of flexible pavements. Design curves evolved by Road Research Laboratory, UK. have been ‘adopted by Indian Road Congress. Depending upon the expected walfic volume, the thickness of base course and sub-base course can be determined from their respective CBR values, te suitability ofthe soil tested for use a subgrade material (oF for other materials tobe used as sub-base and base) in road construction may beimterpreted rom the curves given in Fig 5.2 which give the relationship between bearing value and penetration, 8. Questions for Discussion (What isthe CBR value? (i) What iste significance of surcharge weight? (Gi) Under what conditions would you recommend to conduct CBR test on soaked specimen? (jv) Whatare the field applications of CBR test results? (¥) When is it necessary to apply correction 19 CBR value ? What are the reasons for the concavity of load-peneration curve ? Exreniment No. 6 DETERMINATION OF PENETRA- TION VALUE OF BITUMEN 1. Concept and Significance Penetration is a measurement of hardness or consistency of bituminous ‘material. lis the vertical distance traversed or penetrated by the point ofa standard needle in to the bituminous material under specific condition of load, time and temperature. This distance is measured in one tenth of a millimeter. This test used for evaluating consistency of bituminous materials. I is not regarded as suitable for use in connection withthe testing of road tar because of the high surface tension exhibited by these materials and the fact that they contain relatively large ‘amount of free carbon. 2. Objectives () To determine the consistency of bituminous material; Gi) to assess the suitability of bitumen for its use under different climatic condition and type of construction, 3. Apparatus, (9 Container: A flat botomed cylindrical metalic dish 55 mn in diameter and 35 mm in depth is required. Ifthe penetration is ofthe order of 225 or more 2.5 cm MS plate to hold tne mould assembly in position during cempaction. Mould holer is provided consisting of spring tension device designed to hold compaction mould in place on the compection pecesta. (¥) Breaking head. The breaking head consist of upper and lower cylindrical segments or test heads having an inside radius curvature of 5 em. The lower segment is mounted on a base having two perpendicular guide ‘ods which faciltae insertion inthe holes of upper test segment (wi) Loading Machine. Loading machine is provided with a gear system to lithe upward direction, Pecalibrated proving ring of S tonne capacity is fixed on the uppe: end ofthe machin, specimen contained inthe test. head is placed in between the base and the proving ring. The loading jack produces a uniform vertical movement of Sem per minute. Machine is capable of reversing its movement downward also, This facilitates adequate space for placing test head system after one specimen hasbeen tested (vii) Flow meter, The flow meter consists of guide sieve and a gauge. The activating pin of the gauge slides inside te guide sleeve with a slight amount of fictional resistance. ‘Least count of 0.025 mm is adequate. The flow value refers tothe total vertical upward movement fom the initial postion a zero load to value at maximum load. The dal gauge atthe low meter should be able to measure accurately we toul vertical movement upward In addition to the ove the following general equipments are also requie: (2) Ovensor ot plates (©) Mixing apparatus 5s (©) Water bah (@)_ Thermometers of range upto 200°C with sensitivity of 25°C and e (©) Miscellaneous equipment ike containers, mixing and handling, tools oe 4. Preparaion of Test Specimen () Measure out 1200 g of aggregates blend inthe desired proportions. Heat the aggregates inthe oven to the mixing temperature. (i) Add bitumen at the mixing temperaure to produce viscosity of 170 centistokes at various percentage both above and below the expected optimum content (ii) Mix-the materials ina heated pan with heated mixing tools. (Gv) Return the mixture to the oven andreheat ito the compacting temperature (Wo produce viscosity of 280+ 30 centistokes). (¥) Place the mixture ina heated Marshall mould witha colar and base. Spade the mixture around the sides ofthe mould, Place filter papers under the sample and ‘0m op ofthe sample. (i) Place the mould in the Marshall compaction pedestal (vi) Compact the material with SO blows of the hammer (or as specified), invert the sample, and compact the other face with the same numberof Blows. (vil) After Compaction, invert the mould. With the collar on the bottom, remove the base and extract the sample by pushing it out the extractor. Fig 182 Setup for Misha Tes| \ 36 (Gx) Allow the sample to stand for afew hours to cool (8) Obtain the sample's mass in ir and submerged, to measure density of specimen, s0as tallow, calculation ofthe voids proper. Notes: (0) Atleast three specimens for cach combination of aggregates and bitumen should be prepared. (i) For surface courses with 12 mm aggregate, the expected optimam bitumen ‘content may be about 6.5%. Therefore specimen should be made at 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.3%, 7.0% and 7.5% bicumen content, ‘Test Procedures Specimens are heated to 60" + 1" (37.8 1°C for specimens in which {ar has been usin place of bitumen), eter in a water bath for 30-40 ‘minutes on an oven for & minimum of two hours. Remove the specimen from the water bat (or oven) and place in the lower segment of the breaking head. Then place the upper segment of the breaking head on the specimen and place the complete assembly in position on the testing machine. Place the flow meter over one ofthe post and adjust it read zero. Apply a load ats rate of 50 mm per minute unl the maximum load reading is obtained. Record the maximum load reading in Newtons (N). At the Same instant ‘bain the flow as recorded on the flow meter in units of mm. Record of Observation Mass of aggregates in mixing pan Mass of bitumen added ‘Bitumen content Mixing temperatare-ag ‘Compacting temperature [Number of blows with hammer por face Mass of specimen in air "Wy" ‘Mass submerged "We Volume of specimen “V* gregaes “bitumen Computation of Results ‘Sample 1 Density of compacted mix ‘a’ = glem™ Specific gravity of mix 100. % Binwmen —, __% Agpregare 3p. Gr. of Bitumen * SpoGr of Aggregate = sem? ‘Volume of Bitumen Bitumen content x Density vas =% Sp. pravty of Aggregate Volume of Ageregates Vq {100 Bitumen content) x Density a ‘Sp. gravity of Aggregate Voids in Mineral Aggregates VIMAA‘= (100-Vn) ‘Voids in mix = Vat = 100- (V+) ‘Voids filled with Bitumen = V.F.B = 100% Va/VMA Measured stability = N Flow value. Sample 2‘ 8 39 Dery (49/0) ety ig napa emer 1% Aap comet % Aspha emert stemiy (ch Sanity (8) 1% Moen mew opregate oes eel apap papal cement 1% Asp camer 1% Aspal emant Ash erat Flow vn) Fem) wos eT 8 % As cere i asgho cement Fig 134 Graph fr plating perineal aie Fig. 133 Relationship betwen spl coment and vasou design partes