Republic of the Philippines

University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

Claro M Recto Avenue, Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City
Tel.Nos (088) 856-1738/856-1739 Telefax (088) 856-4696
College of Engineering and Architecture
Midyear Term
S.Y. 2021 2022

Construction Materials and Testing

LABORATORY MANUAL
A Laboratory Report Presented to
The Faculty of Civil Engineering Department
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines (USTP)
Cagayan De Oro City

SUBMITTED BY:
Agum, Jannaine Mae
Cabrido, Florence Ronn
Lapoy, Danie Ann
Lim, Khurt Christine
Llanes, Erwin
Mesa, Airmeg
Pagtalunan, Rommel
Ventura, Jhoniel

GROUP 4_2F
August 2022
 Table of Contents

Title Page
Standard Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to
Testing Size and Standard Practice for Sampling Aggregates ………………1-10

Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test

Specimens in The Laboratory ……………………………………………………11-24

Determination of Compressive Strength of Cylindrical

Concrete Specimens ………………………………………………………………N/A

Determination of Flexural Strength of Concrete ………………………………25-31

Determination of Compressive Strength Test of Concrete

Masonry Units …………………………………………………………………….32-39

Testing of Reinforcing Steel Bars ………………………………………………40-47

_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

Republic of the Philippines

University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines
Claro M Recto Avenue, Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City
Tel.Nos (088) 856-1738/856-1739 Telefax (088) 856-4696

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering - 2F C6

AY 2021-2022 Midyear Class

CE312 - CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING

LABORATORY TEST NO. 1

STANDARD PRACTICE FOR REDUCING SAMPLES OF AGGREGATE TO
TESTING SIZE AND STANDARD PRACTICE FOR SAMPLING
AGGREGATES

PREPARED BY:

Agum, Jannaine Mae

Cabrido, Florence Ronn

Lapoy, Danie Ann

Lim, Khurt Christine

Llanes, Erwin

Mesa, Airmeg

Pagtalunan, Rommel

Ventura, Jhoniel

JULY 2022

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles Page |1

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

LABORATORY TEST NO. 1

STANDARD PRACTICE FOR REDUCING SAMPLES OF
AGGREGATE TO TESTING SIZE AND STANDARD PRACTICE FOR
SAMPLING AGGREGATES

Introduction
These methods cover the reduction of field samples to the
appropriate size for testing employing techniques that are intended to
minimize variations in measured characteristics between the test samples
so selected and the field sample.

Standard Reference:
ASTM C702 / C702M: Standard Practice for Reducing Samples of
Aggregate to
Testing Size
ASTM D75 / D75M: Standard Practice for Sampling Aggregates

METHOD A: QUARTERING
Apparatus:
1. Shovel
2. Scoop
3. Hand Gloves

A. Quartering on a Hard, Clean, Level Surface

Procedure:
1. Obtain a sample of aggregate from three places in the stockpile: from
the topthird, at the midpoint, and from the bottom third of the volume
of the pile.
2. Place the field sample on a hard clean, level surface where there
will beneither loss of material nor the accidental addition of foreign
material.
3. Mix the material thoroughly by turning the entire sample three times.
________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles Page |2

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

4. Shovel the entire sample into a conical pile.

5. Carefully flatten the conical to a uniform thickness and diameter by
pressing down the apex with a shovel. (The diameter should be
approximately four to eight times the thickness).
6. Divide the flattened mass into four equal quarters with a shovel.
7. Remove two diagonally opposite quarters. Brush the cleared spaces
clean.
8. Mix and quarter the remaining materials until the sample is reduced
to the desired size.

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles Page |3

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

METHOD B: MECHANICAL SPLITTER

Apparatus:

1. Mechanical Splitter
B. Mechanical Splitter
1. Place the original sample, or portion thereof, in the hopper or pan and
uniformly distribute it from edge to edge being sure the sample
appearshomogenous (well-blended).
2. Carefully introduce the sample into the chutes in a manner to allow
theaggregate to flow freely through the openings and into the catch
pans.
3. Continue this procedure until the entire sample has been halved,
being carefulthat catch pans do not overflow.
4. Remove the catch pans and set aside. Continue splitting one half of
thematerial.
5. Follow this procedure, being sure to split entire increments, until the
desiredtest sample size is obtained.
6. Retain the unused material until all desired tests are performed in
case aretest is needed.

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles Page |4

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

Standard Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size

and Standard Practice for Sampling Aggregates

Soil Sample Number: 01

Classified by: Agum, Jannaine; Cabrido, Florence Ronn; Lapoy, Danie Ann;
Lim, Khurt Christine; Llanes, Erwin; Mesa, Airmeg; Pagtalunan, Rommel;
Ventura, Jhoniel
Date: July 20, 2022

METHOD A: QUARTERING
1. Provide photo/s in every step:

Figure 1. Mix the soil and form a cone (make sure to remove unnecessary
objects)

Figure 2. Flattening the Cone

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Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles Page |5

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

Figure 3. Quarter after flattening the cone

Figure 4. Retain opposite quarters and reject the other two quarters

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles Page |6

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

Observations
It was observed that obtaining a specified number of aggregate samples
from the stockpile (top-third, midpoint, and bottom third) have a huge
contribution towards getting the representative sample into the
convenient size. Regardless of whether a physical or chemical test is to
be conducted, it is imperative that the samples selected for
measurement should be representative of the bulk in particle size
distribution and the relative fractions of their various constituents. This is
because these characteristics are frequently inter-dependent.
During the quartering, it was observed that the soil was moist and intact
as it was mixed and flattened.
When the soil was divided into quarters,it shows that the amount of rejected
soil is much less than the opposite quarter or the retained soil.
Retaining and rejecting the soil plays an important role as it ensures that
the soil is that of best quality to be examined.
The main problem concerning quartering on a hard, clean, surface, is
always making sure that no other foreign materials will be added to the
aggregates else the experiment will no longer serves its purpose.
The experiment was easy to carry out and the steps can easily be
followed. Furthermore, it has certain advantages like cleanness and
inexpensiveness for it does not require any laboratory apparatus.

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles Page |7

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

METHOD B: MECHANICAL SPLITTER

1. Provide photo/s in every step:

Figure 1. Put the coarse aggregate into the mechanical splitter then spread
evenly

Figure 2. Pull the lever

Figure 3. Make sure that all aggregates fall at the bottom of the mechanical
splitter

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles Page |8

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

Figure 4. Identify which hopper has a lesser quantity of coarse aggregate,

thus it will be rejected and retain the other.

Observations:
Using mechanical splitter was relatively easy as the equipment was
easy to understand in terms of its application.
Because some samplers have a size limitation, large particle sizes limit
the equipment that can be used. It can also cause equipment blockage.
Upon making the concrete prism, it is highly recommended to use ¾
size of coarse aggregate.

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles Page |9

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

Overall Observation:
Because there is a degree of human bias present, data acquired during
coning and quartering should be less exact than data gathered via Mechanical
Splitter. These biases resulted from dividing the flattened cone into four
divisions, shoveling, and sorting the aggregates, as there are standards that
can be assigned to either type of aggregates at the discretion of a member.

To sum up, manual sample procedures, such as coning and quartering, may
be the first choice when dealing with small bulk sizes, such as those employed
in laboratories, or when no machine is available. In large-scale sampling,
however, manual approaches can be slow, tedious, and expensive due to
operating labor, and major errors can occur due to human bias. Mechanical
sampling eliminates these issues: it is more reliable because little to no human
intervention is required, reducing accidental and intentional errors due to
human bias; sampling time is reduced; and sampling results are more
repeatable or precise because the system runs the same way for each trial.

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 10

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

Republic of the Philippines

University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines
Claro M Recto Avenue, Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City
Tel.Nos (088) 856-1738/856-1739 Telefax (088) 856-4696

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering - 2F C6

AY 2021-2022 Midyear Class

CE312 - CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING

LABORATORY TEST NO. 2

STANDARD PRACTICE FOR MAKING AND CURING CONCRETE TEST
SPECIMENS IN THE LABORATORY

PREPARED BY:

Agum, Jannaine Mae

Cabrido, Florence Ronn

Lapoy, Danie Ann

Lim, Khurt Christine

Llanes, Erwin

Mesa, Airmeg

Pagtalunan, Rommel

Ventura, Jhoniel

JULY 2022

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 11

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

LABORATORY TEST NO.2

STANDARD PRACTICE FOR MAKING AND CURING CONCRETE TEST

SPECIMENS IN THE LABORATORY

Scope:
This method provides standard requirements for making, curing,
protecting, and transporting concrete test specimens under field conditions.

Standard Reference:
ASTM C192: Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test
Specimens in the Laboratory

Procedure for Mixing concrete:

General:
1. Mix concrete in a suitable mixer or by hand in batches of such size as to
leave about 10% excess after molding the test specimens.
2. Hand mixing procedures are not applicable to air-entrained concrete with
no measurable slump.
3. It is important not to vary the mixing sequence and procedure from batch
to batch unless the effect of such variation is under study.

Hand Mixing:
1. In a watertight, clean, damp metal pan, mix the cement, insoluble
admixture if used and the fine aggregate without addition of water until
they are thoroughly blended.
2. Add the coarse aggregate and mix the entire batch without addition of
water until the coarse aggregate is uniformly distributed throughout the
batch.

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 12

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

3. Add water, and the admixture solution if used, and mix the mass until the
concrete is homogeneous in appearance and of the desired consistency.

Making Specimens:
1. Place of Molding:
i. Mold specimens as near as practicable to the place where they
are to be stored during the first 24 hours.
ii. Place molds on a rigid surface free from vibration and other
disturbances.
iii. If it is not practicable to mold the specimens where they will be
stored, move them to the place of storage immediately after being
struck off.
2. Placing:
i. Place the concrete in the molds using a scoop, blunted trowel or
shovel. Put a concrete using scoop in the molding the specimen
from the mixing pan to ensure that it is representative of the batch.
ii. It may be necessary to remix the concrete in the mixing pan with
a shovel to prevent segregation during the molding of specimens.
iii. Move the scoop or trowel around the top edge of the mold as the
concrete is discharge in order to ensure symmetrical distribution
of the concrete and for minimize segregation of coarse aggregate
within the mold.
iv. Further distribute the concrete by use of a tamping rod prior to the
start of consolidation.
3. Number of layers:
Make specimens, in layer as indicated by the test for which they are
prepared or as ASTM C192-table-1.

4. Methods of consolidation:
Preparation of satisfactory specimens requires different methods of
consolidation. The methods of consolidation are:
i. Rodding
________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 13

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

ii. Internal vibration

iii. External vibration

i. Rodding
Place the concrete in the mold in the required number of layers of
approximately equal volume. Rod each layer with the rounded end of the
rod using the number of strokes and size of rod specified in table (2)
ASTM C192-88.
Rod the bottom layer throughout its depth. Distribute the strokes
uniformly over the cross-section of the mold and for each upper layer
allow the rod to penetrate about 12mm into the underlying layer when
the depth of the layer is less than 100mm and about 25 mm when the
depth is 100mm or more.
After each layer is rodded, tap the outside of the mold lightly 10-15 times
with the mallet to close any holes left by rodding.
ii. Vibration
The duration of vibration required will depend upon the workability of the
concrete and the effectiveness of the vibrator. Continue vibration only
long enough to achieve proper consolidation of the concrete. Fill the
molds and vibrate in the required number of approximately equal layers.
Place all the concrete for each layer in the mold before starting vibration
of that layer. Add the final layer, so as to avoid over filling by more than
6mm. then finish the surface.
5. Finishing
After consolidation, strike off the surface of the concrete and float or
trowel it with a wood or magnesium float.
6. Curing
i. Covering after finishing. To prevent evaporation of water from the
unhardened concrete cover the specimens immediately after
finishing, preferably with a non-absorptive, non-reactive plate.
ii. Removal from molds. Remove the specimens from the molds
after 24 ± 4 hours.
________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 14

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

iii. Curing Environment. Unless otherwise specified, all specimens

shall be moist cured at 23 ± 1.7 C from the time of molding until
the moment of test.

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 15

CE Instructor
 _______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in

the Laboratory Data Sheet

Soil Sample Number: 01

Classified by: Agum, Jannaine; Cabrido, Florence Ronn; Lapoy, Danie Ann;
Lim, Khurt Christine; Llanes, Erwin; Mesa, Airmeg; Pagtalunan, Rommel;
Ventura, Jhoniel
Date: July 20, 2022

1. Provide image during the testing:

Figure 1. Apply grease oil on the mold to make sure that demolding will be easy

Figure 2. Weigh each of the materials based on the required weight in making prism

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 16

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

Figure 3. Put the materials on its designated container

Figure 4. Prepare all the materials needed before starting the procedure

Figure 5. Combine all the fine and coarse aggregate together with the
cement

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 17

CE Instructor
 _______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

Figure 6. Add water in the mixture of aggregates and cement

Figure 7. Mix the aggregate-cement thoroughly to ensure that it is well

combined

Figure 8. Pour the mixture in the mold, then tamp it with rod 25 times and hammer
the edges 15 times

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 18

CE Instructor
 _______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

Figure 9. Demold the specimen after letting it rest for 24 hours.

Figure 10. The final result of concrete prism after carefully removed from the
molder.

Figure 11. Put the specimen in the storage box for curing.

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 19

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

2. Calculations and Results:

Design Mix
Step 1: Volume of the Mold
Length = 0.5m
Width = 0.15m
Height = 0.15m
No. of Mold =1
Volume = 0.01125m³
20% Wastage = 0.0025m³
TOTAL Volume = 0.0135m³

Step 2: Desired Slump based on Table 3.1:

Table 3.1: ACI recommended slumps for various types construction
Max. slump Min. slump
Types of Construction
(mm) (mm)
Reinforced foundation walls and footing 75 25
Plain footings, caissons, and substructure
75 25
walls
Beams and reinforced walls 100 25
Building columns 100 25
Pavements and slabs 75 25
Mass concrete 50 25

Slump Height: 75mm

Step 3: Maximum Size of Aggregates: 19mm

Step 4: Estimation of Mixing Water and Air Content based on Table 3.2:
Max. Agg. Vs Slump

Table 3.2: Approximate mixing water and air content requirements for different
slumps and maximum aggregates size

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 20

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

Mixing Water Quantity in kg/m3 (lb/yd3) for the listed Nominal

Maximum Aggregate Size
Slump
9.5mm 12.5mm 19mm 25mm 37.5mm 50mm 75mm 100mm
(0.375in) (0.5in) (0.75in) (1in) (1.5in) (2in) (3in) (4in)
Non-Air-Entrained

25 – 50 207 199 190 179 166 154 130 113

(1 - 2) (350) (335) (315) (300) (275) (260) (220) (190)
75 – 100 228 216 205 193 181 169 145 124
(3 - 4) (385) (365) (340) (325) (300) (285) (245) (210)
150 – 175 243 228 216 202 190 178 160
-
(6 – 7) (410) (385) (360) (340) (315) (300) (270)
Typical
entrapped 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0.3 0.2
air (%)
Mixing water (Max. Agg. Size vs slump height) (a) = 205 liters (kg/m³)
Volume of water (a/1000) in m3 = 0.205m³
Entrapped air in % = 2%
Volume of entrapped air (entrapped air /100) = 0.0041m³

Step 5: Selection of water-cement ratio (Based on Table 3.3)

Note 1: If the required strength is not listed on the table, interpolation is required

Table 3.3: Water – cement ratio and compressive strength strength relationship
28-day compressive Water-cement ratio by weight
strength in MPa (psi) Non air-entrained Air-entrained
41.4 (6000) 0.41 -
34.5 (5000) 0.48 0.40
27.6 (4000) 0.57 0.48
20.7 (3000) 0.68 0.59
13.8 (2000) 0.82 0.74

Required Strength: 20.70 MPa

Water-cement ratio = 0.59
________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 21

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

Step 6: Computation of cement content

Cement specific gravity = 3.15
Mass of cement = (Mixing water / water-cement ratio) = 347.4576271 kg/m³
Volume of cement = Mass of cement / (Specific gravity x 1000) = 0.110 m³

Step 7: Volume of Coarse Aggregates

Specific gravity of Coarse Aggregates = 2.6598
Fineness modulus of Fine Aggregates = 1.92
Rodded dry density of Coarse Aggregates, kg/m3 = 1369.60 kg/m³
Max agg. Size vs. Fineess modulus (Table 3.4) = 0.708
Mass of Coarse Aggregates, kg/m3 = (Rodded dry density of Coarse
Aggregates x Max. agg. Size vs. Fineess modulus = 969.6768 kg/m³
Volume of Coarse Aggregates, m3 = Mass of Coarse Aggregates / (Specific
gravity of Coarse Aggregates x 1000) = 0.365m³

Table 3.4: Volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume for different fine
aggregate fineness moduli
Nominal Maximum Aggregate Fine Aggregate Fineness Modulus
Size 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0
9.5 mm (0.375 inch) 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44
12.5 mm (0.5 inch) 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53
19 mm (0.75 inch) 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60
25 mm (1 inch) 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.65
37.5 mm (1.5 inches) 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.69
50 mm (2 inches) 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.72

Step 8: Volume of Fine Aggregates

Specific gravity of Fine Aggregates = 2.52
Volume of Fine Aggregates, m3= (1 – vol. of water – vol. coarse agg. – vol. of
cement – vol. entrapped air = 0.316m³
Mass of Fine Aggregates, kg/m3 = (Volume of Fine Aggregates x Specific
gravity of Fine Aggregates x 1000) = 796.39 kg/m³
________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 22

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

Step 8: Yield of Concrete, kg/m3 = Mass of Fine Aggregates + Mass of

Coarse Aggregates + Mass of Cement + Mixing Water = 2318.53 kg/m³
Step 9: Mix Proportion
Weight (kg)
Materials
1m3 0.0135
Cement 347.46 4.69
Water 205.00 2.77
FA 796.39 10.75
CA 969.68 13.09
w/c 0.59 0.59

3. Observations
In the construction industry, acceptance testing for specified concrete
strength has long been a requirement. Currently, this procedure involves
creating beams or cylinders on-site and transporting them to the lab for strength
testing. This laboratory immersed the students with the practical knowledge of
the specified standard requirements and specifications of the making and
curing of concrete in the laboratory before it will undergo for field testing. The
students were able to analyze and understand few important observations and
key takeaway for this laboratory and these are enumerated below.
After rigorous tests, the group observed that when a wet fine
aggregate is to be used, not a ¾ coarse aggregate, the result will
have small holes in every corner of the specimen.
The mixture must be mixed continuously so that it will remain with
its wet consistency. Not mixing it continuously may result in the
mixture to be hardened thus may affect the strength of the
concrete.
There should be enough grease oil in the molder because
inadequate amount will make it hard to separate the molder and
the specimen the very next day.
________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 23

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

The mold must be stored in an area free of vibration and other

external disturbances. If the mold is not properly set, it is possible
that it will not provide the desired outcome or that the fresh
specimen may spill on its mold.
The team discovered that consolidation releases trapped air from
freshly cast concrete and compacts aggregate particles, making
the concrete denser. This suggests that the concrete was of
uniform height and the large aggregates were not visible,
resulting in complete consolidation.
It should be taken into account the placement of the mixture as it
should be placed without strong rays of the sun so that the water
will not evaporate quickly.
The result of the curing of the concrete showed no sign of
irregularities and distortion. The moisture of the concrete was in
good state and it has an evenly flat surface.
In conclusion with these observations, it is highly recommended to use
a ¾ size coarse aggregate and make sure that before doing this activity, the
fine aggregates are dry so that the result will definitely have a smooth
appearance.

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 24

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

Republic of the Philippines

University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines
Claro M Recto Avenue, Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City
Tel.Nos (088) 856-1738/856-1739 Telefax (088) 856-4696

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering - 2F C6

AY 2021-2022 Midyear Class

CE312 - CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING

LABORATORY TEST NO. 4

DETERMINATION OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
(USING SIMPLE BEAM WITH THIRD POINT LOADING)

PREPARED BY:

Agum, Jannaine Mae

Cabrido, Florence Ronn

Lapoy, Danie Ann

Lim, Khurt Christine

Llanes, Erwin

Mesa, Airmeg

Pagtalunan, Rommel

Ventura, Jhoniel

AUGUST 2022
________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 25

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

LABORATORY TEST NO.4

DETERMINATION OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
(USING SIMPLE BEAM WITH THIRD POINT LOADING)

Apparatus
1. Flexural Beam Tester –Motorized pump or hand-operated testing machines
having sufficient volume in one continuous stroke to complete a test without
requiring replenishment and capable of applying loads at a uniform rate
without shock or interruption.

Test Specimen
1. The test specimen shall conform to the requirements of section Making and
Curing Concrete Compressive and Flexural Strength Test Specimens in the
Field and Quality of Water to be used in Concrete. The test specimen shall
have a test span within 2 percent of being three times its depth on tested.
The sides of the specimen shall be at right angles with the top and bottom.
All surfaces in contact with load applying and support blocks shall be smooth
and free of scars, indentations, holes or inscribed identifications.

Procedure
1. Turn the test specimen on its side with respect to its position as molded and
center on the bearing blocks. Center the loading system in relation to
applied force. Bring the load-applying blocks in contact with the surface of
the specimen at the third points between supports.

2. Use leather shims only when the specimen surfaces in contact with the
blocks or supports depart from a plane by not more than 0.015 in. (0.38
mm). Leather shims shall be of uniform ¼ in. (6.4 mm) thickness, 1 to 2 in.
(25 to 50 mm) in width, and shall extend across the full width of the
specimen. The load may be applied rapidly, up to approximately 50 percent
of the breaking load. Thereafter, apply the load continuously at a rate which
constantly increases the extreme fiber stress between 861 and 1207 kPa
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Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 26

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

(125 and 175 psi) per minute until rupture occurs. Record the maximum load
carried by the specimen.
3. Take three (3) measurements across each dimension (one at each edge
and at center) to the nearest 1.3 mm (0.05 in.) to determine the average
width, average depth and the line of fracture location of the specimen at the
section of failure.
Calculation
1. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface within the middle third of the
span length, calculate the modulus of rupture by the formula:
PL
R= ----------------
bd2
Where:
R= modulus of rupture, kPa, (or psi)
P= maximum applied load indicated by the testing machine, N, (or
lbF)
L= Span length, mm (or in.)
b= average width of specimen, mm. (or in.) and
d= average depth of specimen, mm (or in.)

2. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface outside of the middle third of the
span length by not more than 5 percent of the span length, calculate the
modulus of rupture by the formula:
3 Pa
R= ----------------
bd2
Where:
a= average distance between line of fracture and the nearest support
measured on the tension surface of the beam, mm. (or in.).

3. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface outside of cases 1 and 2, discard
the results of the test.
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Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 27

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

4. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface outside the middle third of the
span length by more than 5 percent of the span length, discard the results
of the test.

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 28

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

Determination of Flexural Strength of Concrete

Laboratory Data Sheet

Soil Sample Number: 01

Classified by: Agum, Jannaine; Cabrido, Florence Ronn; Lapoy, Danie Ann;
Lim, Khurt Christine; Llanes, Erwin; Mesa, Airmeg; Pagtalunan, Rommel;
Ventura, Jhoniel
Date: August 4, 2022

1. Provide image during the testing:

Figure 1. Measuring the dimensions (length, width, height) of the concrete

prism.

Figure 2. Placing the concrete prism in the UTM (Universal Testing Machine)
for testing.

Figure 3. Result after testing the concrete prism.

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Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 29

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

2. Calculations and Results:

Table 1: Properties of the concrete sample

Specimen Height Width Length Volume Maximum Flexural
No. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm3) Load Strength
1 150 155 530 12, 322, 9.000 N 0.20552
mm mm mm 500 mm3 KPa

MODULUS OF RUPTURE:

Formula: Given:
P = 9.000 N
3Pa
R = bd2 a = 265 mm
b = 155 mm
d = 150 mm

Solution:

3(9.000N)(265mm)
R = (155mm)(150mm)2

R = 0.00205 N/mm^2 or 2.05 kPa

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Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 30

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

3. Observations:

Figure 4. Load displacement of curve of a Concrete prism

The figure above shows that the fracture occurs in the tension surface
outside of the middle third is not more than 5 percent of the span length. As a
result, the computed modulus of rapture is equal to 2.05 kPa with a maximum
applied load of 9.000N as indicated by the Controller machine, having a
displacement of 3mm.

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 31

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

Republic of the Philippines

University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines
Claro M Recto Avenue, Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City
Tel.Nos (088) 856-1738/856-1739 Telefax (088) 856-4696

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering - 2F C6

AY 2021-2022 Midyear Class

CE312 - CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING

LABORATORY TEST NO. 5

DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST OF CONCRETE
MASONRY UNITS

PREPARED BY:

Agum, Jannaine Mae

Cabrido, Florence Ronn

Lapoy, Danie Ann

Lim, Khurt Christine

Llanes, Erwin

Mesa, Airmeg

Pagtalunan, Rommel

Ventura, Jhoniel

AUGUST 2022
________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 32

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

LABORATORY TEST NO.5

DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST OF CONCRETE
MASONRY UNITS

Significance
Compressive test is performed on concrete masonry units such as solid
load, hollow load, and non-loading bearing blocks in order to determine its strength
properties. The test is important for the evaluation of compressive strength as a
basis acceptance.

Apparatus
1. Compressive machine
2. Bearing blocks made hardened metal with at least 150 mm face diameter
3. Steel Plates with a thickness not less than 12.7 mm
4. Capping material (cement-gypsum or sulfur filler)
5. Steel tape measure

Test Specimens
1. Three full-size units shall be tested for compression strength taken from the
six units selected from lot of 10,000 units or fraction thereof.

PROCEDURE
1. Measure over-all dimension of each unit with a steel scale or tape.
2. Set the specimen on the lower bearing block and center it beneath the upper
bearing block. The position of the specimen shall be the same position as
in service. The upper bearing block shall be a spherically-seated, hardened
metal block firmly attached at the center of the sensitive platen of the testing
machine. If the bearing area is not sufficient to cover the area of the
specimen, a steel plate shall be placed between the spherical bearing block
and the capped specimen. A hardened metal bearing block shall be used
beneath the specimen to minimize wear of the lower patent.

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Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 33

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

3. Apply the load up to one half of the expected maximum load at any
convenient rate and adjust the controls of the machine as required to give a
uniform rate of travel of the moving head such that the remaining load is
applied in not less than one (1) or more than 2 min.

CALCULATION
1. Calculate the compressive strength by dividing the maximum load in
Newton’s (or pounds-force) by the gross cross-sectional area of the unit in
square millimeters. The Gross Cross Sectional area of the unit is the total
area of a section perpendicular to the direction of the load, including areas
within cells.
2. Report the results to the nearest 69 KPa (10 psi) separately for each unit
and as the average for the three units.

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 34

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

Determination of Compressive Strength Test of Concrete Masonry Units

Laboratory Data Sheet

Sample by: CE_2F Group 4

Date Tested: August 4, 2022
Sample Description: CHB is one of the widely used material for walling in the
Philippines. Concrete blocks are made of Portland
cement and aggregate; high density blocks may contain
sand and gravel, whereas low density blocks may contain
industrial wastes.
1. Complete the Table 1
Table 1: Properties of the CHB
Specimen Height Width Length Maximum Compressive
No. (mm) (mm) (mm) load Strength
1 175 mm 89 mm 383.7 mm 2.285 kN 0.1467 MPa

2. Discuss the step-by-step procedures in determining the compressive

strength of CHB. Attached images/photos.

Figure 1. Measure the dimensions of the concrete hollow block first. This
includes the height, length, and width then solve for the gross cross-sectional
area of the unit.

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 35

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

Figure 2. Weigh the concrete hollow block to determine its mass.

Figure 3. Place the specimen under the lower bearing block and center it
beneath the upper bearing block of the universal testing machine.

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 36

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

Figure 4. Input the obtained measurement on the computer that is

connected to the universal testing machine monitor to determine its
maximum load and compressive strength.

Figure 5. Wait for the concrete hollow block to break after load is being
applied.

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 37

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

CALCULATION:

SURFACE AREA
𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
= 175 𝑚𝑚 × 89 𝑚𝑚
= 15575 𝑚𝑚2

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

1 𝑘𝑁 = 1000 𝑁
2.285 𝑘𝑁 = 2285 𝑁

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 =
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
2285 𝑁
=
15575 𝑚𝑚2
= 0.1467 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 38

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

3. Observation

Figure 6. Load displacement of curve of a Concrete Hollow Block

As the dimensions were being measured, it was observed that the

bottom and the top part of the concrete hollow block has different measurement.
This may also because of the manufacturer’s error that resulted to uneven
thickness on both sides. During the test, it did not take about 2 minutes for the
concrete hollow block to collapse. It was also observed that some parts of the
CHB are still intact but the others were really pulverized.

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 39

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

Republic of the Philippines

University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines
Claro M Recto Avenue, Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City
Tel.Nos (088) 856-1738/856-1739 Telefax (088) 856-4696

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering - 2F C6

AY 2021-2022 Midyear Class

CE312 - CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING

LABORATORY TEST NO. 6

TESTING OF REINFORCING STEEL BARS

PREPARED BY:

Agum, Jannaine Mae

Cabrido, Florence Ronn

Lapoy, Danie Ann

Lim, Khurt Christine

Llanes, Erwin

Mesa, Airmeg

Pagtalunan, Rommel

Ventura, Jhoniel

AUGUST 2022

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 40

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

LABORATORY TEST NO.6

TESTING OF REINFORCING STEEL BARS

A. Determination of the Tensile Properties of the Reinforcing Steel Bars

Significance
This method is intended to determine the yield and tensile strength of
the bar as well as its elongation, and is used to classify the bars into grade.

Apparatus
1. Universal Testing Machine, 100 tons or 200,000 lbs capacity
2. Tension grips
3. Micrometer calipher/scale
4. Balance
5. Steel Measuring Tape
Procedures
1. Measure accurately the length of the tension sample and
determine its weight.
2. Mark in the center of the test specimen a 200 mm (8’’) gage
length. Set suitable grips in the testing machine to hold the
specimens and apply the load until rupture at a uniform rate.
3. Note the load at the sudden halt of the load indicating pointer and
record the corresponding stress as yield point as well as the
maximum load attained by the material until rupture.
4. After fracture, fit the ends of the fractured specimen together
carefully and measure the distance between the gage marks for
the determination of its percent elongation.

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 41

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

Computation
1. Tensile Strength
Calculate the tensile strength by dividing the maximum load the
specimen sustains during test by the nominal cross-sectional
area of the specimen.
2. Yield strength
Calculate the yield strength by dividing the load sustains by the
specimen at the sudden halt of the load indicating pointer by the
nominal cross-sectional area of the specimen.
3. Elongation
Express the increase in length of the gage length as a
percentage of the original gage length.

B. Determination of the Bending Properties of Reinforcing Steel Bar

Significance
This test is one of the methods in evaluating the ductile properties of
the reinforcing steel bars.

Apparatus
1. Universal Testing Machine with accessories for bending test and
suitable pins.

Procedures
1. Place the specimen for bending test on the rollers of a cold bend
apparatus and bend thru the specified angle by a pin attached to
the head of the machine.
2. Apply a continuous and uniform load throughout the bending
operation.
3. Examine carefully the bent portion for any sign of cracking on the
outside bend.

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 42

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

Testing of Reinforcing Steel Bars

Laboratory Data Sheet

Sample by: CE_2F_GROUP 4

Date Tested: August 4, 2022
Sample Description: Rebar, also known as reinforcement steel, is a steel bar
that is used as a tension device in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry
constructions to strengthen and help the concrete under tension. Concrete has
a high compressive strength but a low tensile strength. Rebar greatly boosts
the structure's tensile strength. The surface of rebar is characterized by a
continuous series of ribs, lugs, or indentations that promote a stronger bond
with the concrete and limit the possibility of slippage.

1. Complete the Table 1

Table 1: Properties of the Reinforcing steel bars

Specimen Diameter Surface Area Length (mm) Maximum load
No. (mm) (mm2)
1 15mm 176.72 mm2 510mm 22.50 kN

2. Discuss the step-by-step procedures in determining the tensile

strength of the reinforcing steel bar. Attached images/photos.
Figure 1. Measure the dimension of Rebar to get the diameter of
reinforcing steel bar using the steel measuring tape.

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 43

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

Figure 2. Measure the length of reinforcing steel bar using steel measuring
tape. After collecting all the measurement of specimen, calculate the surface
area.

Figure 3. Input all the calculated data in the computer which is the
machine controller for Tensile Strength Testing.

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 44

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

Figure 4. Before testing, place the reinforce steel bar in the Universal
Testing Machine. After putting all the calculated data such as the length and
diameter from the reinforcing steel bar, test the tensile strength of the rebar.

Figure 5. This is how it looks when the reinforce steel bar reached its
maximum load/stretch. The specific force load broke the rebar into two.

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 45

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

CALCULATION:

TENSILE STRENGTH
𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆
𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 = 𝑵𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔−𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂

𝟐𝟐.𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵
= 𝟏𝟕𝟔.𝟕𝟐 𝐦𝐦²

= 0.1273272594
= 0.127 kN/mm2

YIELD STRENGTH

𝒀𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅
𝒀𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 = 𝑵𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔−𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂

𝟏𝟖
= 𝟏𝟕𝟔.𝟕𝟐𝒎𝒎²

= 0.1018560435
= 0.102 mm2

ELONGATION

𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
𝑬𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉

𝟔𝟎.𝟖𝒎𝒎
= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟓𝟏𝟎𝒎𝒎

= 11.92 %
Change in Length = 570.8 mm – 510mm = 60.8 mm

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 46

CE Instructor
_______________________Construction Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual_____

3. Observation

Figure 6. Load displacement of curve of a Reinforcing Bar

As the rebar was placed into the tensile strength test machine, it had
broken the rebar into two with the specific force of load. We observed that it
took 47 seconds for it to break. Before it breaks, the rebar made a small
explosion sound that means it reached in maximum force load enough to break
it. The length of the rebar change since it breaks into two and it has sharp ends
after the testing. Also, the rebar absorbed all the heat and force in the machine
while testing because when we removed the rebar, the specimen’s texture got
hotter and had a small rusty powder.

________________________________________________________________________

Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles P a g e | 47

CE Instructor