MUSCLE LIST ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I C. J.
SHUSTER
Name Origin Insertion Action Antagonist
A. Face, Skull & Neck
Epicranius (includes the frontalis and occipitalis) Platysma Temporalis Cranial Aponeurosis --------none that we studied
----Temporal Fossa
----Coronoid Process Elevate Mandible
none that we studied none that we studied none that we studied
Masseter
Zygomatic arch
angle and ramus of mandible
closes mouth and moves jaw from side to side as in chewing Blinking, Squinting Close Mouth Smiling Muscle Swallowing depresses hyoid elevates hyoid, depresses mandible Swallowing flexes at neck (head forward) and rotates at neck (turns head to side); also elevates (raises) sternum and rib cage in breathing
Orbicularis oculi Orbicularis oris Zygomaticus Digastric Sternohyoid Mylohyoid
----------------hyoid mandible
----------------sternum hyoid
none that we studied none that we studied none that we studied none that we studied Mylohyoid Sternohyoid
Pharyngeal Constrictor Group Sternocleidomastoid
they are very deep Manubrium (upper part) of sternum and clavicle.
they are very deep mastoid process of temporal bone (base of skull just behind and below the ear)
none that we studied Trapezius extends at neck (tilts head back)
Name
Origin
Insertion
Action
Antagonist
B. Deep Back -- Movement of head & trunk
Erector Spinae Group --------Extension of Back -----
C. Thorax: Breathing (along with Sternocleidomastoid)
Diaphragm Pectoralis minor Internal & External Intercostals Inferior Border of Rib Cage ----Border of Ribs ------------Flattens on Contraction ----Breathing -------------
D. Abdominal Wall (note the aponeurosis)
Rectus abdominis Pubic symphysis Sternum and cartilage of rib cage flexes vertebral column (bends body forward); also increases abdominal pressure Synergist w/ Rectus Abdominis Compress Abdominal Contents none that we studied
External & Internal Obliques Transverse abdominis
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-----
-----
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E. Superficial Thorax
Serratus anterior Trapezius ----Spines of cervical and thoracic vertebrae and occipital bone ----Spine of scapula and clavicle Stabilize Scapulae Shoulder joint depresses (lowers) and adducts scapula (draws scapulae in towards midline), also extends at neck (tilts head back) Sternocleidomastoid flexes at neck (bows head forward)
Name F. Shoulder Joint
Pectoralis major
Origin
Insertion
Action
Antagonist
Clavicle, sternum, and rib cartilage
intertubercular groove of humerus
adducts at shoulder (pulls arm toward midline) and flexes at shoulder (pulls arm across the front of the body) abducts at shoulder (lifts arm away from body), can be used to flex at shoulder (bring arm across front) or extend at shoulder (back of body) Rotator of Humerus
latissimus dorsi extends at shoulder (pulls arm across back of body); deltoid abducts at shoulder (lifts arm away from midline) both latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major adduct at shoulder (pull arm toward midline)
Deltoid
Spine and acromion process of scapula, clavicle
deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Subscapularis Rotator Cup Group
----The fossae, lateral border & posterior surface of Scapula Spines of lower thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and iliac crest (crest of hip bone) Greater & Lesser Tubercles of Humerus intertubercular groove of humerus
Stabilize Shoulder Joint Action: adducts at shoulder (pulls arm toward midline) and extends at shoulder (across the back of the body) Pectoralis major flexes at shoulder (pulls arm across front of body); deltoid abducts at shoulder (lifts arm away from midline)
Latissimus dorsi
NOTE: the biceps brachii and triceps brachii also move the shoulder, although they are on the next table
G. Arm - Flex/Extend Elbow, Wrist, & Fingers
Biceps brachii Coracoid process and glenoid cavity of scapula Lower anterior half of humerus Glenoid cavity of scapula, lateral and posterior portions of humerus radial tuberosity (anterior proximal end of radius) flexes arm at elbow, supinates, abducts and flexes shoulder flexes arm at elbow extends at elbow (straightens arm), also adducts and extends at shoulder (pulls arm down and back) Flex elbow triceps brachii extends at elbow (straightens arm)
Brachialis
Coronoid process of ulna Olecranon process of ulna
triceps brachii extends arm at elbow biceps brachii and Brachialis both flex at elbow
Triceps brachii
Brachioradialis
lateral epicondyle of humerus
styloid process of the radius
Supinator
lateral epicondyle of humerus
proximal portion of radius
supinates (turns hand palm up or palm forward)
pronator teres pronates (turns hand palm down or palm to the rear) supinator and biceps brachii both roll hand palm up or palm forward (supinate) extensor carpi ulnaris and extensor carpi radialis both extend at wrist flexor carpi radialis abducts at wrist extensor carpi ulnaris and extensor carpi radialis both extend at wrist, flexor carpi ulnaris adducts at wrist
Pronator teres
medial epicondyle of humerus
midway along the radius
turns hand palm down or palm to rear (pronates)
Flexor carpi ulnaris
medial epicondyle of humerus
anterior surface of medial metacarpals and carpals (pinkie side)
flexes wrist (bends forward) and adducts wrist (toward little finger side of hand) flexes wrist (bends forward) and abducts wrist (bend toward thumb side of hand)
Flexor carpi radialis
medial epicondyle of humerus
anterior surface of lateral metacarpals (on thumb side of hand)
Arm - Flex/Extend Elbow, Wrist, & Fingers, continued Name
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Origin
lateral epicondyle of humerus, and the proximal ulna
Insertion
posterior surface of medial metacarpals and carpals (pinkie side) posterior surface of lateral metacarpals (on thumb side of hand)
Action
Extends wrist (bends forward) and adducts wrist (toward little finger side of hand) Extends wrist (bends forward) and abducts wrist (bend toward thumb side of hand)
Antagonist
flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi radialis both flex at wrist extensor carpi radialis abducts at wrist flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi radialis both flex at wrist, extensor carpi ulnaris adducts at wrist
Extensor carpi radialis
lateral epicondyle of humerus
ID all superficial forearm muscles Notice: "Digitalis" refers to "moves fingers" or "move phalanges" "Carpi" refers to "moves wrist" or "moves carpal bones" "Ulnaris" = pinkie-side "Radialis" = "thumb-side" Do you see any other trend in nomenclature??
Name H. Hip & Knee Joint
gluteus maximus
Origin
Insertion
Action
Antagonist
Ilium (crest of hip bone), sacrum, and coccyx
proximal posterior portion of femur
extends at hip (draws leg back) and lateral rotation at hip (turns foot outward) abducts at hip (lifts leg away from midline) and medial rotation at hip (turns foot inward) extends (straightens) at knee also flexes at hip (raises leg forward)
rectus femoris flexes at hip (lifts leg forward), gluteus medius medial rotation at hip (turns foot inward) gracilis adducts at hip (pulls leg in towards midline); gluteus maximus lateral rotation at hip (turns foot outward) gastrocnemius, sartorius, gracilis and all 'hamstring' muscles all flex at knee, gluteus maximus and all 'hamstrings' extend at hip gastrocnemius, sartorius, gracilis and all 'hamstring' muscles all flex at knee gastrocnemius, sartorius, gracilis and all 'hamstring' muscles all flex at knee gastrocnemius, sartorius, gracilis and all 'hamstring' muscles all flex at knee
gluteus medius -------
Q u a d r I c e p s
rectus femoris
inferior iliac
patella and then to tibial tuberosity on anterior proximal end of tibia
vastus lateralis
linea aspera (ridge on posterior shaft) of femur
Same as above
extends s (straighten) at knee
vastus medialis
linea aspera (ridge on posterior
Same as above
shaft) of femur
extends (straightens) at knee
vastus intermedius
anterior shaft of Same as above femur
extends (straightens) at knee
Hip & Knee Joint, continued Name Origin
ischial tuberosity, linea aspera of femur
Insertion
lateral proximal end of fibula and tibia
Action
flexes (bends) at knee, extends at hip (draws leg backward) flexes (bends) at knee, extends at hip (draws leg backward) flexes (bends) at knee, extends at hip (draws leg backward)
Antagonist
all 'quadriceps' muscles extend at knee, rectus femoris and sartorius flex at hip all 'quadriceps' muscles extend at knee, rectus femoris and sartorius flex at hip all 'quadriceps' muscles extend at knee, rectus femoris and sartorius flex at hip
H A M S T R I N G S
A D D U C T O R S
biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
ischial tuberosity
medial proximal end of tibia
Semi-membra nosus
ischial tuberosity
medial proximal end of tibia
ID the pectineus, adductor longus, adductor magnus. The adductor brevis is deep, and can't be seen easily on any model.
Ischial & Pubic Bone Near the Symphysis
Medial Aspect of Femur
Adduction of Thigh
sartorius
iliac spine of pelvic girdle
medial surface of tibia, near top
flexes (bends) at knee, flexes at hip (lifts leg forward), rotates hip outward (lateral). Combined motion results in sitting cross-legged adducts at hip (brings legs together at midline) also flexes (bends) at knee
gluteus maximus and all 'hamstrings' extend at hip, all 'quadriceps' muscles extend at knee
gracilis
pubic symphysis
medial surface of tibia, near top
gluteus medius abducts at hip, all 'quadriceps' muscle extend at knee
I. Calf Muscles & Ankle Movement
gastrocnemius medial and lateral condyles (posterior distal end) of femur calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon (Achilles' tendon) plantar flexion (stand on tip-toes) and flexes knee tibialis anterior causes dorsiflexion, all 'quadriceps' muscles extend at knee tibialis anterior causes dorsiflexion soleus and gastrocnemius cause plantar flexion
soleus
posterior proximal ends of tibia and fibula lateral proximal end of tibia
calcaneus (heel)
plantar flexion (stand on tip-toes) dorsiflexion (bends ankle to raise foot towards front of lower leg)
tibialis anterior
1st metatarsal on medial edge of foot just above instep
Study Hints: 1. For origins and insertions, start off by knowing the bones, before you learn the specific features. For example, you get partial credit for knowing that the biceps brachii originates: "on the scapula" more partial credit for knowing "the Coracoid process of the scapula" and full credit for knowing "the Coracoid process and glenoid cavity of the scapula"
Trends worth noting: 1. If a muscle crosses a joint, it moves it (action!) 2. Muscles on the anterior surface of the body tend to flex a joint (only true up to the knee!) 3. Muscles on the posterior surface of the body tend to extend a joint (only true up to the knee!) 4. Muscles on the lateral or medial surface of the torso or limb tend to adduct, abduct, and/or rotate a joint.
