Thanks to visit codestin.com
Credit goes to www.scribd.com

Scribd
Upload
31 views10 pages

Adams Complexnumbers

Uploaded by

sum
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
31 views10 pages

Adams Complexnumbers

Uploaded by

sum
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10
at APPENDIX | Complex Numbers GG Old Macdonald nad a farm, Minus E-squared O 33 rs Many ofthe problemstowhich mathematics sapped imolve the solution of eqeatons ‘Over the centuries the number system bad to be expanded many times t provide solutions for more and more kinds of equations. The natural mmbers R=0.234..) ace imadequate forthe soations of equations ofthe form xtnem —(mneny Zexo and negative numbers can be added ta create the integers Bal. O DBD in which tht equation hs the solution x = — n even ifm Angi v3 +1 Ang(=1 = 20 = Saf or + ten712) Remark it: = x + yi and Retz) = > 0, then Arg(z) = tan 'Iy/x). Many computer spreadsheets and mathematical sofware packages implementa two-variable cian function denoted atin2¢x, 9) which gives the polar anglof Cx) inthe terval (ox eh This, Acg(x $34) = atanx, 9) Given the modulus r = Jw_and any value of the argument @ = ang (w) of complex. number w = a + bi, we havea = r cos und b = rsin8, so w can be expressed in ecms of iis modulus and argumeat as w= rcost +ir sind. ‘The expression on the right side is called the polar representation of: ‘The conjugateor complex conjugate of acomplex number tw = a4 bi issnother complex number, denoted 1, given by W=0-bi EXAMPLE 2 eel” Observe hat Re (a) = Re(w) Im (D) = mw) DI = hol ee Inan Argand diagram the point isthe reflection of the point w inthe real axis, (See Figure 14) [Note that w is real (Im (w) (Re (iw) = 0) if and only iF Complex Arithmetic Like real numbers. complex numbers can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided. ‘Two complex numbers are added or subtracted as though they are two-dimensional \estors witose components ate their ceal and imaginary pans, ag (uw 0) ifand only it w. (Here, w= uw. Also, w is pure imaginary bi ifw =a+6i) APPENDICT Couples Numbers ALS ‘The sum and difference of complex numbers 4 bi and 2 = 4 yi, where a, 6x, and y are real nonibers, then In an Argan diagram the points w +z atd w —z are the points whose position vectors sxe, respectively, the sum and difference of the position vectors of the points 2 and 5, (See Figure 15.) In particular, the complex number a + b¢ is the sum of the eal numer a = a + OF and the pare imaginary number bi = 0-4 bi Complex addition oheys the same rules as teal addition: if 1, way and wy ore three complex numbers the following are easly verified wy wr = we tw Adkition is commutative (io) Hap wey = wy + (we 4 ey) Addition is associative roy a] © wil + fel the triangle inequality Figure 8 Complex numbecs we adel ani subitacted vectosaly. Observe the Nore that funy — wal is the distance between the two points w; and win the complex Paallelograms plane. Thus, the triangle inequality says that in the triangle with vertices wi, =w2 and 0, the lenge of one side is less than the sum of the axher wo, It is also easily verified thatthe conjugate of a sum (or difference) is the sum (or cifference) of the conjugates: wtiew+e Si, then 2490 and < EXAMPLE 3 NY 244) +G—S 6-28 2=4p += (Hi = =24 8 wee tb) 842-2 HSAs ——eSesssssSsSsSssssSsSsSsssssMse?. Multiplication of the complex numbers w = a+ bi and < =x + yi is cartied out by formally meliplying the binomial expressions snc replacing 7? by 1 (eB + yf) = ax + avi t bei + byl = (ax — by) + (ay + xii ‘The product of complex numbers Im =a 4 bisnd 2 = 5 4 yi, where a, 6, and » ate ceal numbers, then wz = (ax ~ by) + fay + bx)i EXAMPLE €) 2430-2) = 2-44 WG = 8-1 (b) 16-49 = +51 (0) (a+ bia — Bi = abi + abi ~ 0 aa reer: A ets... Part (c) of the example above shows that the square of the modulus of a complex ‘number isthe product ofthat member with its complex conjugate i ait AG APFENDI'T Comples Nurbers Complex multiplication shares many properties with real maltiplication, In particular, ifm), te2, and ws are complex numbers, then yma = was ‘Maltplication is commutative. (wiwa)uy = wi (wns) Multiplication is associative, wj(we + us) =wiws + yyy Multiplication distributes over addition Te conjugate of product isthe product of the conjugues: ‘To sec this, lel w =a + bi and xt yi. Then tw tboF (ax ~ by) ~ fay + bx = ba ~ y= WE, It is pasticulsely easy to determine the product of complex numbers expressed in polar form. I! 40088 +ésind) and sicosd + ising), where Jl. 6 = are Ge, [cland @ = arg (z}, then wz = rslcon8 +isind){coxd + ising) r{(e0s0 cas — sind sing) + isin 8 cos + cos sind) rs{cast# + 6)-+ isin +01). (See Figure 1.6.) Since arguments are only determined up to integer multiples of 2, we have proved that ‘The moduluy and argument of a product wile) and arg (us) = arg (w) + ate (2) “The second of hese equations says that the set arg (uz) consists ofall numbers 4.4. ‘whore # belongs to the set arg (w) and g to the set ary (2). Figue 46 The argument ofa proeict is the sum ofthe arguments ofthe Factors More generally if 1, w ..., wi are complex numbers, chen [pening == Wy] = [amma = al arg (vi) + arg (ug) +++ arg tw, arg (wis + wy gue L ‘Molipiction by ‘correspond fo ctuntrclockwise rotation by 9" THEOREM APPENDIX Complex ube AT Moltptication of « complex number by é has a particularly simple geometsic ier: pretation in an Argand diagram, Since lil = (and arg (?) = 2/2, eltiplication of w = a + BF by i leaves the modulus of w unchanged but increases its argument by 2/2. (See Figure 17.) Thus, multiplication by i rotates the position vector of w counterclockwise by 90" about the origin, Let ¢ = 0086+ isiné. Then |z| = | and are(z) = @. Since the modulus of a product is the product of the moduli of dhe Factors and the argumeat of a preduct Js the sum of the arguments of the factors, we have il" = 1 and arg 2") 8, This, 21 = cosmid + isin 8. sand we have proved de Moivre’ Theorem, de Molvre's Theorem (c0s9 + isin)" = cost +i sinnd. ne Remark Much of che study of complex-valued functions of a complex variable is beyond the scope of this book. However, in Apaendis LL we will inteoduce a complex version of the exponential function having the following property: i'z =<-4iy (where {and y are real), then et = Fel = oF (cosy Hisiny) “Thus the modulus of e* is €®€ and Im (zp isa value of arg (*). In this conte Moivre’s Theorem jast says fete, EXAMPLE ERPS (1-407 inthe forma + bi V7, and Solution Since (1+ is%| = 11+ 48 = (V2 arg ((l +f) Sa arg (+8) = 2, we have eatoas (49° = AN3 (cor iain) <9 de Moivre’s Theorem can be used to generate trigonometric idemites for multiples of ‘an angie, For example, form = 2 we have 1087 9 — sin? # + 2 eos sind, 0828 +i sin 20 ‘Thus, cos 24 = cos" @ — sin? 6, and sin 26 = 2sind eor6. ‘The reciprocal of the nonzero complex number w = a + bi can be calewated bby multiplying the numerator and denominator of the reciprocal expression by the conjugate of 1 a-bi ani an @rbhey ER Since fb] = lula arg (ao) = — arg (w). we have arg (wy AB APPENDIKT Cones Numbers “The quotient 2/w of two complex numbers = + bf is the prosuce of and 1/1, s0 at yband w= £87 _ (et yia—biy set yb+ tga) wwe aoe aa We have ‘The modulus and argument of a quotient lal Fy set ate (3) = a) ~ argc “The set arg (:/1) consists of all numbers @ — 6 where 9 belongs tothe set arg (2) ane po the set arg (w). EXAMPLE 6 Simpiry @2*™ ana go) — Tent Solution fy 2S 243M _S-3HOH IWS | I, ti” nary eH ata w — il-ivd Y34i V3 1, iW) HL TNE Teivoa iW PS ETS Atratvey, since [1+ iV3] = 2 and ag + iv 1 nom ‘quotient in (b) has modulos 5 and agument 5 — T Roots of Complex Numbers If. is @ positive real number, there are two distinct real numbers whose square is a. ‘These are usually deooted VE (the positive square root ofa) and < Vi tthe negative square mot of a} Every nonzeto complex murier = = x + yi (where <7 ++ 9? > @) also has two square roots: if my 3s a caraplex munber such that w} = 2, then a> = —ws also satisies Again, we would like to single out one of these roots and call it iz], $0 thatr > 0, Let = Arg(z). Thus = <8 =m. Since uy Lar 5 r(cose +isind), the complen number 6 6 w= Vr (cos isin’ ( 2* 2) clearly satisfies w? = 2, We call this w the principal square roet of z and denote it ‘The two solutions ofthe equation 2? = z are, thas, w = Zand w = — JF. Observe that the real part of «/@ is always non-negative, since cos(@/2) = 0 for

You might also like