Coefficients Linear in Two Variables

Given by this form:

(𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

Steps:
a. Find the point of intersection (ℎ, 𝑘) using elimination
 If there is no point of intersection, it means 𝑎1 = 𝑎2 and 𝑏1 = 𝑏2 ,
then use the process of SUBSTITUTION SUGGESTED BY THE
EQUATION
b. Let 𝑥 = 𝑢 + ℎ and 𝑦 = 𝑣 + 𝑘, and take its derivative.
c. Substitute to the DE
d. Use the process of HOMOGENEOUS DE

Ex1. Solve the DE (𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 5)𝑑𝑦 = 0

a. Find the point of intersection (ℎ, 𝑘) using elimination

𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4 = 0 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 5 = 0
𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 4 ① 𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 5 ②

Using elimination: 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 4 ① Substitute the value of y in Eq. ①

𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 5 ② 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 4 ①
𝑥 + 3(1) = 4
−𝑦 = −1
𝒚=𝟏 𝑥+3 = 4
𝒙=𝟏

Point of Intersection: (ℎ, 𝑘) = (1, 1)

b. Let 𝑥 = 𝑢 + ℎ and 𝑦 = 𝑣 + 𝑘, and take its derivative.

𝒙=𝒖+𝟏 𝒚= 𝒗+𝟏

𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑣

c. Substitute to the DE
(𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 5)𝑑𝑦 = 0
[𝑢 + 1 + 3(𝑣 + 1) − 4]𝑑𝑢 + [𝑢 + 1 + 4(𝑣 + 1) − 5]𝑑𝑣 = 0 Replace 𝑥 and 𝑦 and its derivatives.
(𝑢 + 1 + 3𝑣 + 3 − 4)𝑑𝑢 + (𝑢 + 1 + 4𝑣 + 4 − 5)𝑑𝑣 = 0 simplify

(𝑢 + 3𝑣)𝑑𝑢 + (𝑢 + 4𝑣)𝑑𝑣 = 0
d. Use the process of HOMOGENEOUS DE

(𝑢 + 3𝑣)𝑑𝑢 + (𝑢 + 4𝑣)𝑑𝑣 = 0

𝑢 = 𝑣𝑤 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑣𝑑𝑤 + 𝑤𝑑𝑣

(𝑣𝑤 + 3𝑣)(𝑣𝑑𝑤 + 𝑤𝑑𝑣) + (𝑣𝑤 + 4𝑣)𝑑𝑣 = 0 Replace u and du

𝑣(𝑤 + 3)(𝑣𝑑𝑤 + 𝑤𝑑𝑣) + 𝑣(𝑤 + 4)𝑑𝑣 = 0 Use common factoring
1 1
[(𝑤 + 3)(𝑣𝑑𝑤 + 𝑤𝑑𝑣 ) + (𝑤 + 4)𝑑𝑣 = 0] ( ) Multiply both sides by 𝑣
𝑣

(𝑤 + 3)(𝑣𝑑𝑤 + 𝑤𝑑𝑣) + (𝑤 + 4)𝑑𝑣 = 0

(𝑤 + 3)𝑣𝑑𝑤 + (𝑤 + 3)𝑤𝑑𝑣 + (𝑤 + 4)𝑑𝑣 = 0 Distribute
(𝑤 + 3)𝑣𝑑𝑤 + (𝑤2 + 3𝑤)𝑑𝑣 + (𝑤 + 4)𝑑𝑣 = 0 Distribute
(𝑤 + 3)𝑣𝑑𝑤 + (𝑤2 + 3𝑤 + 𝑤 + 4)𝑑𝑣 = 0 Combine like terms
(𝑤 + 3)𝑣𝑑𝑤 + (𝑤2 + 4𝑤 + 4)𝑑𝑣 = 0 Simplify
1
[(𝑤 + 3)𝑣𝑑𝑤 + (𝑤 2 + 4𝑤 + 4)𝑑𝑣 = 0] ( 2 ) To arrange the variables in their respective
𝑣(𝑤 +4𝑤+4)
derivatives, multiply equation by
1
(𝑣(𝑤2+4𝑤+4))
𝑤+3 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑤 + =0
𝑤2 + 4𝑤 + 4 𝑣
𝑤+3 𝑑𝑣
(𝑤+2)2
𝑑𝑤 + =0 Simplify
𝑣
Using Partial Fraction Decomposition

𝑤+3 𝐴 𝐵
[ = + ] (𝑤 + 2)2
(𝑤 + 2)2 (𝑤 + 2)2 𝑤 + 2

𝑤 + 3 = 𝐴 + 𝐵(𝑤 + 2)

𝑤 + 3 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑤 + 2𝐵

Coef of w:𝑩 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝑤 + 3 = 𝐴 + 𝑤 + 2 ⇒ 3 = 𝐴 + 2 ⇒ 𝑨=𝟏

1 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑣
∫ 2
𝑑𝑤 + ∫ + =0
(𝑤 + 2) 𝑤+2 𝑣

𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑣
∫(𝑤 + 2)−2 𝑑𝑤 + ∫ 𝑤+2 + 𝑣
=0 Rearrange
(𝑤+2)−1
+ ln|𝑤 + 2| + ln 𝑣 + ln 𝑐 = 0 Integrate
−1
(𝑤+2)−1
[ + ln 𝑐𝑣|𝑤 + 2| = 0] (𝑤 + 2) To get rid of the binomial with
−1
negative power, multiply equation
with (𝑤 + 2) and use the logarithmic
property: ln 𝑀𝑁 = ln 𝑀 + ln 𝑁
−1 + (𝑤 + 2)ln 𝑐𝑣|𝑤 + 2| = 0
(𝑤 + 2)ln 𝑐𝑣|𝑤 + 2| = 1 Rearrange
𝑢 𝑢 𝑢
(𝑣 + 2) ln 𝑐𝑣 |𝑣 + 2| = 1 Replace 𝑤 = 𝑣 from 𝑢 = 𝑣𝑤
𝑢+2𝑣 𝑢+2𝑣 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑±𝑏𝑐
( ) ln 𝑐𝑣 | |=1 Use arithmetic operation: 𝑏 ± 𝑑 =
𝑣 𝑣 𝑏𝑑
𝑢+2𝑣
( ) ln 𝑐|𝑢 + 2𝑣 | = 1 Simplify
𝑣
 𝑢+2𝑣
[( ) ln 𝑐 |𝑢 + 2𝑣 | = 1] 𝑣 Multiply both sides with u, to get rid of the
𝑣
denominator
(𝑢 + 2𝑣 )ln 𝑐|𝑢 + 2𝑣 | = 𝑣
[𝑥 − 1 + 2(𝑦 − 1)]ln 𝑐 |𝑥 − 1 + 2(𝑦 − 1)| = 𝑦 − 1 Replace 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1 from 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 1
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 1 from 𝑦 = 𝑣 + 1
[𝑥 − 1 + 2𝑦 − 2]ln 𝑐 |𝑥 − 1 + 2𝑦 − 2)| = 𝑦 − 1 Distribute

(𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3)ln 𝑐 |𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3| = 𝑦 − 1

Ex2. Solve the DE (2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 0

a. Find the point of intersection (ℎ, 𝑘) using elimination

- Since 𝑎1 = 𝑎2 and 𝑏1 = 𝑏2 , then use the process of SUBSTITUTION SUGGESTED BY THE EQUATION

(2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 0

LET 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦
𝑑𝑢−2𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 𝑑𝑢 − 2𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑑𝑦 ⇒ = 𝑑𝑦
3

𝑑𝑢−2𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢−2𝑑𝑥
(𝑢 − 1)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑢 + 2) ( )=0 Replace 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑦 =
3 3
𝑑𝑢−2𝑑𝑥
[(𝑢 − 1)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑢 + 2) (
3
) = 0] (3) To get rid of the denominator, multiply both
sides by 3
3(𝑢 − 1)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑢 + 2)(𝑑𝑢 − 2𝑑𝑥) = 0
(3𝑢 − 3)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑢 + 2)𝑑𝑢 + (−2𝑢 − 4)𝑑𝑥 = 0 Distribute
(3𝑢 − 3 − 2𝑢 − 4)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑢 + 2)𝑑𝑢 = 0 Combine like terms
(𝑢 − 7)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑢 + 2)𝑑𝑢 = 0 Simplify

b. Use the process of Variable Separable DE

(𝑢 − 7)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑢 + 2)𝑑𝑢 = 0

1
[(𝑢 − 7)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑢 + 2)𝑑𝑢 = 0] ( ) To arrange the variables in their respective
𝑢−7
1
derivatives, multiply equation by (𝑢−7)

𝑢+2
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑢 = 0 To simplify, use long division
𝑢−7
1
𝑢−7 𝑢+2
−𝑢 + 7
9
9
𝑑𝑥 + (1 + ) 𝑑𝑢 = 0 Distribute
𝑢−7
9
∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑢−7 𝑑𝑢
=0 Integrate
| |
𝑥 + 𝑢 + 9 ln 𝑢 − 7 = 𝑐 Replace 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦
𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 9 ln|2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 7| = 𝑐 Simplify
3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 9 ln|2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 7| = 𝑐
1
[3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 9 ln|2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 7| = 𝑐] ( ) Simplify
3

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3 ln|2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 7| = 𝑐
Ex3. Solve the DE (𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 4)𝑑𝑥 − (2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5)𝑑𝑦 = 0

a. Find the point of intersection (ℎ, 𝑘) using elimination

𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 4 = 0 −2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5 = 0
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4 ① −2𝑥 − 𝑦 = −5 ②

Using elimination: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4 ① 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 8
2(𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4)
−2𝑥 − 𝑦 = −5 ② −2𝑥 − 𝑦 = −5 −2𝑥 − 𝑦 = −5
3𝑦 = 3
𝒚=𝟏

Substitute the value of y in Eq. ① 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4 ①

𝑥 + 2(1) = 4

𝑥+2 = 4
𝒙=𝟐

Point of Intersection: (ℎ, 𝑘) = (2, 1)

b. Let 𝑥 = 𝑢 + ℎ and 𝑦 = 𝑣 + 𝑘, and take its derivative.

𝒙=𝒖+𝟐 𝒚= 𝒗+𝟏

𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑣

c. Substitute to the DE
(𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 4)𝑑𝑥 − (2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5)𝑑𝑦 = 0
[𝑢 + 2 + 2(𝑣 + 1) − 4]𝑑𝑢 − [2(𝑢 + 2) + 𝑣 + 1 − 5]𝑑𝑣 = 0 Replace 𝑥 and 𝑦 and its derivatives.
(𝑢 + 2 + 2𝑣 + 2 − 4)𝑑𝑢 − (2𝑢 + 4 + 𝑣 + 1 − 5)𝑑𝑣 = 0 simplify

(𝑢 + 2𝑣)𝑑𝑢 − (2𝑢 + 𝑣)𝑑𝑣 = 0

d. Use the process of HOMOGENEOUS DE

(𝑢 + 2𝑣 )𝑑𝑢 − (2𝑢 + 𝑣 )𝑑𝑣 = 0

𝑢 = 𝑣𝑤 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑣𝑑𝑤 + 𝑤𝑑𝑣

(𝑣𝑤 + 2𝑣)(𝑣𝑑𝑤 + 𝑤𝑑𝑣) − (2𝑣𝑤 + 𝑣)𝑑𝑣 = 0 Replace u and du

𝑣(𝑤 + 2)(𝑣𝑑𝑤 + 𝑤𝑑𝑣) − 𝑣(2𝑤 + 1)𝑑𝑣 = 0 Use common factoring
1 1
[(𝑤 + 2)(𝑣𝑑𝑤 + 𝑤𝑑𝑣 ) − (2𝑤 + 1)𝑑𝑣 = 0] ( ) Multiply both sides by 𝑣
𝑣

(𝑤 + 2)(𝑣𝑑𝑤 + 𝑤𝑑𝑣) − (2𝑤 + 1)𝑑𝑣 = 0

(𝑤 + 2)𝑣𝑑𝑤 + (𝑤 + 2)𝑤𝑑𝑣 − (2𝑤 + 1)𝑑𝑣 = 0 Distribute
(𝑤 + 2)𝑣𝑑𝑤 + (𝑤2 + 2𝑤)𝑑𝑣 − (2𝑤 + 1)𝑑𝑣 = 0 Distribute
(𝑤 + 2)𝑣𝑑𝑤 + (𝑤2 + 2𝑤 − 2𝑤 − 1)𝑑𝑣 = 0 Combine like terms
(𝑤 + 2)𝑣𝑑𝑤 + (𝑤2 − 1)𝑑𝑣 = 0 Simplify
1
[(𝑤 + 2)𝑣𝑑𝑤 + (𝑤 2 − 1)𝑑𝑣 = 0] ( 2 ) To arrange the variables in their respective
𝑣(𝑤 −1)
derivatives, multiply equation by
1
(𝑣(𝑤2−1))
𝑤+2 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑤 + =0
𝑤2 − 1 𝑣
𝑤+2 𝑑𝑣
(𝑤+1)(𝑤−1)
𝑑𝑤 + =0 Simplify
𝑣
Using Partial Fraction Decomposition

𝑤+2 𝐴 𝐵
[ = + ] (𝑤 + 1)(𝑤 − 1)
(𝑤 + 1)(𝑤 − 1) (𝑤 + 1) (𝑤 − 1)

𝑤 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑤 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑤 + 1)

𝐼𝑓 𝑤 = 1: 1 + 2 = 𝐵(1 + 1) ⇒ 3 = 2𝐵 ⇒ 𝑩 = 𝟑/𝟐

𝐼𝑓 𝑤 = −1: −1 + 2 = 𝐴(−1 − 1) ⇒ 1 = −2𝐴 ⇒ 𝑨 = −𝟏/𝟐

1 𝑑𝑤 3 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑣
− ∫ + ∫ + =0 Integrate
2 𝑤+1 2 𝑤−1 𝑣
1 3
− 2 ln|𝑤 + 1| + 2 ln|𝑤 − 1| + ln 𝑣 = ln 𝑐
1 3
[− ln|𝑤 + 1| + ln|𝑤 − 1| + ln 𝑣 = ln 𝑐] (2) Multiply both sides by 2 to get rid of
2 2
Coef of w:𝑩 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝑤 + 3 = 𝐴 + 𝑤 + 2denominator
⇒ 3=𝐴+2 ⇒ 𝑨=𝟏
− ln|𝑤 + 1| + 3 ln|𝑤 − 1| + 2 ln 𝑣 = ln 𝑐
− ln|𝑤 + 1| + ln|𝑤 − 1|3 + ln 𝑣 2 = ln 𝑐 use the logarithmic property: 𝑛 ln 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 𝑛
𝑣 2 (𝑤−1)3
ln 𝑤+1
= ln 𝑐 use the logarithmic
property: ln 𝑀𝑁 = ln 𝑀 + ln 𝑁
𝑀
ln 𝑁 = ln 𝑀 − ln 𝑁
𝑣2 (𝑤−1)3
ln
𝑒 𝑤+1 = 𝑒 ln 𝑐 To get of log functions, use its reciprocal
function
𝑣 2 (𝑤 − 1)3
=𝑐
𝑤+1
𝑣 2 (𝑤 − 1)3 = 𝑐 (𝑤 + 1) Cross-multiply
𝑢 3 𝑢 𝑢
𝑣 2 (𝑣 − 1) = 𝑐 (𝑣 + 1) Replace 𝑤 = from 𝑢 = 𝑣𝑤
𝑣
3
2 𝑢−𝑣 𝑢+𝑣 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑±𝑏𝑐
𝑣 ( ) = 𝑐( ) Use arithmetic operation: 𝑏 ± 𝑑 =
𝑣 𝑣 𝑏𝑑
𝑣 2 (𝑢−𝑣)3 𝑢+𝑣
= 𝑐( ) Distribute power
𝑣3 𝑣
𝑣 2 (𝑢−𝑣)3 𝑢+𝑣
[ = 𝑐 ( 𝑣 )] 𝑣 To get rid of denominator, multiply by v
𝑣3
(𝑢 − 𝑣 )3 = 𝑐 (𝑢 + 𝑣 )
3
(𝑥 − 2 − (𝑦 − 1)) = 𝑐 (𝑥 − 2 + 𝑦 − 1) Replace 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 2 from 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 2
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 1 from 𝑦 = 𝑣 + 1
(𝑥 − 2 − 𝑦 + 1)3 = 𝑐 (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3) Simplify
(𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1)3 = 𝑐(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3)