SSC TOPPERS BUNDLE

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

The ratios between different sides of a right angled triangle with respect to its acute angles are called Trigonometric
ratios.
C

Perpendicular (P)

A Base (B) B

a) Basic Trigonometric Functional Relationships

By Pythagoras theorem H2 = B2 + P2
v) tan θ =
Perpendicular (P) sin θ
=
H = B +P 2 2 Base (B) cosθ

Perpendicular (P) sinθ secθ

i) sin θ = Hypotenuse(H) tanθ = =
cosθ cosecθ

Base (B)
ii) cosθ = Hypotenuse (H)
Base (B) cosθ
vi) cot θ = =
Perpendular (P) sin θ
Hypotenuse(H) 1
iii) cosec θ = 
Perpendicular(P) sin θ

Hypotenuse(H) 1 cosθ cosecθ 1

iv) sec θ =  cotθ = = =
Base (B) cosθ sinθ secθ tan θ

b) Reciprocal Relations

1 1
sin A = or cosec A = or sin A cosec A = 1
cosec A sin A
1 1
cos A = or sec A = or cos A sec A = 1
sec A cos A

sin A 1
tan A = or cot A = or tan A cot A = 1
cos A tan A

c) Pythagorean Identities
i) sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 , sin 2 θ  1  cos 2 θ , cos 2 θ  1  sin 2 θ

ii) sec 2 θ  tan 2 θ = 1 , sec 2 θ  1  tan 2 θ , tan 2 θ  sec 2 θ  1

iii) cosec2θ  cot 2θ = 1 , cos ec2θ  1  cot 2 θ , cot 2 θ  cos ec2θ  1

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  Radian = 1800 = 200 gradians
Angle (Degree/Radian)
Trigonometric 00 30 0 45 0 60 0 90 0 180 0 270 0 360 0
Ratios
0  /6  /4  /3  /2  3  /2 2

1 1 3
sin A 0 1 0 –1 0
2 2 2

3 1 1
cos A 1 0 –1 0 1
2 2 2

1
tan A 0 1 3 Undefined 0 Undefined 0
3

1
cot A Undefined 3 1 0 Undefined 0
3 Undefined

2
sec A 1 2 2 Undefined –1 Undefined 1
3

2
cosec A Undefined 2 2 1 Undefined –1 Undefined
3

75
30 45

2 2 2
1 2 3 -1
3

60 45 15

1 1 3 +1

Cosine Rule
Sine Rule
A
In  ABC,
In  ABC, A
b2 c 2 – a 2
c b cos A =
if AB = c, 2bc
BC = a, c b
c 2  a2 – b2
AC = b cos B =
B a C 2ac
a b c
Then = = = 2R
sin A sin B sin C
cos C =
a 2  b2 – c 2 B a C
2ab
( R - Circumradius)

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Sign of Trigonometric Functions in different When n is even, take same function
quadrants ( ASTC Rule) Sin (n  900   = Sin 
Cos (n  900   = Cos 
tan (n  900   = tan 
Cot (n  90  
0
= Cot 
900 Sec (n  90  
0
= Sec 
(900 + θ ) Cosec (n  900   = Cosec 
(900 - θ )
(1800- θ ) When n is odd, take corresponding complementary function
All +ve
Sin (n  900   = Cos 
Sin θ , Cosec θ +ve
Cos (n  900   = Sin 
tan (n  900   = Cot 
1800 00, 3600 Cot (n  900   = tan 
Tan θ ,Cot θ +ve Cos θ , Sec θ +ve
Sec (n  90  
0
= Cosec 
Cosec (n  90   = Sec 
0

(1800 + θ ) (2700 + θ ) Note : Sign convention will be as per the respective quadrant of
(2700 - θ ) (3600- θ ) original function.

3 1
2700 • sin150 = cos750 =
2 2
3 1
• sin750 = cos150 =
2 2
Sin  3 1
1 • tan150 = cot750 = 2 3
3 1
(900)
3 1
• tan750 = cot150 = 2 3
3 1

0 0 When Sum/Difference of Angles given

(1800) (00, 3600)
 When A+B = 900
• SinA = CosB • Sin2A + Sin2B=1
• tanA tanB=1 • Cos2A + Cos2B=1
(2700) • CotA CotB=1 • SinA SecB=1
-1 • tanA = cotB • CosA CosecB=1
SecA CosecA
• 1 • 1
Co sec B S ec B
 When A+B+C = 1800
Cos  • sin (2A) + sin (2B) + sin (2C) = 4 sinA sinB sin C
0 • tanA + tan B + tan C = tanA tanB tanC
(900)
• cotA cotB + cotB cot C + cotA cotC =1
A B B C C A
• tan tan  tan tan  tan tan  1
2 2 2 2 2 2
-1 1  When A + B + C = 90 0
(1800) (00, 3600)
• tanA tanB + tan B tan C + tanC tan A =1
• cotA + cotB + cotC = cotA cotB cotC

 When A+B = 1800

(2700)
• CosA + CosB = 0 • tanA.tanB = -1
0
• SinA = SinB • tanA + CotB = 0

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  When A+B = 450 or 2250 Trigonometry Product to Sum Relations
1
• (1+tanA) (1+tanB) = (1-cotA) (1-cotB) = 2 Sinθ1 . Sinθ 2  cos  θ1  θ 2   cos  θ1  θ 2 
2
 When A-B = 450 or 2250 1
Cosθ1 . Cosθ 2  cos  θ1  θ 2   cos  θ1 + θ 2  
• (1+tanA) (1-tanB) = (1-cotA) (1+cotB) = 2 2
1
 When A+B = 1350 or 3150 Sinθ1 . Cosθ 2  Sin  θ1  θ 2   Sin  θ1 - θ 2  
2
• (1- tanA) (1- tanB) = (1+cotA) (1+cotB) = 2
1
Cosθ1 . Sinθ 2  sin  θ1  θ 2   sin  θ1 - θ 2 
 When A+B = 30 0
2
Difference of Squares Trigonometric Relations
• ( 3 +tanA) ( 3 +tanB) = 4
Sin 2 x  Sin 2 y  Sin (x  y) Sin(x  y)
 When A+B = 60 0
Cos2 x  Cos2 y  Sin (x  y) Sin (x  y)
• (1+ 3 tanA) (1+ 3 tanB) = 4 Cos2 x  Sin 2 y  Cos (x  y) Cos (x  y)
Trigonometric Relations for compound Angles
Triple Angle Relations
Sin(A+B) = SinA CosB + CosA SinB
Sin(A-B) = SinA CosB - CosA SinB Sin3θ = 3 sinθ  4sin 3 θ
Cos(A+B) = CosA CosB - SinA SinB Cos3θ = 4 cos3θ  3cosθ
Cos(A-B) = CosA CosB + SinA SinB
3tanθ  tan 3 θ
tan 3θ =
tan A  tan B tan A  tan B 1  3tan 2 θ
tan (A+B) = tan (A-B) =
1  tan A tan B 1  tan A tan B 3cotθ  cot 3 θ
cot 3θ =
cot A cot B  1 cot A cot B  1 1  3cot 2 θ
cot (A+B) = cot (A-B) = 1
cot A  cot B cot B  cot A Sin θ . Sin (60 - θ ). sin (60+ θ ) = Sin3 θ
4
1
Double Angle relations Cos θ . Cos (60 - θ ). cos (60+ θ ) = cos3 θ
4
2 tan  tan θ . tan (60 - θ ). tan (60+ θ ) = tan3 θ
Sin2  = 2sin  cos  =
1  tan 2 
Half Angle Formulas
Cos2  = Cos2  -Sin2 
= 2cos2  -1 x (1  cos x)
Sin  2   
= 1-2sin2  2
1  tan 2   x (1  cos x)
= Cos    
1  tan 2  2 2
1+cos2  = 2cos2  x 1  cos x sin x
tan     
1- cos2  = 2sin2  2 1  cos x 1  cos x
1  cos 2 1  cos x tan x
tan 2   =  = Cosecx - cotx
1  cos 2 sin x 1  sec x
2 tan  x 1
tan2  =
1  tan 2  Cot    = Cosecx + cotx
2 cosec x - cotx
cot 2   
cot2  =
2 cot  Trigonometric Ratios of half angles of a triangle
Trigonometry - Sum - to - Product Relations
θ θ  θ θ  In ABC , if sides a + b + c = 2s then
sin θ1 + sinθ 2  2sin  1 2  cos  1 2 
 2   2  A (s  b)(s  c)
Sin   
θ θ  θ θ  2 bc
sin θ1 - sinθ 2  2cos  1 2  sin  1 2 
 2   2 
A s(s  a)
θ θ  θ θ  Cos   
cosθ1 + cosθ 2  2cos  1 2  cos  1 2  2 bc
 2   2 
θ θ  θ θ  A (s  b) (s  c)
cosθ1 - cosθ 2  2sin  1 2  sin  1 2  tan   
 2   2  2 s(s  a)

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 Trigonometric Relations between function and Minimum &Maximum value of Trigonometric Expressions
its inverse function
Min Max
• If i) sin  + cosec  = 2 then sin  = cosec  = 1
1. Sin  , Cos  -1 1
ii) cos  + sec  = 2 then cos  = sec  = 1
iii) tan  + cot  = 2 then tan  = cot  = 1 0, when n = even n
2. Sin  .Cos  n 1 
Pair Relations
n n
1  
  when n = odd 2 
• If 2
a sin  + b cos  = c 3. a Sin  +b Cos   a 2  b2  a 2  b2
a cos  - bsin  = d
4. a Sin2  + b Cos2  Min. of a, b Max. of a, b
then a2 + b2 = c2 + d2
 
2
ie. d = ± a 2 + b 2 - c 2 5. a Sec2  +b Cosec2  a b
• If
6. a Sinn  +b Cosecn  2 ab , if a>b
a sec   b tan  = c
a tan   b sec  = d a+b, if b>a
then a2 - b2 = c2 - d2 
• If 7. a Cosn  +b Secn  2 ab , if a>b
a cosec   b cot  = c
a+b, if b>a
a cot   b cosec  = d
then a2 - b2 = c2 - d2 8. a tann  +b Cotn  2 ab

ADVANCED IDENTITIES/RESULTS
sec   tan   1
sec  + tan  =
tan   sec   1
sin2  + cos2  = 1
1  sin  cos 
sin4  + cos4  = 1-2 sin2  . cos2  = 
cos  1  sin 
sin6  + cos6  = 1-3 sin2  . cos2  sin   cos  
=
sin   cos  
tan2  - sin2  = tan2  . sin2 
cot2  - cos2  = cot2  . cos2 
sin   cos  
sec  - tan  =
sec2  + cosec2  = sec2  . cosec2  sin   cos  
cos 2  sin  cos 
cot  - tan  = 2 cot2  = = 
cos  sin  cos  1  sin 
tan  + cot  = sec  . cosec 
tan2  +cot2  = sec2  . cosec2  -2 = sec2  + cosec2  -2 cos  sin  
cosec  + cot  =
cos   sin  
tan  cot 
 1  tan   cot     sec  cos ec  1  cos  sin 
1  cot  1  tan  = 
sin 1  cos 
cos6  = 32cos6  - 48cos4  +18 cos2  -1 cot   cosec -1 
= = cot
cot  cosec +1 2
(1 + tan  + sec  ) (1 + cot  - cosec  ) = 2
1  cot   cosec
(1 + cot  + sec  ) (1 + tan  - cosec  ) = 2 cosec  - cot  =
1  cot  cosec
(sin  + cos  + 1) (sin  + cos  - 1) = 2 sin  cos  1  cos sin 
= = = tan
(cosec  -sin  ) (sec  -cos  ) = sin  cos  sin 1+ cos 2
1  sin x - cosx 2 sin x

1  sin x (1  sin x + cosx)

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