Systems Analysis

and Design
Topic 1 & 2
Intro to Information System
System Development
Methodology
Learning Objectives
ü Describe systems analysis and design.
ü Explain business process modeling
ü Describe the components of information systems
ü Identify six main categories of information system
ü Differentiate four organisational levels in companies.
System Analysis and Design
n is a broad term for describing methodologies for
developing high quality Information System
which combines Information Technology, people
and data to support business requirement.
n The SAD technique is not only limited to IT
systems and can be used to create just about
anything, from a family house to the
international space station
n A methodology is essentially a procedure to get
something done. A development methodology can
be thought of as a roadmap.
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System Analysis and Design
n The need of SAD
¨ to improve employee efficiency by applying software
solutions to key business tasks or function
¨ understanding SAD is the first step in developing a
successful project.
System Analysis and Design
n Systems Analyst performs analysis and design
based upon:
¨ Understanding of organization’s objectives, structure
and processes
¨ Knowledge of how to exploit information technology
for advantage
¨ So the system analyst must play the role as a
consultant, a supportive expert and an agent for
change.
Modelling The Business Process

n To represent company’s operations and information

requirements

Business Profile
n A business profile is an overview of a company's mission,
functions, organization, products, services, customers,
suppliers, competitors, constraints and future direction. A
business profile is the starting point for the modelling
process.

Business Models
n A business process is a specific set of transactions, events
and results that can be described and documented. It is
basically a way of doing business. 6
Modelling The Business Process

Figure 1.2: Student registration's business process

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Modelling The Business Process
n The business process in Figure 1.2 has a beginning and an
end, three subprocesses and a result. When a company
tries to simplify operations or tries to decrease operational
cost or increase value to customers, the company is said to
be involved in business process re-engineering (BPR).

n Conclude: Modelling The Business Process involve Business

Profile, Model and Process

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IS Components
n System: is a set of related components which can process input to
produce a certain output.
n An information system contains five main components: hardware,
software, data, process and human
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Human

Do you know that people who have an interest in an

information system are called stakeholders

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Information System Categories

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Types of Information Systems

¨ Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

¨ Office Automation Systems (OAS)
¨ Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)
¨ Management Information Systems (MIS)
¨ Decision Support Systems (DSS)
¨ Expert Systems (ES)
¨ Executive Support Systems (ESS)
¨ Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS)
¨ Computer-Supported Collaborative Work Systems
(CSCWS)
 Strategic
Level

Higher
Level

Knowledge
Level

Operational
Level
Operational Level
n Transaction Processing System (TPS)
¨ Process large amounts of data for routine business
transactions
¨ Boundary-spanning
¨ Support the day-to-day operations of the company
¨ Examples: Payroll Processing, Inventory
Management
Knowledge Level
n Office Automation System (OAS)
¨ Supports data workers who share information, but do not usually
create new knowledge
¨ Examples: Word processing, Spreadsheets, Desktop publishing,
Electronic scheduling, Communication through voice mail, Email,
Video conferencing
n Knowledge Work System (KWS)
¨ Supports professional workers such as scientists, engineers, and
doctors
¨ Examples: computer-aided design systems, virtual reality
systems, investment workstations
Higher Level
n Management Information System (MIS)
¨ Support a broad spectrum of organizational tasks including
decision analysis and decision making
¨ Examples: profit margin by sales region, expenses vs. budgets
n Decision Support System (DSS)
¨ Aids decision makers in the making of decisions
¨ Examples: financial planning with what-if analysis, budgeting
with modeling
n Expert System (ES)
¨ Captures and uses the knowledge of an expert for solving a
particular problem which leads to a conclusion or
recommendation
Strategic Level
n Executive Support System (ESS)
¨ Helps executives to make unstructured strategic decisions in an
informed way
¨ Examples: drill-down analysis, status access
n Group Decision Support System (GDSS)
¨ Permit group members to interact with electronic support
¨ Examples: email, Lotus Notes
n Computer-Supported Collaborative Work System
(CSCWS)
¨ CDCWS is a more general term of GDSS
¨ May include software support called “groupware” for team
collaboration via network computers
¨ Example: video conferencing, Web survey system
User and Information
A typical organisational model identifies four organisational
levels

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 Topic 2
System Development
Methodology
Learning Objectives
n Describe five phases of the system development
life cycle;
n Identify alternative approaches in system
development; and

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Software Engineering Process
n A process used to create an information system
n Consists of:
¨ Methodologies
n A sequence of step-by-step approaches that help develop
the information system
¨ Techniques/ Models
n Techniques are processes that the analyst follows to ensure
thorough, complete, and comprehensive analysis and design
n Model is a graphical presentation which can represent a real
situation or a real world.
¨ Tools
n Computer programs that aid in applying techniques
A Modern Approach to Systems
Analysis and Design (Cont.)
Developing Information Systems

n System Development Methodology is a

standard process followed in an organization to
conduct all the steps necessary to analyze,
design, implement, and maintain information
systems.
Systems Development Life
Cycle (SDLC)
n Phases in SDLC:
¨ Planning
¨ Analysis
¨ Design
¨ Implementation
¨ Maintenance
Phases in SDLC:

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Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) (Cont.)
Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) (Cont.)
n Planning – an organization’s total information
system needs are identified, analyzed, prioritized,
and arranged.
¨ feasibility analysis is the main activity in this phase
n Analysis – system requirements are studied and
structured.
¨ fact-finding process (such as through interviews, group
workshops or questionnaires)
Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) (Cont.)
n Design – a description of the recommended
solution is converted into logical and then
physical system specifications.
¨ Logical design – all functional features of the system
chosen for development in analysis are described
independently of any computer platform.
¨ Physical design – the logical specifications of the
system from logical design are transformed into the
technology-specific details from which all
programming and system construction can be
accomplished.
Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) (Cont.)
n Implementation – the information system is
coded, tested, installed and supported in the
organization.
n Maintenance – an information system is
systematically repaired and improved.
Traditional Waterfall SDLC

One phase begins

when another
completes, little
backtracking and
looping
Problems with Waterfall Approach

n System requirements “locked in” after

being determined (can't change).
n Limited user involvement (only in
requirements phase).
n Too much focus on milestone deadlines of
SDLC phases to the detriment of sound
development practices.
Different Approaches to Improving
Development
n Prototyping
n Computer-Aided Software
Engineering (CASE) Tools
n Joint Application Design (JAD)
Different Approaches to Improving
Development (Cont.)
n Rapid Application Development (RAD)
n Agile Methodologies
n eXtreme Programming
Prototyping
n Iterative development process:
n Requirements quickly converted to a
working system.
n System is continually revised.
n Close collaboration between users and
analysts.
Prototyping (Cont.)
Joint Application Design (JAD)
n Structured process involving users,
analysts, and managers.
n Several-day intensive workgroup sessions.
n Purpose: to specify or review system
requirements.
Rapid Application Development
(RAD)
n Methodology to radically decrease design
and implementation time.
n Involves: extensive user involvement,
prototyping, JAD sessions, integrated
CASE tools, and code generators.
Rapid Application Development
(RAD) (Cont.)
Agile Methodologies

n Motivated by recognition of software

development as unpredictable, and
dynamic.
n Three key principles
¨ Adaptive rather than predictive.
¨ Emphasize people rather than roles.
¨ Self-adaptive processes.
eXtreme Programming
n Short, incremental development cycles.
n Automated tests.
n Two-person programming teams.
eXtreme Programming (Cont.)
n Coding and testing operate together.
n Advantages:
¨ Communication between developers.
¨ High level of productivity.
¨ High-quality code.
Object-Oriented Analysis and
Design (OOAD)
n Based on objects rather than data or
processes.
n Object: a structure encapsulating
attributes and behaviors of a real-
world entity.
Object-Oriented Analysis and
Design (OOAD) (Cont.)
n Object class: a logical grouping of
objects sharing the same attributes
and behaviors.
n Inheritance: hierarchical
arrangement of classes enable
subclasses to inherit properties of
superclasses.
Phases of OOSAD-based
Development

Figure .Phases of OOSAD-based development

Selecting Development Methodology

n Selection criteria that can be used as a

guideline:
¨ Clarityof User Requirements
¨ Familiarity with Technology
¨ System Complexity
¨ System Reliability
¨ Short Time Schedules
¨ Schedule Visibility

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