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Bacau estrogen fer ovary dowopmentn these space, N's pons SST asl math, At he rpgotene (Greck, “yes thress ‘Sipe tess ise by se, This pacing, called papas = ‘Secs ching des ot ecu ring moti divisions. ABS chen veyed oo ~ rosone recognizes its homologue i m0 steep G2, rps ees ee Bice cena d ir woe me icone Ted inerhangeby btn usher tat emer on spec ok DNA HORT Gr “ ao = Siar ronal ‘un synaptonenel A =a \¢ = y peau \? i on) eee i: ie vig cre a tel cna hot genes: Mojene (creek, “double thee and the two semain attached at various fs where crossing-O¥S chromosomes are ‘During anaphase I, an independent fashion. cells are formed, each ce pal, After a brief inte Si TL the kinetochore o the new ces gets one four haploid cells. Note ‘groupings. First, each of Somes. Humans have 2 ferent haploid cells can| crossing-over that occu ‘metaphase further iner ferent gametes incaleul ‘This organization a ‘ting of eonestn prot the pulling forces of th attached during meio ‘Teeruit other sets of pr ‘Somes and allow reco 2001; Sakuno and Wa ‘lesved and the kine TEM 110 Teproduce themseiv une RA synthesized RA degraded ances Stra® in sperm stem cells. ONCE stras is present, the e Serie to on (Anderson et al. 2008; Mark etal. a roa ag retinoic acid synthesis appears to control Stra8, and Stra8 comm Se tming fF, which downregulates Stra®, 150 appears to be critical 7 ceancels 0 TU erm cells in a stem cell-like ‘condition (Bowles et al. 2010), eee plays critical role as well. The Sertoli cells, rand blood vesse Fexous tubules constitute a stem cell niche as Sond: Maku and Culty 2015) The primordial germ cells that enter the a ets will remain in astem cell-like condition that enables them to mitoti- secon sperm precursors, The follicle cells of the ovary, however, do not con- cals Pa gem cell niche. Rather, each primordial germ cell will be surrounded by the fase calls and usually only one egg will mature from each follicle. _serali oe! inte cells Deo Meiosis: The intertwining of life cycles ied perhaps the most revolutionary invention of eukaryotes, for itis the mecha- wer fer traremission of genes from one generation to the next and for the recombina- tpnofsperm- and egg-derived genes into new combinations ofalleles. Van Beneden’s wees observations that the divisions of germ cells caused the resulting gametes tocon- ‘ain half the diploid number of chromosomes: “demonstrated that the chromosomes tie offspring are derived in equal numbers from the nuclei of the two conjugating exm-cillsand hence equally from the two parents” (Wilson 1924). Meiosis is a critical satingand ending point in the cycle of life. The body senesces and dies, but the gam- es formed by meiosis survive the death of their parents and form the next generation. Meiosis initiated continuously in a Meiosis initiated once in a finite popuiation of celis mitotically dividing stem cell populatic; One gamete produced per meiosis Four gametes produced per meiosis Compietion of meiosis delayed for Meiosis completed in days or weeks months or years Meiosis arrested at first meiotic Meiosis and differentiation proceed prophase and reinitiated in a smaller continuously without cell cycle arrest population of cells Differentiation of gamete occurs while Differentiation of gamete occurs while diploid, in first meiotic prophase haploid, after meiosis ends All chromosomes exhibit equivalent tran- Sex chromosomes excluded from 200° nation and transcription during fist scription and recombination during meiotic prophase meiotic prophase - Ts aT ofthe embryo and the ceils Gest eta toeeieeingemaee tate Fea eco were a epee nity ered or ene gone taakes them insensitive the neencindat ee se Pecgardson and Uchmann 2010 Taroeseoests 2 paren and fae % Pienemann lope the pr ces y coe Anbu gor. the Proteins expressed by germ co proteins, can be en in the germ celis of cnidarians fixe et al. 2010; Leciére et al. 2012). Yes proteins are rane Sie sins al animal sed They ae ivoire in nding RNA ond et cell-specific messages. n chickens experiments soci eek Sereitesbryouc stem cls towards germ cline Laval soe ae Sand tothe portncr,Pumio, 0 form avery ort preca ary t BetGax RNA translation and Pumiio hinds tothe 8 UTRe stspecie sae Nanos and Pum repess the trancation of numer RNAs ann Perey (prevent the el fom becoming par of any gem inven omens poem continaing: and G) prevent apoptosis (Kobayeshieral ioe Nena ipa etal 1998 Hayashi etal 2000, Tudor proteins were discovered in Deon, uch females carrying these genes are steric and do not erm pole cls evel ‘Siuahoweld 1985) Itappear that Todor proteins interact with those Phot ones Saamiznohedin ransriptionally slncing potions cf the gencene apcey ese =r IGEEREER] tron0n sovems ano Tar rommaTion oF Tar GERM LN Pees 1208 Bowers stices onthe doveopment of under Somonarated fat eopopeam the cl desined be the gum ool preciso was Steet tom oe Srp atom co ‘The newiy formed PGCs first enter into the hindgut (FIGURE 6.18A) and eventually ‘Tigateorward and into the bipotential gonads, multiplying as they migrate. From the ‘Se ther specication und they enter the genital ges, the PGCS ae surrounded ‘ods secreting stem cell actor (SCF). SCF s necessary for PGC motility and survival. ‘oreo, the cluster of SCF-secreting cells appears to migrate withthe PGCS, forming {emelngniche" of cells that support the persistence the division and movement of ‘SePCCs (Gu et al. 2009). The PGCs that migrate to the gonads do not make their own decision to become ‘SBepem oreggs. That decision is made by the gonad in which they reside is ig- ‘Sef the goad that create the profound diterences between spermatogeness and (ites TABLE 6.1) One of the most fundamental differences involves the foming ‘sem females, meiosis Begins in the embryonic gonads. In males, meiosis isnot ton tog itl Puberty. The “gatekeeper” for meiosis appears to be the Stra8 transcrip S<%: whch promotes a nee ound of DNA synthesis and meotinaton the the developing ovaries, Stra is upregulated by two factors—Wntt and a ing from the adjacent kidney (Baltus et al. 2006; Bowies eta. 2006; Nate nn Stab deo ‘Chassot et al. 2011). In the developing testes, however, ‘SLY Fe and the retinoic acd produced by the mesonephross degraded by aunty SSoeon ofthe Noreen ales parse Koubovaet al 2006). During male puberty, however, retinoic acid is ins tein that may regulate so, with activating testes. nmentally induced sa, determination is the determination of the gem tes (sperm and egg). Asin the primordial germ cells (PGCs) are bipotentia the ovaries they become eggs se decisions are coorti- One of the most impor cells to undergo gametogenesis, the case of the genital ridges, the mammalian and can become either sperm or ¢88S if they reside in and if they reside in the testes they become sperm. All of the: rated by factors produced by the developing gonads. 7The evolutionary advat i eS ee pe Lets and disadvantages of temperature-dependent ‘sex determination Re het, Se ne genetic and anatomical xa rom the strictly dimorphic sath 1 at eae nore: conditions yy oe several Mdoermaphodtes, there Is ony on yy ro atc dle frm what would be pe 1 ion roel a ca vs rene pcb aa oreo fans oral nea The renters sa genetic deficiency of 0 ened that metaboling ech ar seme se ee a mang cortisol steroids cer acumvlat ane can ind thes rnjewski 2000, Merke etal: 2002) fetus (Migeon and ey “Although testosterone is one of thet Peery masculicing ors tere evdehee that it snot the active masculiniing rman era ussues, Although testosterone responsible for promoting the hormone hema strcares tat develop om the WORT duct primordiumy t= Son sot cle maselnize he uretha rostae Per ‘The ater fanetions are controlled by ‘or DHT (FIGURE 6.12) Sites Jason shed ta esosteronsconveried to DHT In he urogenital sins aad eae gs but tin the Wolflan duct, DHT appears Be aro's Polen ormane ao ees. rs most activ prenatal anc cary chili Ba uce of HIT in the ery development ofthe male gonads deman ated by Imperato-McGinley and her colleagues (197) wie they atte» phenotypically remarkable syndrome in se Inkabitants ofa small community in the Dominican Republi Individuals with this syndrome were found to lack a fu gene forthe enzyme Sd-ketosteroid reductase 2—the ens pe converts testosterone to DHT (Andersson etal 1991; THE, jpenetal 1992, Chromosomally XY children with this syn Fave functional testes, but the testes remain inside the abdomes sin do not descend before birth, These children apped! girls and are raised as such. Their internal anatomy, {s male: they have Wolffian duct development and Mil duct degeneration, along with their functional testes A ty, when the testes produce high levels of testosterone (whith enlitonsis ba sn “The “intersex” language use to group these seed Some activist pysicany an parent the term “intersex"to avoid confusion ofthese anatomical eth ndy wos sah as homosexuality. They prefer og (hae coarse x derlpen tr ene oe! Gaotwanee medatioe ts coneton and in the 08 og {gory offensive to individuals who donot fel there ‘with heir health, Fora more detailed analysis of inte Gilbert et al. 2005, Austin et al. 2011, and Dreger 2000. a eee cian acs en fleets fon ecg ecbigsaaciemact =a cc. _.. oven lin Cone wl Fone Peace eteaieecscn ts Setrecacterce tothe dbeupt drop i gradient combined with the tiled with the oe eee enna —— Fe are ruhiaresests | mars, se te pes catia stad fnem | _ Sor? Retr | a eimai crews is ppd near the api ofthe fin while Goer |. Shey cencrta he toraner veers Ry riots Seto ipaween any perods in deserts, Wor no water | yuna esate Sew Beretan eect, GB Floods and Flood Control Distinguish between reptona eds and Hash ods. 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