Design of hydraulic structure:
Design of weir and undersluice:
In order to divert the design discharge through intake, a structure to obstruct (i.e. Weir) the natural flow of
water is constructed across the river. Weir obstructs the flow of the water in the river and thus raises the
water level in the upstream. Also with the provision of undersluice the bed loads are safely flushed to the
downstream without interrupting the flow through the intake. Guide walls of concrete, masonry and rip
rap is constructed in both upstream as well as downstream to protect the erosion of the banks as well as to
constrict the flow of the water in the river. Also to prevent the scouring of the river bed concrete aprons
along with boulder rip rap are used in upstream as well as downstream.
Selection of Weir Type
Among the different types of weirs, Ogee type weir is used since it has highest value of the
discharge coefficient and has practical shape of water so aeration and air entrapment is prevented thus
avoiding cavitation.
Design Consideration of Diversion Weir
The design of weir includes computing the elevation of weir crest, length of weir, computing the forces
acting on the weir and checking the safety of the weir from all aspects like overturning, sliding, crushing
etc. They all are explained in the following articles.
Elevation of Weir Crest
There are various factors that affect the elevation of the crest; since diversion of water is the purpose in
this case thus the height of the weir should be sufficient to pond the water at a level that can facilitate
design flow in the intake. Thus the height of the weir is governed by the height of intake sill, depth of
intake orifice and depth of the river at the intake site.
The important considerations used are:
The height of the crest affects the discharge coefficient and consequently the water head above
the weir as well as the back water curve.
The elevation of the weir crest was fixed such that the design flood is safely discharged to the
downstream without severe damage to the downstream.
The elevation of the weir determined the head of the power production.
The height of the weir crest affected the discharge that can be diverted into the canal.
The height of the weir crest affects the shape and location of the jump and the design of the
stilling basin.
The bed level of the river is 1150.5 amsl. The crest level of the weir is provided at an
elevation of 1153 amsl and the crest level of the under sluice is 1150.5amsl. The detail drawing is
shown in Appendix D drawing sheet no.4
Length of weir and undersluice
The length of weir depends upon the length of waterway at the selected headwork site. Crest
length should be taken as the average wetted width during the flood. The upstream and downstream of the
river shall be properly examined for the protection works.
Rise in water level on the upstream of the structures after construction of the weir is called afflux.
Fixation of afflux depends on the topographic and geomorphologic factors. A high afflux shortens the
length of the weir but increases the cost of the river training and river protection works. For alluvial
reaches it is generally restricted to 1m but for mountainous region it may be high. The water way must be
sufficient to pass high floods with desired afflux. Generally, the waterway is calculated by Lacey's
perimeter Formula: for alluvial channel. But in this case rather than choosing the weir
length by using above formula, the weir length is chosen by constricting the flow through certain section
of the river is used.
Generally, the spillway and undersluice lengths are designed so as to safely pass 80 % and 15 % of the
design flood respectively. In our particular design, the spillway and undersluice is so accommodated that
from total water way, 4 m is given to undersluice to pass 15% of total design flood discharge and
remaining 24 m is given to spillway. The spillway is so designed that it can accommodate total flood
design. The undersluice portion is designed only for sluicing the bed load. Hence, the undersluice is
designed taking 83.091 m³/sec discharge as flood discharge with maximum gate opening of 3.5m during
100 years flood. The detail drawing is shown in
Intake structure:
It is the structure to obtain the required quantity of water from the weir or reservoir for the different
engineering purpose.
Its design is based on geological, hydraulic, structural, and economical consideration required special
care to avoid unnecessary maintenance and operational problems that cannot be easily remedied and
would have to be tolerated for the life of the project.
For this project we use bottom intake,
Design of bottom intake:
1. Design of bottom intake shall involves sizing of intake gallery and sediment trap trench.
2. The bottom rack part shall be designed to pass the discharge up to 125% to 150 % of the plant
design flow.
2
Q A = CμbL √ 2 gh
3
where ,
Q A =Design dischargeinto the intake∈m3 /s
b=width of thebottom intake ∈m
L=length of the trashtrack∈m
Weir type: Free overflow with spillway
Crest elevation masl :
Length m :
Max dam height m :
Design flood level masl:
