Exercise 2 Read the web article about the four levels of readers (A-D) according to children’s ability to read. Then answer Question # (a)}-() STAGES OF READING DEVELOPMENT By: Pacific Resources for Education and Learning The Stages of Reading Development is a continuum that explains how students progress as readers. These stages are based on the students’ experience and not their age or grade level. Knowing these stages is helpful when developing materials for specific types of readers. A Emergent readers Emergent readers need enriching and enjoyable experiences with books, especially picture books. Students can become comfortable with books even before they can read independently; recognizing letters and words and even language patterns. They are able to work with concepts of print and are at the beginning stages of developing the ability to focus attention on letter-sound relationships. Sharing books over and over, extending stories, relating experiences to both print and pictures, and guiding students to “read,” helps children begin to make predictions about what they are reading. B Early readers Early readers are able to use several strategies to predict a word, often using pictures to confirm predictions. They can discuss the background of the story to better understand the actions in the story and the message the story carries. Itis this time in the reader's development that the cueing systems are called upon significantly, so they must pay close attention to the visual cues and language patterns and read for meaning. It is a time when reading habits of risk-taking, and of predicting and confirming words while keeping the meaning in mind are established. C Transitional readers Transitional readers often like to read books in a series as a comprehension strategy; the shared characters, settings, and events support their reading development. They read at a good pace; reading rate is one sign of a child's over-all comprehension. At this stage, children generally have strategies to figure out most words but continue to need help with understanding increasingly more difficult text. D Fluent readers Fluent readers are confident in their understandings of text and how text works, and they are reading independently. The teacher focuses on students’ competence in using strategies to integrate the cueing systems. Students are maintaining meaning through longer and more complex stretches of language. An effective reader has come to understand text as somet that influences people's ideas. Page 20 of 59 Scanned with CamScannerThe questions below are about the readers (A-D) with different reading abilities. For each question write the correct letter A, B, C or D on the line. Which reader (a) _uses numerous approaches to guess a word? (iO) (b) requires assistance to understand difficult text? mosses BEY (c) is starting at the skill to match letter-sound? t (d) _ is self-assured in comprehending text? wesc [1] (e) _ takes interest to read series books? 11) (f) demands inspiring involvement with books? 11) (9) can read at a good speed? ro {h) has the ability to identify how print works? (i) needs to focus on visual cues? rl (i) understands that what they read is people's thoughts? eon [11 [Total: 10] Page 21 of 59 Scanned with CamScannerExercise 2 Advertising in Public Places. Like It or Love It. Read the magazine article about five people (A-E) who talked about their opinion about advertising in public places. Then answer the questions (a)-(j). A Rob Stevenson, Lorry Driver The main problem is that the location of posters can be a safety hazard if they block your view of junctions or road signs. I'm not distracted from driving by the content so much, just by the fact that a poster is there. I've no time to read them or study them, though the names of products must stick in your memory. Posters in fields get a lot of attention because you certainly notice them as you drive down the motorway. They must be a bonus for the Farmer who gets an income from them, but | suppose they do make a bit of a mess of the rural environment. On the whole, there aren't too many posters on the roads — not compared with some countries I've driven through. B Josie Pelham, Cabin Crew Walking through airports in uniform, | tend not to look around too much. that's because | run the risk of being asked questions by confused passengers who mistake me for ground crew, but helping them is not my job. But adverts in airports have a captive audience because people end up hanging around waiting for delayed Rights in lounges or at boarding gates, so in those places they must work well for the advertisers. When travelling, an amusing advert can brighten up my day, but I do tend to see endless dull adverts for banks round the airport and they don't fit into that category! Planes are even being painted externally to carry advertising. | saw one decorated to advertise house music in Ibiza. How cool is that? C Damian Stenton, Lawyer To be honest, | can take or leave street advertising- | don't pay it much attention and posters aren't that obtrusive. | don't even mind posters in the countryside, though | know that's an issue for some groups in society. Some of the paper posters are being replaced by TV screens. | guess that enables the company to make more money, as they can switch adverts easily- and it also saves paper. But it's rather environmentally unfriendly as each advertising screen obviously has to be powered by electricity. At a time when we're all being urged to cut down on consumption of precious resources, putting up TV screens everywhere seems rather counterproductive. D Danni Rochas, Interior Designer | often feel surrounded by posters and advertising, it seems to be taking over our city. | am reminded of an episode of The Simpsons where the town’s outdoor advertising comes to life and hunts down the residents. I'm resigned to the fact that posters are ‘necessary’ commercialisation, but | find them less annoying when they ‘give’ something positive in exchange for being such an intrusive presence on the urban landscape. Occasionally, though, advertisers find a new angle on an issue that's really thought provoking and that must be positive. So maybe I'd prefer it to exist rather than not E Naomi Hesketh, Student | try to walk straight past most posters as if they weren't there, but some do manage to grab your attention nonetheless. | really like those that are colourful or imaginative. | think advertising allows lots of clever people to reach a wide public with their ideas, and we all benefit from that. Why would you even look at a boring poster? | think production values are important, too, in making you trust the advertiser. | agree with banning posters from parks and on historic buildings, but there's nothing wrong with them in shopping streets and main roads. They make the environment brighter. Page 32 of 59 Scanned with CamScannerThe questions below are about the five people (A-E), who are talking advertisements in public places. For each question write the correct letter A, B, C, D or E on the line. Which person says that advertising a) can be uninteresting if there's a lack of variety? —— [1] b) has a mostly negative impact on the urban landscape? ———{1] c) can damage the appearance of the countryside? ——— [1] d) may be a waste of energy resources? ——[1] e) can lead to a break of concentration in a job? [1] f) should not be allowed in certain public places? —{1] @) can be a source of potential danger? ——— [1] h) can sometimes make you feel better? ——I1 i) is good if it makes you think about something? -—[1] ) is useful in providing work for talented and creative people? ~—— [1] Page 33 of 59 Scanned with CamScanner