Q. Give a brief account of the floatation process. A waste stream of 0.

57 m3/ min
at a temperature of 39.4oC contains significant quantities of nonemulsified oil
and nonsettleable suspended solids. The concentration of oil is 120 mg/L.
Reduce the oil to less than 20 mg/L. From the laboratory studies the following
data were obtained. Alum dose = 50 mg/L, pressure = 4.1 atm, sludge production
= 0.64 mg/mg of alum, sludge = 3 percent by weight. Assume A/S = 0.03and
weight solubility of air at 39.4oC = 18.6 mg/L. Calculate : a) The recycle rate. b)
Surface area of the floatation unit. c) Sludge quantity generated??????

The process described here is a wastewater treatment method that involves flotation to
remove oil and suspended solids. This method is often used in industrial and municipal
wastewater treatment plants. To achieve the desired reduction in oil concentration from
120 mg/L to less than 20 mg/L, we'll need to calculate several parameters:

a) The recycle rate: The recycle rate (Q_r) is the flow rate of the treated water that is
recycled back into the flotation unit. It is typically expressed as a fraction of the influent
flow rate (Q_i). The formula for calculating the recycle rate is:

Q_r = Q_i / (1 + A/S)

Where: Q_i = Influent flow rate = 0.57 m^3/min A/S = Alum-to-Solids ratio = 0.03

Now, plug in the values:

Q_r = 0.57 / (1 + 0.03) Q_r = 0.57 / 1.03 Q_r ≈ 0.553 m^3/min

So, the recycle rate is approximately 0.553 m^3/min.

b) Surface area of the flotation unit: The surface area of the flotation unit (A_f) can be
calculated using the following formula:

A_f = (Q_i / HRT) x (1 + A/S)

Where: HRT = Hydraulic Retention Time

The hydraulic retention time is the time it takes for water to pass through the flotation
unit. It can be calculated as:

HRT = V_f / Q_i

Where: V_f = Volume of the flotation unit

Now, we need to calculate V_f. To do that, we need to determine the amount of air
dissolved in the water, as it affects the volume of the flotation unit.
First, calculate the weight of air dissolved in the influent water: Weight of air = Weight
solubility of air x Q_i Weight of air = 18.6 mg/L x 0.57 m^3/min x 60 min/h Weight of air
= 635.94 g/h

Now, calculate the volume of air: Volume of air = Weight of air / Density of air at 39.4°C
Density of air at 39.4°C ≈ 1.14 kg/m^3 (at 4.1 atm and 39.4°C)

Volume of air = 635.94 g / (1.14 kg/m^3) Volume of air ≈ 557.37 m^3/h

Now, we can calculate the volume of the flotation unit: V_f = Volume of air + V_s V_f =
557.37 m^3/h + (0.64 mg/mg x 50 mg/L x 60 min/h) = 3840 m^3/h

Now, calculate HRT: HRT = V_f / Q_i HRT = 3840 m^3/h / (0.57 m^3/min x 60 min/h) ≈
112.28 min

Now, plug HRT and A/S into the formula for A_f:

A_f = (0.57 / 112.28) x (1 + 0.03) A_f ≈ 0.016 m^2

So, the surface area of the flotation unit is approximately 0.016 m^2.

c) Sludge quantity generated: The sludge quantity generated can be calculated using
the formula:

Sludge quantity = Alum dose x Sludge production

Sludge production is given as 0.64 mg/mg of alum, and the alum dose is 50 mg/L.

Sludge quantity = 50 mg/L x 0.64 mg/mg Sludge quantity = 32 mg/L

Since the sludge is 3 percent by weight, we need to convert this to a volume basis using
the density of sludge. Assuming a typical density of sludge, which is around 1000
kg/m^3:

Sludge volume = (Sludge quantity / 1000 kg/m^3) x (1 m^3/1000 L) Sludge volume =

(32 mg/L / 1000 kg/m^3) x (1 m^3/1000 L) Sludge volume = 0.032 L/L

So, the sludge quantity generated is approximately 0.032 L/L.

Q. Discuss in details about the treatment units provided in an oil refinery????

An oil refinery is a complex industrial facility designed to process crude oil into various
valuable products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, lubricants, petrochemicals, and
more. The refining process involves a series of treatment units that perform specific
 functions to separate, transform, and purify the various components of crude oil. These
treatment units are essential for maximizing the yield of valuable products and meeting
environmental and quality standards. Here's an overview of some of the key treatment
units typically found in an oil refinery:

1. Desalting Unit:
 Purpose: Crude oil usually contains impurities such as salts, water, and sediments.
The desalting unit removes these impurities to protect downstream equipment
from corrosion and fouling.
 Process: Crude oil is mixed with a diluent (usually water) and heated. The mixture
is then subjected to electrical fields or mechanical agitators to break the emulsion
formed between oil and water. The separated brine and sediment are removed,
leaving desalted crude oil.
2. Distillation Unit (Atmospheric and Vacuum Distillation):
 Purpose: The distillation unit separates crude oil into different fractions based on
their boiling points. This is the primary step in refining.
 Process: Crude oil is heated in a distillation column, and the resulting vapors rise
through a series of trays or packing material. As the vapors cool while moving up
the column, they condense into various liquid fractions, including naphtha,
kerosene, diesel, and residual oil.
3. Hydrotreating Unit:
 Purpose: Hydrotreating removes impurities such as sulfur, nitrogen, and metals
from the intermediate distillation products, improving product quality and
meeting environmental regulations.
 Process: The feedstock is mixed with hydrogen and passed over a catalyst under
high temperature and pressure conditions. This process breaks down impurities
and saturates unsaturated hydrocarbons.
4. Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCC - Fluid Catalytic Cracking):
 Purpose: FCC breaks down heavy hydrocarbons into lighter products like gasoline
and diesel. It's a critical unit for maximizing gasoline production.
 Process: Cracked feedstock is injected into a fluidized bed reactor containing a
catalyst. The catalyst promotes the breakdown of large hydrocarbon molecules
into smaller ones, producing valuable products.
5. Hydrocracking Unit:
 Purpose: Hydrocracking is similar to catalytic cracking but operates at higher
pressure and hydrogen partial pressure. It produces high-quality products with
lower sulfur content and is used to convert heavy fractions into lighter ones.
 Process: The feedstock is mixed with hydrogen and passed over a catalyst at high
temperature and pressure. This process also helps remove impurities like sulfur,
nitrogen, and metals.
6. Reforming Unit:
 Purpose: Reforming enhances the octane rating of naphtha, a component of
gasoline, by changing the molecular structure. It produces high-octane gasoline
and hydrogen.
 Process: Naphtha is heated and passed over a catalyst, which causes
rearrangement of hydrocarbon molecules, typically in the presence of hydrogen.
7. Alkylation Unit:
 Purpose: Alkylation combines low-molecular-weight olefins with isobutane to
produce high-octane gasoline components.
 Process: Olefins and isobutane are reacted in the presence of a catalyst, often
sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid, to form alkylate.
8. Sweetening Unit:
 Purpose: Sweetening units, like amine or Merox units, remove sulfur compounds
(mercaptans) from gasoline, diesel, and other products to meet environmental
and quality standards.
9. Product Treating and Blending:
 Purpose: Treating units are used to adjust the properties of finished products like
gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel to meet specific quality standards. These units can
remove impurities and blend different product streams to achieve desired
specifications.
10. Wastewater Treatment:
 Purpose: Refineries generate a significant amount of wastewater that contains
contaminants. Wastewater treatment units are essential for treating and purifying
this water before discharge to comply with environmental regulations.

These are some of the core treatment units in an oil refinery, but refineries can have
additional units and variations depending on the complexity of the facility and the
desired product mix. The configuration of treatment units in a refinery is carefully
designed to maximize efficiency, product yield, and compliance with environmental
regulations while minimizing energy consumption and waste generation.

Q. Briefly discuss about the various environmental legislations????????????

Environmental legislation refers to laws and regulations designed to protect the

environment and natural resources. These laws are crucial for mitigating pollution,
conserving ecosystems, and promoting sustainable development. Here's a brief
overview of some key types of environmental legislation:
1. Air Quality Laws: These regulations aim to control air pollution by setting standards for
emissions from industrial processes, vehicles, and other sources. Examples include the
Clean Air Act in the United States and the Air Quality Directive in the European Union.
2. Water Quality Laws: These laws govern the management and protection of water
resources. They establish standards for water quality, wastewater discharge, and the
protection of aquatic ecosystems. The Clean Water Act in the U.S. is a well-known
example.
3. Waste Management Laws: These regulations focus on the proper disposal and
management of waste, including hazardous waste. They promote recycling, waste
reduction, and safe handling of toxic materials. The Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) is one such law in the U.S.
4. Wildlife and Biodiversity Conservation Laws: These laws protect endangered
species and their habitats. Examples include the Endangered Species Act in the U.S.
and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora (CITES) globally.
5. Land Use and Planning Laws: These laws govern how land is developed and used,
with the goal of preventing urban sprawl, protecting natural areas, and promoting
sustainable land use. Zoning laws are a common example.
6. Climate Change Laws: Emerging in response to the growing concerns about global
warming, these laws aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The Paris Agreement is
an international example, while countries also have their own climate policies.
7. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Laws: These laws require the assessment
of potential environmental impacts before major projects are approved. They help
identify and mitigate potential harm to the environment.
8. Marine and Coastal Protection Laws: These regulations focus on the conservation
and sustainable use of marine resources and the protection of coastal ecosystems. The
Clean Seas Initiative and the Law of the Sea are international examples.
9. Environmental Enforcement and Compliance Laws: These laws establish penalties
for violations of environmental regulations, ensuring that individuals and organizations
adhere to environmental standards.
10. International Agreements: Many environmental issues transcend national boundaries,
so international agreements and treaties play a critical role in addressing global
challenges. Examples include the Kyoto Protocol (climate change) and the Montreal
Protocol (ozone layer protection).

These are just a few examples of the various types of environmental legislation in place
worldwide. The specifics of these laws can vary significantly from one country to
another, reflecting differences in environmental challenges, priorities, and regulatory
approaches.