Manual Transmission Parts and Function [PDF]
mechanicaleno t es.co m/manual-transmission-parts-and-function/
June 23, 2022
In t he last session, we had discussed Epicyclic Gearbox, Overdrive in Aut omobile and Torque
t ube drive. Whereas in t odays session, we will discuss Manual Transmission Parts and
Function in a det ailed way.
Manual Transmission Parts and Function:
Before discussing t he Manual Transmission and funct ion , Let 's discuss What is Manual
Transmission and How does it works?
What is Manual Transmission?
A manual t ransmission is a gearbox t hat allows t he driver t o select from various gear rat ios
when driving t he car. Lower gear rat ios provide more t orque but slower speeds, whereas
higher gear rat ios provide less t orque but fast er speeds.
A "six-speed" manual t ransmission has six forward gear rat ios because different gear rat ios
are referred t o as "speeds.
The manual t ransmission is made up of t hree shaft s wit h const ant ly-int ermeshed gears of
various sizes. The clut ch connect s t he input shaft t o t he engine. The count ershaft cont ains
many gears and is const ant ly meshed wit h t he input shaft .
The out put shaft connect s t he count ershaft t o t he driveshaft , which connect s t he wheels.
The out put shaft links t o t he t ransfer case first in four-wheel drive and all-wheel drive
vehicles. To change direct ion, reverse gear is mount ed on a fourt h shaft .
The gears t hemselves are freewheeling and are not at t ached t o t he out put shaft . On t he
ot her hand, locking collars spin wit h t he out put shaft and can shift or slide back and fort h t o
engage one of t he gears. It 's for t his reason t hat we t erm it "shift ing" gears.
The input shaft and count ershaft are rot at ing, as are t he out put shaft gears, in "neut ral," wit h
no gear chosen and t he clut ch released, but t he out put shaft does not move since none of
t he locking collars are engaged. The count ershaft connect s t o t he driveshaft , and t hen t o
t he wheels.
How Does A Manual Transmission Work?
For example, t he driver depresses t he clut ch and disengages t he input shaft t o shift gear
when engaging first gear. The driver ent ers first gear wit h t he gearshift lever, and t he linkage
advances t he gearshift fork from first t o second gear.
The locking collar must be connect ed t o t he first gear and locked t o t he out put shaft .
Because 1st gear is connect ed t o t he out put shaft by t he locking collar, if t he clut ch is
released and t he input shaft engages, t he out put shaft t urns. If t he driver accelerat es, t he
process is repeat ed when shift ing t o second gear, but t he gearshift lever is shift ed t o
second gear.
The input shaft is re-engaged when t he clut ch is released, and power is t ransmit t ed t hrough
2nd gear t his t ime. A second shift linkage, a shift fork, and a locking collar are ut ilized
bet ween 3rd and 4t h gear while shift ing int o 3rd gear. Because t he count ershaft and out put
shaft move at different rat es, shift ing from first t o second gear is difficult .
At t empt ing t o change int o a higher gear when t he car slows down is equivalent t o t urning t he
shaft at t wo different speeds, which is impossible. Synchronizer rings work like small
clut ches, using frict ion t o bring t he circlip and gear up t o speed. They will readily int erlock at
t his point .
Types of Manual Transmission:
1. Sliding Mesh Gearbox:
The Sliding Mesh Gearbox was t he first aut omot ive gearbox or t ransmission syst em. The
world's largest -ever t ransmission syst em wit h 3-speed sliding mesh t ransmission was
designed by French Invent ors Louis-Rene and Emile Levassor in 1894.
The desired gear rat io is obt ained by sliding t he required gears and t he appropriat e mat ching
gears. A sliding mesh gearbox is a t ransmission syst em of several set s of gears and shaft s
arranged logically. The shift ing or meshing of different gear rat ios is accomplished by moving
gears t o t he right and left across t he splined shaft wit h t he help of a gear lever act uat ed by
t he driver.
The gears on t he layshaft are securely fixed t o t he shaft , but t he gears on t he main shaft
can glide on it via splines but are ot herwise in permanent rot at ional mesh wit h t he shaft .
Line Diagram of Sliding Mesh Gear
box©Mechanical E Not es.com
2. Const ant Mesh Gearbox:
A const ant mesh gearbox is used t o keep an aut omobile running smoot hly. It increases t he
spinning force (Torque) while lowering t he speed. It 's a manual t ransmission kind. In t he
ninet eent h cent ury, t he first manual gear syst em was invent ed.
Several gear rat ios are available, each producing a different t orque and speed rat io.
Addit ionally, t he reverse mechanism is present . All of t he gears mesh at any given t ime in t he
manual t ransmissions t hat have lat ely been designed.
A dog clut ch is used t o shift gears and calculat e gear rat ios in t he const ant -mesh gearbox. A
clut ch shaft , layshaft , count ershaft , and out put or main shaft make up t he const ant mesh
gear. All gears on t he main shaft and count ershaft are connect ed in t his syst em.
A mechanism called a dog clut ch is ut ilized t o achieve t he gear rat io. The gear is at t ached t o
t he dog clut ch for t he desired speed and gear rat io.
const ant mesh gear box ©Mechanical E
Not es.com
3. Synchromesh Gearbox:
It 's a manually driven t ransmission t hat swit ches gears bet ween gears already spinning at t he
same speed. The gears in t his gearbox can revolve freely or be locked on t he layout shaft .
The synchronizer is t he most import ant component of t his gearbox since it regulat es t he
speed.
A synchronizer is a clut ch t hat allows part s t o rot at e at different rat es. Cone frict ion is
ut ilized t o synchronize t he speeds. Synchro cone and balk ring are t he t wo part s of t his
synchronizer. The ring is a part of t he synchronizer, while t he cone is a port ion of t he gear.
The balk ring st ops t he gears from engaging unt il t hey have reached t he proper rot at ional
speeds.
Manual Transmission Parts and Function:
The manual t ransmission syst em is made up of various part s. Each of t hem is crucial for t he
gearing shift ing and clut ch releasing abilit ies. You won't drive smoot hly if one of t hese
component s fails.
1. Clut ch Disc:
A met al disc wit h a frict ional facing, similar t o brake shoes or pads, makes up t he clut ch disc.
The lining is made of a non-organic woven or molded mat erial wit h soft met al part icles such
as aluminum or brass. It increases t he lining's st rengt h, and a set of radial grooves on t he
lining's face improves t he flywheel's grip on t he disc.
The t ransmission's input shaft mat es wit h a splined hub in t he disc's cent er, allowing direct
mechanical int eract ion. The t ransmission's input shaft connect s t o a splined hub in t he disc's
cent er. Driveline shock and vibrat ion are dampened by a series of t orsional springs placed
bet ween t he clut ch hub and t he lining.
The clut ch disc t ransfers engine t orque direct ly t o t he t ransmission's input shaft . When
combined wit h t he pressure plat e and flywheel, t he clut ch disc cont rols power from t he
engine t o t he t ransmission.
clut ch disk ©MechanicalEnot es.com
2. Clut ch Pedal:
The clut ch pedal is used t o disconnect t he drive from t he engine t o t he t ransmission. The
pedal convert s a parabolic clut ch pedal swing int o a linear movement .
This linear movement is t ransferred t o t hrust bearing movement by mechanical linkages,
cable, or hydraulic fluid displacement . The frict ion clut ch, locat ed bet ween t he engine's
flywheel and t he input shaft , is act ivat ed when you st ep on t he clut ch pedal.
The clut ch's job is t o separat e t he engine from t he t ransmission. The engine and t ransmission
cont inue t o spin when t he pedal is pushed, but t hey do so independent ly, wit h no t orque
t ransfer from t he engine t o t he gearbox, making it possible for you t o shift gears.
3. Flywheel:
The clut ch disc obt ains t orque via t he flywheel, a circular component . Funct ions of t he
flywheel are
1. To keep a rot at ional mass (inert ia) t o help t he engine rot at e and provide t orque more
consist ent ly while running.
2. To inst all a ring gear on which t he st art er mot or can engage
3. To offer one of t he frict ion disc's driving frict ion surfaces.
4. Synchronizers:
The synchronizers induce engagement bet ween t he collar and t he gear, allowing for
synchronizat ion of t heir speeds. You'll need t he synchronizers t o prevent t his because t he
speeds may differ at t imes.
The speed of t he shaft is adjust ed by a synchronizer so t hat t he gears align more quickly as
you shift —t he slider presses against t he synchronizer's keys or balls, subsequent ly pressing
against t he blocker ring. The ring t hen pushes against t he gear's cone, causing frict ion t hat
helps t o equalize shaft speeds.
A synchronizer's funct ion is t o allow meshing gears t o be changed while t he vehicle is driving
wit hout compromising t he mechanical int egrit y of t he gears or causing int erior noise.
5. Gears:
The t ransmission has a variet y of gear sizes. Big gears have a lot of t eet h, while small gears
have fewer t eet h. Larger gears produce more t orque, which helps t he car slow down.
Smaller gears produce less t orque, allowing t he vehicle t o accelerat e. The amount of power
available from t he engine is det ermined by t he gears.
First gear has t he highest pulling power but t he least speed possibilit ies, whereas fift h gear
has t he least pulling st rengt h but t he widest speed range.
6. Selector Fork:
The gear select or fork includes a body forming a pair of support plat es wit h respect ive
coaxial t hrough-holes for support ing t he fork slidably along a st at ionary rod of t he gearbox, a
pair of prongs fixed t o t he body, and forming respect ive act uat ing port ions able t o operat e a
sliding coupling sleeve of t he gearbox at t heir dist al ends.
An act uat ing nose is fixed t o t he body t o impart t he sliding movement along t he st at ionary
rod t o t he fork. The body and prongs are shaped in such a way t hat t wo forks wit h similar
bodies and prongs can be mount ed on t he same st at ionary rod and at least part ially overlaid
in t he direct ion of sliding along t he st at ionary rod.
7. St ick Shift :
It is t he part t hat you can handle wit h your hand. It 's t he cent ral console's vert ical st ick t hat
prot rudes. It is at t ached t o t he gearbox and can be used t o change gears. A car wit h a
manual or st andard t ransmission is somet imes referred t o as a st ick shift . The vehicle's st ick
shift allows drivers t o manually change rat ios t o accelerat e t he vehicle. The t ransmission is
connect ed t o t he st ick shift , placed in t he car's cent er.
8. Collar:
The collar secures t he gear select ion in place and permit s t orque t o pass t o t he out put
shaft when you pick it up.
This is t he explanat ion of Manual Transmission Parts and Function in a det ailed way.If you
have any doubt s, feel free t o ask from t he comment s sect ion and will reply you wit hin 24hrs.
References:
1. The Manual Transmission Explained - All The Basics. (2020, Oct ober 30). The GoMechanic
Blog.
2. Manual Transmission: Types, Working, Part s, Diagram - St udent lesson. (2020, July 6).
St udent lesson.
3. Manual Transmission - Wikipedia. (2020, June 1). Manual t ransmission - Wikipedia.
4 Gearbox Component s And Part s: Everyt hing You Need To Know
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