ACTIVITY 2: THE CHROMOSOMAL BASIS OF HEREDITY
What is cell
THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS OF ALL LIVING THINGS
What is the functions of cells
TO PROVIDES AND REPORT THE FUNCTION OF THE BODY
Draw the structure of Plant cell with label and color, write the functions of each
label (table it)
Parts Function
It is a rigid layer which is composed of polysaccharides
cellulose, pectin and hemicellulose. It is located outside the
cell membrane. It also comprises glycoproteins and polymers
such as lignin, cutin, or suberin.
The primary function of the cell wall is to protect and provide
structural support to the cell. The plant cell wall is also
Cell wall involved in protecting the cell against mechanical stress and
providing form and structure to the cell. It also filters the
molecules passing in and out of it.
The formation of the cell wall is guided by microtubules. It
consists of three layers, namely, primary, secondary and the
middle lamella. The primary cell wall is formed by cellulose laid
down by enzymes.
It is the semi-permeable membrane that is present within the
cell wall. It is composed of a thin layer of protein and fat.
The cell membrane plays an important role in regulating the
Cell Membrane
entry and exit of specific substances within the cell.
For instance, cell membrane keeps toxins from entering inside,
while nutrients and essential minerals are transported across.
The nucleus is a membrane-bound structure that is present
only in eukaryotic cells. The vital function of a nucleus is to
store DNA or hereditary information required for cell division,
metabolism and growth.
Nucleos 1. Nucleolus: It manufactures cells’ protein-producing structures
and ribosomes.
2. Nucleopore: Nuclear membrane is perforated with holes called
nucleopore that allow proteins and nucleic acids to pass
through.
Plastids They are membrane-bound organelles that have their own
DNA. They are necessary to store starch and to carry out the
process of photosynthesis. It is also used in the synthesis of
many molecules, which form the building blocks of the cell.
Some of the vital types of and their functions are stated below:
Leucoplasts
They are found in the non-photosynthetic tissue of plants.
They are used for the storage of protein, lipid and starch.
Chloroplasts
It is an elongated organelle enclosed by phospholipid
membrane. The chloroplast is shaped like a disc and the
stroma is the fluid within the chloroplast that comprises a
circular DNA. Each chloroplast contains a green coloured
pigment called chlorophyll required for the process of
photosynthesis. The chlorophyll absorbs light energy from the
sun and uses it to transform carbon dioxide and water into
glucose.
Chromoplasts
They are heterogeneous, coloured plastid which is responsible
for pigment synthesis and for storage in photosynthetic
eukaryotic organisms. Chromoplasts have red, orange and
yellow coloured pigments which provide colour to all ripe fruits
and flowers.
It occupies around 30% of the cell’s volume in a mature plant cell.
Tonoplast is a membrane that surrounds the central vacuole. The vital
Central Vacoule function of the central vacuole apart from storage is to sustain turgor
pressure against the cell wall. The central vacuole consists of cell sap.
It is a mixture of salts, enzymes and other substances.
They are found in all eukaryotic cells, which are involved in distributing
Golgi aparatus synthesised macromolecules to various parts of the cell.
They are the smallest membrane-bound organelles which comprise
Ribosomes RNA and protein. They are the sites for protein synthesis, hence, also
referred to as the protein factories of the cell.
They are the double-membraned organelles found in the cytoplasm of
all eukaryotic cells. They provide energy by breaking down
Mitochondria carbohydrate and sugar molecules, hence they are also referred to as
the “Powerhouse of the cell.”
Lysosomes are called suicidal bags as they hold digestive enzymes in
an enclosed membrane. They perform the function of cellular waste
Lysosome disposal by digesting worn-out organelles, food particles and foreign
bodies in the cell. In plants, the role of lysosomes is undertaken by the
vacuoles.
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
A eukaryote is an organism whose cells are
Prokaryotes are microscopic organisms that
organized into complex structures by
have neither a membrane-bound nucleus
internal membranes and a cytoskeleton. The
nor membrane-bound organelles. Some cell
most characteristic membrane-bound
biologists consider the term "organelle" to
structure of eukaryotes is the nucleus. This
describe membrane-bound structures only,
feature gives them their name, which comes
whereas other cell biologists define
from Greek and means "true nucleus." The
organelles as discrete structures that have a
nucleus is the membrane-enclosed organelle
specialized function. Prokaryotes have
that contains DNA. Eukaryotic DNA is
ribosomes, which are not surrounded by a
organized in one or more linear molecules,
membrane but do have a specialized
called chromosomes. Some eukaryotes are
function, and could therefore be considered
single-celled, but many are multicellular.
organelles. All metabolic functions carried
Eukaryotes include all protists, fungi, plants
out by a prokaryote take place in the plasma
and animals.
membrane or the cytosol.
Example:
Examples:
• Plant cell (tress)
• Blue green algae
• Animal Cell (cats)
• Bacteria
• Insects
• Mycoplasma
Chromosome structure
Cell division
Most of the time when people refer to “cell division,” they mean mitosis, the process of
making new body cells. Meiosis is the type of cell division that creates egg and sperm cells.
Mitosis is a fundamental process for life.
Meiosis and Mitosis Structure
Mitosis Meiosis
Where it occurs Occurs in all organisms, Only occurs in animals, plants, and fungi
except viruses
Cells it produces Creates body/somatic cells Creates germ/sex cells
Number of cell divisions One cell division ( 4 stages Two cell divisions (8 stages total)
total)
Prophase length Prophase is short Prophase I is longer
Recombination/crossing No recombination/crossing Recombination/crossing over of
over over in prophase chromosomes during prophase I
Metaphase During metaphase, individual During metaphase I, pairs of chromosomes
chromosomes line up on line up on cell’s equator
cell’s equator
Anaphase During anaphase, sister During anaphase I, sister chromatids move
chromatids move to opposite together to the same cell pole. During
ends of the cell anaphase II, sister chromatids are separated
to opposite ends of the cell
Number of cells created End result: two daughter cells End result: four daughter cells
Ploidy Creates diploid daughter cells Creates haploid daughter cells
Genetics Daughter cells are genetically Daughter cells are genetically different
identical
Karyokinesis vs Cytokinesis
Karyokinesis means the process of Cytokinesis means the process of
division of the nucleus. division of cytoplasm.
Works Cited
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