PHYSICS – Dynamic Electricity (2)

LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
Core Supplement
•State that the e.m.f. of an electrical source • Show understanding that e.m.f. is
of energy is measured in volts defined in terms of energy supplied by a
• State that the potential difference (p.d.) source in driving charge round a
across a circuit component is measured in complete circuit
volts • Recall that 1 V is equivalent to 1 J / C
• Use and describe the use of a voltmeter, • Sketch and explain the current-voltage
both analogue and digital characteristic of an ohmic resistor and
• State that resistance = p.d. / current and a filament lamp
understand qualitatively how changes in
• • Recall and use quantitatively the
p.d. or resistance affect current
• • Recall and use the equation R = V / I
proportionality between resistance and
• • Describe an experiment to determine length, and the inverse proportionality
resistance using a voltmeter and an between resistance and cross-sectional
ammeter area of a wire
• Relate (without calculation) the resistance • Recall and use the equations P = IV and
of a wire to its length and to its diameter E = IVt
• Understand that electric circuits transfer
energy from the battery or power source
to the circuit components then into the
surroundings
Dinamic Electricity
State that charge is
measured in coulombs

Charge is
measured in
coulombs
State that charge is
measured in coulombs

Charge is
measured in
coulombs
The unit of charge is the
coulomb (C).
Charge is often more
conveniently measured in
microcoulombs (µC)
1 microcoulomb = 10-6C
Electric fields and forces

Why does hair

stand on end?

http://www.physics.upenn.edu/undergraduate/undergraduate-
physics-labs/experiments/electric-charge-and-static-electricity
 Model Circuit

Transport Energy Transport Information

The circuit can be used transport energy from the Computer is device for manipulate digital information
energy source to the device. for produce pictures, sounds, and new data. It means
electricity same as nerves in a body from brain

7
1 Electricity Current
Let’s start with the first set of slides
 Electric Current
The rate of flow of charge through any cross-section of a
wire. SI unit of electric current is Ampere (A)
Electric current formula
𝑞
𝐼=
𝑡

I = Electricit Current (A)

q = Charge (C)
t = time (s)
9
 Flows direction

◇ The conventional direction of electric current is from the positive

terminal supply to negative terminal.
◇ Electron direction from the negative terminal supply to positive
terminal.
10
 A current is a flow of electric charge a point per
unit time
𝑄
𝐼=
𝑡
I = Electricity Current (A)

“
Q: Charge (C)
t : Time (s)

11
 Measuring Instrument
◇ An electronic measuring instruments
called meter.
◇ Current is measured by Ammeter
◇ Voltage is measured by Voltmeter
◇ Resistance is measured by Ohmmeter

12
 Multimeter
A electronic instrument having Type s of Multimeter
bility to measure current, v Analogue multimeter
voltage, resistance, and
conductance. v Digital multimeter
or
A electronic device having ability
to work s Ammeter, Voltmeter,
Ohmmeter.

13
 Analogue Multimeter
Multi-purpose electronic It is capable to measure A moving pointer indicates
testing device voltage, current, and the resulting value a
resistance measurement

The measurement result formula is

𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒

14
 Example
How many electric current of measurement
result from the multimeter

15
 Example
How many electric current of measurement
result from the multimeter

16
 A current is a flow of electric charge a point per
unit time
𝑄
𝐼=
𝑡
I = Electricity Current (A)

“
Q: Charge (C)
t : Time (s)

17
 ◇ Example

“
The Charge in a lamp is 0,2 A. If the lamp is
switched on two hours, what the total electric
charge that passes through the lamp?

18
 “ ◇ Alternating Current and Direct Current

19
2 Resitance
The resistance of conductor is the opposition offered by the conductor to
the flow of electric current through it.
SI unit of resistance is Ohm.
 Factors
affecting
resistance.
 Length
Factors
of wire
affecting
resistance.

Factors Cross
Temperature affecting sectional
resistance area

Material
 Length
of wire

Factors Factors Cross

Temperature affecting sectional
affecting resistance area

resistance.

Material

For metal conductors, resistance

increases with temperature. For
semi-conductors, it decreases
with temperature.
 Length
of wire

Factors Factors Cross

Temperature affecting sectional
affecting resistance area

resistance.

Material

For metal conductors, resistance

increases with temperature. For
semi-conductors, it decreases
with temperature.

When a current flows through a wire,

resistance causes a heating effect.
This principle is used in heating
elements and in filament light bulbs.
 Length
of wire

Factors Factors Cross

Temperature affecting sectional
affecting resistance area

resistance.

Material

Electrons collide with

atoms as they pass
through conductors,
losing energy. The atoms
For metal conductors, resistance vibrate more, causing a
increases with temperature. For heating effect

semi-conductors, it decreases
with temperature.

When a current flows through a wire,

resistance causes a heating effect.
This principle is used in heating
elements and in filament light bulbs.
 Temperature

Factors
Factors Length
affecting
Cross
sectional
of wire
affecting resistance area

resistance.

Material

Wires A and B have the same cross-

A sectional area and are at the same
temperature. Wire B is twice as
B long as wire A, and has twice the
resistance .
 Temperature

Factors
Factors Length
affecting
Cross
sectional
of wire
affecting resistance area

resistance.

Material

Wires A and B have the same cross-

A sectional area and are at the same
temperature. Wire B is twice as
B long as wire A, and has twice the
resistance .

Resistance length
Resistance is directly proportional to length
 Temperature

Factors
Factors Cross
sectional affecting Length
affecting area
resistance of wire

resistance.

Material

Wires A and B have the same length

A and are at the same temperature.
Wire B is twice the cross-sectional
area of A, and has half the
B resistance .
 Temperature

Factors
Factors Cross
sectional affecting Length
affecting area
resistance of wire

resistance.

Material

Wires A and B have the same length

A and are at the same temperature.
Wire B is twice the cross-sectional
area of A, and has half the
B resistance .

Resistance 1 (area = cross-sectional area)

area
 Temperature

Factors
Factors Material affecting Length
affecting resistance of wire

resistance.
Cross
sectional
area

Some wires have much more

resistance for a given length. For
example a 10cm length of nichrome
has a much higher resistance than
copper of the same length and
cross-sectional area. Nichrome is
said to have a higher resistivity.
 Temperature

Factors
Factors Material affecting Length
affecting resistance of wire

resistance.
Cross
sectional
area

Some wires have much more Typical resistivity (Ω/m)

resistance for a given length. For Constantan 49 x 10-8
example a 10cm length of nichrome
has a much higher resistance than Manganin 44 x 10-8
copper of the same length and Nichrome 100 x 10-8
cross-sectional area. Nichrome is Tungsten 55 x 10-8
said to have a higher resistivity.
The Greek letter rho (ρ) is the
resistivity constant for any given
material)
 Length
of wire

Factors Factors Cross

Temperature affecting sectional
affecting resistance area

resistance.

Material

Combining the resistance equations

 Length
of wire

Factors Factors Cross

Temperature affecting sectional
affecting resistance area

resistance.

Material

Combining the resistance equations

Resistance length
area
 Length
of wire

Factors Factors Cross

Temperature affecting sectional
affecting resistance area

resistance.

Material

Combining the resistance equations

R = ρ x l
A

Resistance length
area
 Length
of wire

Factors Factors Cross

Temperature affecting sectional
affecting resistance area

resistance.

Material

Combining the resistance equations

R = ρ x l
A

Resistance length ρ = R x A
area l
 Length
of wire

Factors Factors Cross

Temperature affecting sectional
affecting resistance area

resistance.

Material

Combining the resistance equations

R = ρ x l
Comparing different wires, A and B, made from the
A
same material (so ρ is the same for each wire)
at the same temperature.

ρ = R x A
l
 Length
of wire

Factors Factors Cross

Temperature affecting sectional
affecting resistance area

resistance.

Material

Combining the resistance equations

R = ρ x l
Comparing different wires, A and B, made from the
A
same material (so ρ is the same for each wire)
at the same temperature.

ρ = R x A
ResistanceA x AreaA = ResistanceB x AreaB
LengthA LengthB
l
 Colour code for carbon
resistors:
§ The first two rings
from the end give the
first two significant
figures of resistance in
ohm.

§ The third ring

indicates the decimal
multiplier.

§ The last ring indicates

the tolerance in per
cent about the
38 indicated value.
§ AB x 10C ± D % ohm
More about resistors
1 kilohm (kΩ) = 1000 Ω
Resistor 1 megohm (MΩ) = 1 000 000 Ω
More about resistors
1 kilohm (kΩ) = 1000 Ω
Resistor 1 megohm (MΩ) = 1 000 000 Ω

Variable Used for varying current, for

example in light dimmer
resistor switches
More about resistors
1 kilohm (kΩ) = 1000 Ω
Resistor 1 megohm (MΩ) = 1 000 000 Ω

Variable Used for varying current, for

example in light dimmer
resistor switches
High resistance when cold, but
Thermistor much lower resistance when
hot. Eg. Digital thermometer
More about resistors
1 kilohm (kΩ) = 1000 Ω
Resistor 1 megohm (MΩ) = 1 000 000 Ω

Variable Used for varying current, for

example in light dimmer
resistor switches
High resistance when cold, but
Thermistor much lower resistance when
hot. Eg. Digital thermometer
High resistance in the dark but
Light dependent
a low resistance in the light. Eg.
resistor (LDR) Controlling light switches
More about resistors
1 kilohm (kΩ) = 1000 Ω
Resistor 1 megohm (MΩ) = 1 000 000 Ω

Variable Used for varying current, for

example in light dimmer
resistor switches
High resistance when cold, but
Thermistor much lower resistance when
hot. Eg. Digital thermometer
High resistance in the dark but
Light dependent
a low resistance in the light. Eg.
resistor (LDR) Controlling light switches
Extremely high resistance in
Diode one direction, but low in the
other. Controls flow of current
Ohm’s Law
A 19th Century scientist
who first investigated
the electrical
properties of wires, and
the relationship
between V, I and R

I (the symbol for current) = “intensite du courant”

 Ohm’s Law
How current
varies with voltage
(PD) for a metal
conductor.
Circuit diagram:
battery

Variable
Ammeter
resistor

A
Voltmeter

Water bath
to keep
Nichrome
nichrome at
wire
constant
temperature
 Ohm’s Law
How current
varies with voltage
(PD) for a metal
conductor.
Circuit diagram:
battery

V I R = V/I
2.0V 0.4A 5.0Ω
Variable
Ammeter
4.0 0.8 5.0
resistor
6.0 1.2 5.0
A
Voltmeter
8.0 1.6 5.0
V 10.0 2.0 5.0

Water bath
to keep
Nichrome
nichrome at
wire
constant
temperature
 Ohm’s Law
How current
varies with voltage
(PD) for a metal
conductor.
Circuit diagram:
battery

V I R = V/I
2.0V 0.4A 5.0Ω
Variable
Ammeter
4.0 0.8 5.0
resistor
6.0 1.2 5.0
A
Voltmeter
8.0 1.6 5.0
V 10.0 2.0 5.0

2.0

Current
Water bath
(A)
to keep
Nichrome
nichrome at
wire
constant
temperature 0 10.0
Voltage (V)
Ohm’s Law

1. A graph of current against

voltage is a straight line
through the origin.
2. If the voltage doubles then
the current doubles, etc
3. In this experiment, V/I
always has the same value.
Ohm’s Law

1. A graph of current against

voltage is a straight line
through the origin.
2. If the voltage doubles then
the current doubles, etc
3. In this experiment, V/I
always has the same value.
Current is proportional to the voltage.

Current Voltage
Ohm’s Law
Provided temperature is
constant

1. A graph of current against

voltage is a straight line
through the origin.
2. If the voltage doubles then
the current doubles, etc
3. In this experiment, V/I
always has the same value.
Current is proportional to the voltage.

Current Voltage
temperature changes?
So what happens if

For a tungsten
filament lamp ,
as the current
increases, the
temperature
rises and the
resistance
increases.
Current is not
directly
proportional to
the voltage.
temperature changes?
So what happens if
And for the diode …….

For a tungsten
filament lamp ,
Current is not
as the current
proportional to the
increases, the
temperature voltage. If the voltage
is reversed , the
rises and the
resistance resistance increases
increases. greatly, so effectively
making sure that
Current is not
directly current only flows in
one direction in the
proportional to
circuit.
the voltage.
3 Combinations of Resistors
If you have two or more resistors, there are ways they can be connected
together in a circuit: in series and in parallel
 Resistors in Series
If several resistors are connected in series, then the current must
flow through them all, one after another.
The combined resistance R in the circuit is simply the sum of all
the separate resistance.

R = R1 + R2 + R3

R1 R2 R3
54
 For resistors in series
The current is The supply
When several bulbs voltage in a
the same at
connected in series, series circuit is
all points equal to the sum
if one bulb fails, the
around the of the individual
others not lit.
circuit voltage drops.

55
 R1

Resistors in Parallel R2

R3
The light in a conventional house are connected in parallel.
The effective resistance is less than the resistance of either
resistor.

56
 For resistors in Parallel
The total circuit
Individual resistances Voltage is equal
current is equal
diminish to equal a across all
to the sum of
smaller total resistance components in
the individual
rather than add to make a parallel
branch
the total. circuit.
currents.

𝑰 = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 + 𝑰𝟑

𝐕 = 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝟑

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + +
𝑹 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑
57
 Example
A 12-V battery , a 12-ohm resistor and a 4-ohm resistor are
connected as shown. The current in the 12-ohm resistor is

58
 Example
Three resistors are connected in parallel. If placed in a circuit with
a 12-volt power supply. Determine the equivalent resistance, the
total circuit current, and the voltage drop across and current in
each resistor.
a. The current flow in circuit
b. The current flow in the 2 ohm

59
 Exercise 1
Determine the following quantities for each of the two circuits
shown below…
a. the equivalent resistance
b. the current from the power supply
c. the current through each resistor
d. the voltage drop across each resistor
e. the power dissipated in each resistor

60
 Exercise 2
Determine the following quantities for each of the two circuits
shown below…
a. the equivalent resistance
b. the current from the power supply
c. the current through each resistor
d. the voltage drop across each resistor
e. the power dissipated in each resistor

61
 a. Combined resistance of resistors connected in parallel and series
b. current IT, I1 and I2

62
 If circuit has connected 12 V power supply, calculate the
◇ Total resistance
◇ Electric Current in circuit

63
 • Understand that electric

And finally …
circuits transfer energy
from the battery or power
source to the circuit
components then into the
surroundings
 • Understand that electric

And finally …
circuits transfer energy
from the battery or power
source to the circuit
components then into the
surroundings

Chemical energy is
transformed into potential
energy in the electrons, and
in the bulb this is changed
into thermal (heat) energy .
 • Understand that electric

And finally …
circuits transfer energy
from the battery or power
source to the circuit
components then into the
surroundings

Chemical energy is
transformed into potential
energy in the electrons, and
in the bulb this is changed
into thermal (heat) energy .

The rate at which energy is

transformed is known as
POWER. The unit of power
is the watt (W).
 • Understand that electric

And finally …
circuits transfer energy
from the battery or power
source to the circuit
components then into the
surroundings

Chemical energy is
transformed into potential P = I x V
energy in the electrons, and

P
in the bulb this is changed
into thermal (heat) energy . V = P/I
The rate at which energy is
I = P/V
transformed is known as
POWER. The unit of power
is the watt (W).
I V
1 kilowatt (kW) = 1000 watts
 • Understand that electric

And finally …
circuits transfer energy
from the battery or power
source to the circuit
components then into the
surroundings

2200W (2.2kW)

450W
11W

80W
 Supplement
And finally …

Recall and use

the equations P
= IV and E = IVt
 Supplement
And finally …
Power = energy transformed
time taken

Recall and use

the equations P
= IV and E = IVt
 Supplement
And finally …
Power = energy transformed
time taken

P = E
Recall and use
the equations P
= IV and E = IVt
t
 Supplement
And finally …
Power = energy transformed
time taken

P = E
Recall and use
the equations P
= IV and E = IVt
t

E =P x t
 Supplement
And finally …
Power = energy transformed
time taken

P = E
Recall and use
the equations P
= IV and E = IVt
t

E =IxV x t E =P x t
 Supplement
And finally …
Power = energy transformed
time taken

P = E
Recall and use
the equations P
= IV and E = IVt
t

E =IxV x t E =P x t

Joules per second

 Recap
Current is the rate of flow of
electrons around a circuit.

emf The higher the current, the

faster the electrons are
travelling. The unit of current
is the amp, and in a circuit an
ammeter is used to measure
current.
 Recap
Current is the rate of flow of
electrons around a circuit.

emf The higher the current, the

faster the electrons are
travelling. The unit of current
is the amp, and in a circuit an
ammeter is used to measure
current.

VOLTAGE is the amount of

energy given to electrons as
they travel around the
circuit.
 Recap
Current is the rate of flow of
electrons around a circuit.

emf The higher the current, the

faster the electrons are
travelling. The unit of current
is the amp, and in a circuit an
ammeter is used to measure
current.

VOLTAGE is the amount of

energy given to electrons as
they travel around the
circuit.
Voltage is also known as
POTENTIAL DIFERENCE
(PD)
 Recap
Current is the rate of flow of
electrons around a circuit.

emf The higher the current, the

faster the electrons are
travelling. The unit of current
is the amp, and in a circuit an
ammeter is used to measure
current.

VOLTAGE is the amount of Unit of voltage or PD is

energy given to electrons as the volt .
they travel around the Supplement
circuit.
1 volt = 1 joule of
Voltage is also known as potential energy is given
POTENTIAL DIFERENCE to each coulomb of
charge
(PD) (1J = 1 J/C)
 VOLTAGE is the amount of
energy given to electrons as
they travel around the
circuit.

emf Voltage is also known as

POTENTIAL DIFERENCE
(PD)

The cell produces its highest

potential difference when not
connected in a circuit. This
maximum PD is known as the
electromotive force (EMF) of
the cell.

The battery cell gives electrons

potential energy. This energy is
then passed on to the
components in the cell
 VOLTAGE is the amount of
energy given to electrons as
they travel around the
circuit.

emf Voltage is also known as

POTENTIAL DIFERENCE
(PD)

The cell produces its highest

potential difference when not
connected in a circuit. This
maximum PD is known as the
electromotive force (EMF) of
the cell.

The battery cell gives electrons As soon as the cell is connected in a

potential energy. This energy is circuit the potential difference
then passed on to the drops because of energy wastage
components in the cell inside the cell.
 VOLTAGE is the amount of
Just a reminder ………… energy given to electrons as
they travel around the
A single cell circuit.
A battery, made up of
Voltage is also known as
several cells.
POTENTIAL DIFERENCE
A battery is a series of joined cells, although (PD)
it is commonly used for a single cell as well.
The cell produces its highest
potential difference when not
connected in a circuit. This
maximum PD is known as the
electromotive force (EMF) of
the cell.

The battery cell gives electrons As soon as the cell is connected in a

potential energy. This energy is circuit the potential difference
then passed on to the drops because of energy wastage
components in the cell inside the cell.
Measuring voltage (PD) in a circuit.
 Voltage is
Measuring voltage (PD) in a circuit. measured
using a
VOLTMETER
 Voltage is
Measuring voltage (PD) in a circuit. measured
using a
VOLTMETER

To measure the voltage across

a component in a circuit the
voltmeter must be placed in
parallel with it .
 Voltage is
Measuring voltage (PD) in a circuit. measured
using a
VOLTMETER

To measure the voltage across

a component in a circuit the
voltmeter must be placed in
parallel with it .
 Voltage is
Measuring voltage (PD) in a circuit. measured
using a
VOLTMETER
Series and parallel circuits

In a series circuit the total

voltage (PD) of the supply is
shared between the various
components, so the voltages
around a series circuit always add
up to equal the source voltage.
 Voltage is
Measuring voltage (PD) in a circuit. measured
using a
VOLTMETER
Series and parallel circuits

In a parallel
circuit all
components get
In a series circuit the total the full source
voltage (PD) of the supply is voltage , so the
shared between the various voltage is the
components, so the voltages same across all
around a series circuit always add components
up to equal the source voltage.
Whenever a current flows
around an electrical circuit
there is resistance to the
electrons.
 Whenever a current flows
around an electrical circuit
there is resistance to the
electrons.

Copper connecting Nichrome is not

wire is a good such a good
conductor, it conductor, it has
offers little a bigger
resistance to the resistance to the
electrons, and a electrons, and
current passes less current will
through it easily. flow.
 Whenever a current flows
around an electrical circuit
there is resistance to the
electrons.

Resistance is calculated using this

equation:

Copper connecting Nichrome is not resistance = voltage R = V

wire is a good such a good current I
conductor, it conductor, it has
The unit of resistance is the ohm
offers little a bigger
Ω (Greek letter omega)
resistance to the resistance to the
electrons, and a electrons, and
current passes less current will
through it easily. flow.
 Whenever a current flows
around an electrical circuit
there is resistance to the
electrons.

Resistance is calculated using this

equation:

Copper connecting Nichrome is not resistance = voltage R = V

wire is a good such a good current I
conductor, it conductor, it has
The unit of resistance is the ohm
offers little a bigger
Ω (Greek letter omega)
resistance to the resistance to the
electrons, and a electrons, and eg. If a PD of 8V is needed to make a
current passes less current will current of 4A flow through a wire.
through it easily. flow.
Resistance = 8 / 4 = 2Ω
Remember, remember ……….. The equation
linking V, I and R

V = I x R

V I = V / R

I R R = V / I
 LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
Core Supplement
•State that the e.m.f. of an electrical source • Show understanding that e.m.f. is
of energy is measured in volts defined in terms of energy supplied by a
• State that the potential difference (p.d.) source in driving charge round a
across a circuit component is measured in complete circuit
volts • Recall that 1 V is equivalent to 1 J / C
• Use and describe the use of a voltmeter, • Sketch and explain the current-voltage
both analogue and digital characteristic of an ohmic resistor and
• State that resistance = p.d. / current and a filament lamp
understand qualitatively how changes in
• • Recall and use quantitatively the
p.d. or resistance affect current
• • Recall and use the equation R = V / I
proportionality between resistance and
• • Describe an experiment to determine length, and the inverse proportionality
resistance using a voltmeter and an between resistance and cross-sectional
ammeter area of a wire
• Relate (without calculation) the resistance • Recall and use the equations P = IV and
of a wire to its length and to its diameter E = IVt
• Understand that electric circuits transfer
energy from the battery or power source
to the circuit components then into the
surroundings
PHYSICS – Electric