English Grammar in Use A self-study reference and practice book for intermediate students WITH ANSWERS Raymond Murphy Licensed for sale in the Russian Federation and the Ukraine only. Not for export. Cambridge University Press Cambridge . English Language Opens Doors New York New Rochelle Cultural and Business Centre Melbourne Sydney MoscowThis edition on English Grammar in Use is published by arrangement with Cambridge University Press, The Edinburgh Building, Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge CB2 2RU © Cambridge University Press 1985 © ELOD, 1992 First published 1985 Fourth printing (with amendments) 1986 Eight printing 1988 Book designed by Peter Ducker MSTD Drawings by Leslie Marshall British Library cataloguing in publication data Murphy, Raymond English grammar in use: a self-study reference and practice book for intermediate students, with answers, 1. English language - Grammar — Problems, exercises, etc. 1. Title 428.2 PELNI2 ISBN 0 521 28723 5 (with answers) ISBN 0 521 33683 X (without answers) ISBN 5-89973-001-3 Licensed for sale in the Russian Federation and the Ukraine only. Not for export Copyright The law allows a reader to make a single copy of part of a book for purposes of private study. It does not allow the copying of entire books or the making of multiple copies of extracts. Written permission for any such copying must always be obtained from the publisher in advance. Mx.Contents Thanks vii Introduction — 1 Tenses Unit 1 Present continuous (Iam doing) Unit 2 Present simple (I do) Unit 3 Present continuous (I am doing) or present simple (I do)? Unit 4 — Present tenses (Iam doing /I do) with a future meaning Unit 5 Going to (I am going to do) Unit 6 — Will (1) Unit 7 — Will (2) Unit 8 Will or going to? Unit 9 — When and If sentences (When I do... / If [do Unit 10 Will be doing and will have done Unit 11 Past simple (I did) Unit 12 Past continuous (I was doing) Unit 13 Present perfect (I have done) (1) Unit 14 Present perfect (I have done) (2) Unit 15 Present perfect (I have done) (3) Unit 16 Present perfect continuous (I have been doing) Unit 17 Present perfect continuous (I have been doing) or present perfect simple (I have done)? Unit 18 Present perfect (I have done /I have been doing) with how long, for and since Unit 19 Present perfect with how long and past simple with when Since and for Unit 20 Present perfect (I have done) or past simple (I did)? (1) Unit 21 Present perfect (I have done) or past simple (I did)? (2) Unit 22 Past perfect (I had done) Unit 23 Past perfect continuous (I had been doing) Unit 24 Have and have got Unit 25 Used to (L used to do) Modal verbs Unit 26 Can, could and be able to Unit 27 Could (do) and could have (done) Unit 28 Must (have) and can’t (have) Unit29 May (have) and might (have) Unit 30 May and might (future) Unit 31 Can, could, may and would: requests, permission, offers and invitations Unit 32 Must and have to Unit 33 Must, mustn’t, needn’t and needn’t have Unit 34 Should (1) Unit 35 Should (2) iiiConditionals Unit 36 Unit 37 Unit 38 Unit 39 Unit 40 Unit 41 Passive Unit 42 Unit 43 Unit 44 Unit 45 Unit 46 If sentences (present/future) If and wish sentences (present) If and wish sentences (past) Would In case Unless, as long as and provided/providing (that) Passive (1) (be done / have been done) Passive (2) (present and past tenses) Passive (3) Itis said that ... / He is said to ... tc, and supposed to Have something done Reported speech Unit 47 Unit 48 Reported speech (1) Reported speech (2) Questions Unit 49 Unit 50 Unit 51 Unit 52 Questions (1) Questions (2) (Do you know where ...? / He asked me where Auxiliary verbs in short answers, short questions etc. So amI/Neitheram1_I think so /Thope so etc. Question tags (are you? doesn’t he? etc.) -ing and the infinitive Unit 53 Unit 54 Unit 55 Unit 56 Unit 57 Unit 58 Unit 59 Unit 60 Unit 61 Unit 62, Unit 63 Unit 64 Unit 65 Unit 66 Unit 67 Unit 68 Verb + -ing Verb + infinitive Verb + object + infinitive Infinitive or -ing? (1) ~ like, would like etc. Infinitive or -ing? (2) ~ begin, start, intend, continue, remember, try Infinitive or -ing? (3) —be afraid, need, help Preposition + -ing Verb + preposition + -ing Expressions + -ing Be/get used to something (I’m used to ...) Infinitive of purpose — ‘I went out to post a letter.’ So that — ‘I hurried so that I wouldn’t be late.” Prefer and would rather Had better do something It’s time someone did something, See someone do and sce someone doing -ing clauses — ‘Feeling tired, I went to bed early.’ Chance and opportunityArticles Unit 69 Unit 70 Unit 71 Unit 72 Unit 73 Unit 74 Unit 75 Unit 76 Unit 77 Unit 78 Unit 79 Unit 80 Unit 81 Unit 82 Unit 83 Unit 84 Unit 85 Unit 86 Unit 87 Uncountable nouns (gold, music, advice etc.) Countable nouns with a/an and some A/an and the The (1) The (2) Plural and uncountable nouns with and without the (flowers / the flowers, music /the music) Hospital / the hospital, school / the school etc. Geographical names with and without the Names of streets, buildings etc. with and without the Singular or plural? «5 (apostrophe s) and ... of .. “A friend of mine’, ‘my own house’ _On my own / by myself Reflexive pronouns (myself / yourself etc.) All/allof, no/none of, most / most of etc. Both /both of, neither / neither of, cither / either of Some and any Some/any + -one/-body/-thing/-where No/none/any No/any + -one/-body/-thing/-where Much, many, little, few, a lot, plenty All, every and whole Relative clauses Unit 88 Unit 89 Unit 90 Unit 91 Unit 92 Unit 93 Relative clauses (1) — clauses with who/that/which Relative clauses (2) — clauses with or without who/that Relative clauses (3) — whose, whom and where Relative clauses (4) — ‘extra information’ clauses (1) Relative clauses (5) ‘extra information’ clauses (2) -ing and -ed clauses (‘the girl talking to Tom’, ‘the man injured in the accident’) Adjectives and adverbs Unit 94 Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed (boring/bored ete.) Unit 95 Adjectives: word order (‘a nice new house’) Adjectives after verbs (‘Do you feel tired?”) Unit 96 Adjectives and adverbs (1) (quick/quickly) Unit 97 Adjectives and adverbs (2) (good/well, fast/hard/late, hardly) Unit 98 So and such Unit 99 Enough and too Unit 100 To + infinitive after adjectives Unit 101 Comparison (1) — cheaper, more expensive etc. Unit 102 Comparison (2) - Unit 103 Comparison (3) —as.. as / than Unit 104 Superlatives — the longest, the most enjoyable etc. Word order Unit 105 Word order (1) — verb + object; place and time Unit 106 Word order (2) ~ adverbs with the verbUnit 107 Still and yet Any more / any longer / no longer Unit 108 Quite and rather Unit 109 Although/though/even though _ In spite of / despite Unit 110 Even Unit 111 As (reason) ~ ‘As I was feeling tired, I went to bed early.’ ‘As (time) —‘I watched her as she opened the letter.” Unit 112 Like and as Unit 113 Asif Prepositions Unit 114 At/on/in (time) Unit 115 For, during and while Unit 116 By and until By the time... Unit 117 In/at/on (position) (1) Unit 118 In/at/on (position) (2) Unit 119 To, been to, into By car / in my car Unit 120 Ontime/intime At the end / in the end Unit 121 Noun + preposition (‘reason for’, ‘cause of etc.) Unit 122 Preposition + noun (‘by mistake’, ‘on television’ etc.) Unit 123 Adjective + preposition (1) Unit 124 Adjective + preposition (2) Unit 125 Verb + preposition (1) Unit 126 Verb + preposition (2) Unit 127 Verb + preposition (3) Unit 128 Verb + object + preposition (1) Unit 129 Verb + object + preposition (2) Unit 130 Phrasal verbs (get up, break down, fill in etc.) Appendix 1 List of present and past tenses 264 Appendix 2 Regular and irregular verbs 265 Appendix 3 Spelling 267 Appendix 4 Short forms (I’m, you've, didn’t etc.) 269 Appendix 5 American English 270 Index vi 272Thanks I would like to thank all the students and teachers who have used the material which makes up this book. In particular I would like to express my thanks to my colleagues at the Swan School of English, Oxford, for their interest and encouragement.To the teacher English Grammar in Uses intended mainly as a self-study book, although teachers may also find it useful as additional course material which can be used flexibly either with the whole class or individual students. When using the book with the whole class, itis suggested that the teacher teaches the grammar points concerned in whatever way he/she wants. In this case the left-hand page is not used actively during the lesson but serves as a record of what has been taught and can be referred to afterwards by the student. The exercises can then be done in class or as homework. Alternatively (and additionally), individual students can be directed to certain units of the book if they have particular difficulties not shared by other members of the group. A ‘classroom edition’ of English Grammar in Use is also available. It contains no key and some teachers might therefore prefer it for use with their students. Thanks I would like to thank all the students and teachers who have used the material which makes up this book. In particular would like to express my thanks to my colleagues at the Swan School of English, Oxford, for their interest and encouragement. viiiUNIT 1 Present continuous (Lam doing) a) Study this example situation: Ann is in her car. She is on her way to work. She is driving to work. ‘This means: she is driving now, at the time of speaking. This is the present continuous tense 1 am(=1m) he/she/{it) is (= he’s etc.) } driving we/they/you are (= we're ete.) We use the present continuous when we talk about something which is happening at the time of speaking: ‘ Please don’t make so much noise. I’m studying, (srof “I study”) — ‘Where is Margaret?” ‘She’s having a bath.’ (not ‘she has’) — Let’s go out now. It isn’t raining any more. ~ (at a party) Hello, Ann. Are you enjoying the party? (not ‘do you enjoy’) b) We also use the present continuous when we talk about something which is happening around the time of speaking, but not necessarily exactly at the time of speaking. Study this example situation: — Tom and Ann are talking and drinking in a café. Tom says: ‘I’m reading an interesting book at the moment. Pll lend it to you when ve finished it.” Tom is not reading the book at the time of speaking. He means that he has begun the book and hasn’t finished it yet. He is in the middle of reading it. Here are some more examples ~ Silvia is learning English at the moment. (jot “learns’) — Have you heard about Tom? He is building his own house. (not ‘builds’) But perhaps Silvia and Tom are not doing these things exactly at the time of speaking, ¢) We often use the present continuous when we talk about a period around the present. For example: today, this season etc.: — ‘You're working hard today.” ‘Yes, [have a lot to do.” — Tom isn’t playing football this season, He wants to concentrate on his studies, d) We use the present continuous when we talk about changing situations: — The population of the world is rising very fast. (s10f “rises’) — Is your English getting better? (ror ‘does ... get’)UNIT 1 Exercises 1L In this exercise you have to put the verb into the correct form, Examples: Please don’t make so much noise. [ .....4n Shudying..... (study) Let's go out now, It... ing...... (novrain) any more. Listen to those people. What language are. they speaking, (they/speak) ? 1 Please be quiet. 1 oo (try) to concentrate. 2 Look! It. (snow). 3. Why cmunsinsusnsnsnsnees (YOWLOOK) at me like that? Have I said something wrong? 4 You... (make) a lot of noise. Can you be a bit quieter? 5. Excuse me, (look) for a phone box. Is there one near here? 6 (in the cinema) It’s a good film, isn’t it? ... sunsonncnee (YOUED|OY) it? 7 Listen! Can you hear those people next door? They... cronsitansenen (SHOU) at each other again. 8 WhY .onsinmnnnininnnsinns (YOUWeAr) your coat today? It’s very warm. 9A -onsisnsunes (ROUWOTK) this week. I'm on holiday. 10 L want to lose weight. I . (not/eat) anything today. 12 Complete these sentences using one of these verbs: get become change rise improve fall __ increase You don’t have to use all the verbs and you can use some of them more than once. Example: The population of the World suubSESWAQa aon Very Fast. The number of people without jobs at the moment. 1 2 Heis still ill but he sonmen better slowly. 3 These days £000 ..nnnsnennnnnuenmnaes more and more expensive. 4 The world .. : vu» Things never stay the same. 5 The cost of living .... csuun » Every year things are dearer. 6 George has gone to work in Spain, When he arrived, his Spanish wasn’t very good but BG a yer rorsded 7 The economic situation is already very bad and it sso..mmnsnnnmnsnnse WOFSE. 13 Read this conversation between Brian and Steve, Put each verb into the correct form. The first one has already been done for you. Brian and Steve meet in a restaurant: Brian: Hello, Steve. I haven’t seen you for ages. What (1) .... AK. You. doing... (you/do) these days? Steve: I (2) .. (train) to be a shop manager. Brian: Really? (3) .. (you/enjoy) it? Steve: Yes, it’s quite interesting. How about you? Brian: Well, 1 (4) sss ... (not/work) at the moment, but I'm very busy. 1 (5) sscunsiminmavinnninane (DUiA) a house. Steve! Really? (6) su... (yow/do) it alone? Brian: No, some friends of mine (7 (help) me.UNIT 2 Present simple (1 do) a) Study this example situation: Alex is a bus driver. But now he is asleep in bed. So: He is not driving a bus (he is asleep). But: He drives a bus. This is the present simple tense: Iwelyou/they drive he/she/(it) drives We use the present simple to talk about things in general. We are not thinking only about the present. We use it to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something is true in general. It is not important whether the action is happening at the time of speaking: ~ The earth goes round the sun. — Nurses look after patients in hospitals, ~ In Britain most of the shops elose at 5.30 p.m. Remember that we say he/she/it —s. Don’t forget the s: — I work in a bank. Barry works in a shop. b) We use do/does to make questions and negative sentences: do Vwelyou/they \ mete Uiielyoulthey dowt does hefshe/it jae hel/she/it doesn’t — Excuse me, do you speak English? — ‘Would you like a cigarette?” ‘No, thanks. | don’t smoke.’ — What does this word mean? (not ‘What means this word?’) — Rice doesn’t grow in Britain. For questions see also Unit 49. c) We use the present simple when we say how often we do things: = I get up at 8 o'clock every morning, (stot ‘am getting’) — How often do you go to the dentist? = Ann doesn’t often drink tea. — In summer Tom usually plays tennis twice a week. d) Note that we say ‘Where do you come from?’(= Where are you from?): — Where do you come from? (not ‘Where are you coming from?) — He comes from Japan. (not ‘He is coming from Japan.’) e) When you make a suggestion, you can say Why don’t you .. = ‘I'm tired.’ ‘Why don’t you go to bed early?”UNIT 2 Exercises at In this exercise you have to put the verb into the correct form. Examples: Water... BOWS... (boil) at 100 degrees centigrade. George doesn't. ga......... (not/go) to the cinema very often. How many languages Hol. speak... (you/speak)? The swimming bath at 18.30 every day. . (open) at 9.00 and (close) 2 What time sow (the banks / close) in Britain? 3 Ihave a car but I... .. (not/use) it very often, 4 How many cigarettes wow (yowsmoke) a day? 5 ‘What .. : (you/do)?’ ‘I'm an electrical engineer.’ 6 ‘Where . (your father / come) from?” ‘He .. (come) from Scotland.” 7 Ifyou need money, why .. (you/not/get) a job? 8 (play) the piano, but | . (nowplay) very well. 9 [don’t understand the word ‘deceive’. What . (‘deceive’ / mean)? 2.2 This time you have to read some sentences and correct them. The English is correct but the information is wrong. Write two correct sentences each time. Example: The sun goes round the earth. doesn'e, id. tne. earth. The.earkn goes. round. the. sun. 1 The sun rises in the west. 2 Mice catch cats. 3 Carpenters make things from metal. 2.3 Now you have to use these sentences to make questions. Begin your question with the word(s) in brackets. Examples: Tom plays tennis. (How often?) I get up in the morning. (What time / usually?) ‘Ann watches television. (How often?) How often I write to my parents. (How often?) _ .... Ihave dinner in the evening? (What time / usually?) Tom works. (Where?) Igo to the cinema. (How often?) People do stupid things. (Why?) _.. The car breaks down. (How often?) NQO RENE