Training Manual Volume 3
Generator Synchronizing
and Protection
Dynamic Controls Canada Inc.
VOLUME III: Generator Synchronizing and Protection
Table of Contents:
1 SYNCHRONIZATION BASIC THEORY ....................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Generator Capacity Curves............................................................................................................ 3
1.2 VARS and reactive power .............................................................................................................. 3
1.3 Practical application ...................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Matching of Voltage, Frequency between bus and generator ..................................................... 4
1.5 AVR Connection during breaker closure ....................................................................................... 5
2 AUTO SYNCHRONIZING AND SYNCHRONIZING CHECK RELAYS ............................................................ 6
2.1 How Auto Syn and Syn check relays operate? .............................................................................. 6
2.2 Typical Auto Synchronizing relay................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Typical Synchronizing check relay ................................................................................................. 8
3 GENERATOR PROTECTION RELAYS. ....................................................................................................... 9
3.1 GE SR489 Generator management relay....................................................................................... 9
3.2 Beckwith M-3420 Generator protection ..................................................................................... 10
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1 SYNCHRONIZATION BASIC THEORY
Figure 1-1
1.1 Generator Capacity Curves
The generator should be operated within both its real and reactive load limits and a
generator capacity curve is supplied by the manufacturer to aid in this endeavour. Normal
operation of the generator should be within the pink area.
Exceeding the limits can lead to the following:
Under excitation Pole slipping
Over excitation Rotor heating
Overload Stator heating
1.2 VARS and Reactive Power
Energy stored in capacitive or inductive elements of the network give rise to reactive
power flow. Reactive power flow strongly influences the voltage levels across the network.
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Voltage levels and reactive power flow must be carefully controlled to allow a power
system to be operated within acceptable limits.
A generator can add or remove reactive power from a grid. When the generator is
removing reactive power, the generator is acting as a capacitor. Unfortunately, the
absorbing of reactive power produces heat and heat damages generator components. In
addition, the heat loss is energy loss.
1.3 Practical
Application
In operations, the generator
field strength determines
voltage and current production.
Therefore:
To produce VARS, raise the
voltage by increasing the
generator field current.
To absorb VARS, lower the
Figure 1-2
voltage by decreasing the
generator field current.
In the CGCM this function can be configured to automatically control both leading and
lagging VARS.
1.4 Matching of Voltage, Frequency between Bus and Generator
Is the process of connecting a
generator to the grid. The objective
here is a bump-less connection to the
grid without the transfer of a large
amount of energy. Effectively, this
means that both the voltage and phase
Figure 1-3: An oncom ing generator in and out must be matched during the process.
of sync w ith bus Should a generator be paralleled with
the grid while out of phase, the
generator will try to slip into phase or synchronize by skipping ahead or slip backwards.
This results in a high transfer of both active and reactive power.
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Figure 1-4: Voltage vector for 52G closing procedure
1.5 AVR Connection During Breaker Closure
There are two synchronizing
systems on this example, feeder
synchronizing and generator
synchronizing. The diagram at
left (Fig. 1-5) shows two
generators configured to
synchronize into a common BUS.
Note the generator current
measurement on each unit using
a CT connected to the respective
AVR. After the generators are
synchronized the AVR on each
unit monitors generator current
Figure 1-5: CTs sensing signals for AVR and phase angle to facilitate
reactive load sharing.
These CT’s are commonly called reactive compensation CT’s. (Droop CT’s)
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2 AUTO SYNCHRONIZING AND SYNCHRONIZING CHECK
RELAYS
2.1 How Auto Syn and Syn Check
Relays Operate?
The 25AS auto-synchronizer module in
conjunction with the synch check relay (25F)
completes the function of synchronization. In this
case, the buss is synchronized to an oncoming
feeder designated G and J and selected by the
operator through panel selection switches.
Below is the actual schematic of an auto-
synchronizer as shown on the project
schematics. Below is an example of a
synchronizing relay. (25AS)
Figure 2-1: Synchronizing system block
diagram
Figure 2-2 Typical Closing circuit w ith Auto Sync and Syn Check relays
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2.2 Typical Auto Synchronizing Relay
The T4500 Auto Synchronizer
provides automatic
synchronization of an
incoming generator to a
busbar in a minimum of time,
by controlling the speed via
the electric servomotor on a
conventional speed governor,
or by controlling an electronic
speed controller via an
intermediate motorized
Figure 2-3: Layout of Auto-Synchronizing relay – T4500
potentiometer.
Note the raise and lower speed contacts to the PLC to adjust the turbine speed and the
raise and lower voltage contacts to the CGCM module to raise/lower the generator
excitation.
Contacts: 29-30; 31-32: Raise
and Lower voltage
Contacts: 14-15-16: Raise and
Lower Frequency
Contacts: 9-10: Close 52G when
voltage and frequency of bus and
generator are matched
Figure 2-4: Connection diagram of T4500
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2.3 Typical Synchronizing Check Relay
The T5000 Paralleling Relay can be used as
a check synchronizer, inhibiting closure of
the circuit breaker if synchronizing
parameters such as voltage, frequency and
phase angle are outside limits, thus
preventing generator damage and
disturbance to the busbar.
Figure 2-5: Layout of Synchronizing check
relay – T5000
Contact: 9-10: Closed when voltage and frequency
of bus and generator are matched
Figure 2-6: Connection diagram of
T5000
Notes
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3 GENERATOR PROTECTION RELAYS.
3.1 GE SR489 Generator Management Relay
The generator management relay is designed to
protect the generator under fault conditions by
monitoring the voltage, current and phase difference
on the three phases of the generator. The relay
configured through software will trip the generator
circuit breaker under the following conditions:
• Generator Stator Differential
• Generator Unbalance
• Loss of Excitation
• Phase Over-current – Voltage Restraint
• Neutral Inst./Timed Over-current
• Neg. Sequence Over-current
• Under/Over Voltage
• Under/Over Frequency
Figure 3-1: Layout of GE SR489 relay
• Over-excitation – Volts/Hertz
The one-line diagram below indicates the general
arrangement of the relay wiring (see schematics for details).
Figure 3-2 P rinciple protection diagram of SR489
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3.2 Beckwith M-3420 Generator Protection
Figure 3-3: Layout of B W M -3420 relay
Protection Functions:
• Overexcitation (V/Hz) protection (24)
• Phase Undervoltage protection (27)
• Sensitive dual-setpoint, reverse power detection suitable for sequential tripping
(32)
• Dual-zone, offset-mho loss-of-field protection (40)
• Sensitive negative-sequence overcurrent protection and alarming (46)
• Instantaneous overcurrent (50) protection
• Inadvertent generator energizing protection (50/27)
• Generator breaker failure protection (50BF)
• Neutral inverse time overcurrent (51N)
• Instantaneous overcurrent (50N) protection
• Three-phase inverse time overcurrent (51V)
• Phase overvoltage (59)
• Generator ground fault protection (59N)
• VT fuse-loss detection and blocking (60FL)
• Four-step over/underfrequency protection (81)
• Generator phase differential (87)
• Ground differential (87GD) protection
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Figure 3-4: P rinciple P rotection Diagram of M -3420
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