Chapter Two
Atoms,
Molecules
and Ions
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Protons +
Nucleus Neutrons
Outer Orbits Electrons _
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1808 an English
The Atomic Theory scientist and
schoolteacher,
John Dalton
Dalton’s atomic theory has four assumptions:
1. Atoms are the building blocks of elements.
2. For the same element, all atoms are identical. The atoms
for one element are different from the atoms of all other
elements.
3. Atoms combine in definite ratio to make compounds.
4. A chemical reaction involves only the separation,
combination and rearrangement of atoms. It dos not result
in their creation or destruction.
2H2O 2H2 + O𝟐
What is atom?
Atom is the basic unit of an element that can enter into
chemical combination.
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• Protons and Neutrons are together in the nucleus of an atom,
whereas Electrons are in motion in orbits around the central nucleus.
• Protons carry a positive electrical charge, electrons carry a negative
charge, and neutrons carry no charge.
• Most atoms are electrically neutral, meaning that they have an
equal number of protons and electrons
Particle Symbol Charge Mass (amu) Mass (g)
Electron e- -1 0.0005486 9.10938 x 10−28
Proton p+ +1 1.007276 1.67262 x 10−24
Neutron n0 0 1.008665 1.67493 x 10−24
amu is atomic mass unit
1 amu = 1.66053886 × 10-27 kilograms
Electron charge: 1.60217663 × 10-19 coulombs (C)
Avogadro constant: One mole of a substance is equal to
6.022 × 10²³ units of that substance
(such as atoms, molecules, or ions).
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Atomic Number and Mass Number
• All atoms can be identified by the number of protons and neutrons
they contain.
• Atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus.
• In neutral atom the number of protons is equal to the number of
electrons, thus the atomic number also refers to the number of
electron.
• The chemical identity of an atom can be determined solely by the
atomic number.
• Example: the atomic number of Fluorine is 9 this means that each
fluorine atom have 9 protons and 9 electrons.
Any atom have 9 protons is Fluorine.
• Atomic Mass is the total number of neutrons and protons present
in the nucleus of an atom of an element.
Thus, number of neutrons = atomic mass - atomic number
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Atomic Number and Mass Number
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus
Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons
= atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons
Isotopes are atoms of the same element (X) with different numbers of
neutrons in their nuclei.
Mass Number A
Atomic Number Z X Element Symbol
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Isotopes
• Isotopes are atoms that have the same atomic number
(proton number) but different mass numbers.
• This mean the number of neutrons is the only difference
between isotopes.
• For example, there are 3 isotopes for hydrogen
1 12 31
1
H 21
H 13 H
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• Example: Carbon (atomic number 6) has three natural
isotopes with atomic weights of 12, 13 and 14.
• With exception of hydrogen, which has different names for
each of its Isotopes, isotopes of element are identified by
their mass number. For example, carbon isotopes are
called : carbon-12 , carbon-13 and carbon-14
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Two common isotopes of uranium with mass numbers of 235 and
238, respectively
235 238
92 U 92U
• Important notice : as chemical properties of element is
determined by the number of protons and electrons. Thus
isotopes of an element have similar chemistries, forming
the same type of compounds and displaying similar
reactivity.
Do you understand Isotopes?
• How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in ?
6 protons, 8 (14 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons
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How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 11Na ??
11 protons, 12 (23-11) neutrons, 11 electrons
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Molecules
• Molecules : is an aggregate of at least two atoms or more in a
definite arrangement held together by chemical forces (Chemical
bonds).
• What is the difference between molecule and compound?
• A molecule may contain atoms of the same elements or atoms of
two or more different elements joined together in a fixed ratio.
A CHEMICAL COMPOUND is a substance composed of atoms of two or
more different elements. H2O, NH3 or CH4
Thus all compounds are molecules but not all molecules are
compounds.
Molecules or compounds ?
H2O , I2 , NaCl , H2 , O2 , NaOH
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Molecules
Diatomic Molecules Polyatomic molecules
contain only two atoms. contains more than
either similar or different two atoms either
similar or different
Similar as: H2, N2, O2, Cl2,
Different as: HCl, CO O3 , H2O, NH3, CH4
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Ion is an atom or a group of
Ions atoms that has a net of
positive or negative charge.
Cation Anion
An ion with positive charge An ion with negative charge
If a neutral atom loses one or more If a neutral atom gains one or
electrons it becomes a cation. more electrons it becomes an
anion.
Na 11 protons Na+ 11 protons
11 electrons 10 electrons
Cl- 17 protons
Cl 17 protons 18 electrons
17 electrons 15
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Ions
Monatomic ions Polyatomic ions
Ions contain only one atom. Ions contain more than one
Example : atom Example : OH-, CN-, NH4+,
NO3-
Do You Understand Ions?
How many protons and electrons are in
Proton = 13 , electron = 13-3 = 10
Neutron = 27 – 13 = 14 27 3+
13 Al
How many protons and electrons are in
Proton = 34 , electron = 34 +2 = 36
Neutron = 78 – 34 = 44 78 2-
Se
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The Periodic Table
Periodic table, a chart in which elements having similar
chemical and physical properties are grouped together
elements are arranged by atomic number (Z)
horizontal rows called ‘periods’ and in vertical columns
known as ‘groups or families’
A metal is a good conductor of heat and electricity, whereas a
nonmetal is usually a poor conductor of heat and electricity. A
metalloid has properties that are intermediate between metals
and nonmetals.
Alkali Metals (1A)
Alkali Earth Metals (2A)
Halogens (7A)
Noble Gases (8A) 18
The Periodic Table
Noble Gases (8A)
Alkali Metals (1A)
Halogens (7A)
Alkali Earth Metals (2A)
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Chemical Formula
Chemists use chemical formulas to express the composition of molecules and
ionic compounds in terms of chemical symbols. By composition we mean not
only the elements present but also the ratios in which the atoms are
combined. Here we are concerned with two types of formulas:
1- molecular formula and 2- empirical formula.
Molecular Formula
A molecular formula shows the exact number of atoms of each element in the
smallest unit of a substance. The actual numbers of atoms in a molecule,
Thus, H2 is the molecular formula for hydrogen, O2 is oxygen, O3 is ozone, and
H2O is water.
Molecular Models:
ball-and-stick models and space-filling models
The structural formula:
which shows how atoms are bonded to one another in a molecule.
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Chemical Formula
Chemical Formula
صيغة تجريبية
Molecular Formula Empirical Formula
It’s a formula shows the exact
number of atoms of each elements
shows the simplest whole-number
in the smallest unit of a substance ratio of the atoms in a substance.
The actual numbers of atoms in a
molecule The simplest whole number ratio of
elements in a compound
•C6H12O2
•C3H6O
•N2H4
•NH2
•O3
•O
•C2H4Cl2 Structural Formula
•CH2Cl
•C8H10N4O4
Show the relative arrangements •C4H5N2O2
•Al2O3
of atoms in a molecule •Al2O3
Empirical H2 H 2O NH3 CH4
Formula
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Formula of Ionic Compounds
• Ionic compound consist of a cation and an anion
• the formula is always the same as the empirical
formula
• the sum of the charges on the cation and anion in
each formula unit must equal zero
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• The subscript of the cation is numerically equal to the
charge on the anion, and the subscript on the anion is
numerically equal to the charge on the cation
Examples:
Al+3 K+ Mg+2
O-2 Br - N-3
Al2O3 KBr Mg3N2
Ca+2 O-2
CaO 24
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Ionic Compounds
• Mostly metals cation + nonmetal anion
• Rule: Name the metal first, then the nonmetal as -ide.
Example :
NaCl Sodium chloride
ZnI2 Zinc iodide
Al2O3 Aluminum oxide NH4+ is called ammonium
Na3N Sodium nitride
KBr Potassium bromide
CaO Calcium oxide
MgS Magnesium sulfide
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Ionic Compounds
-
+
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Ionic Compounds
• Metal cations can be divided into two categories:
1- metal form one type of cation. Example: Alkali group and alkali
earth group.
2- metal form more than one type of cation. Example: transition
metals. (Fe+2, Fe+3).
• Rule Exceptions:
If have a variable charged metal, then give its charge in the middle
with a Roman Numeral in parenthesis. This called stock system.
Example:
FeCl2= Iron (II) Chloride.
FeCl3= Iron (III) chloride
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Ionic Compounds
• Nonmetal anion can be divided into two groups:
1- monoatomic anion. Example: Cl- chloride , Br- bromide, O-2
Oxide.
2- Polyatomic anion. Example: OH- hydroxide, CN- cyanide.
• Common names for some anions:
CO3-2 Carbonate, PO4-3 Phosphate, SO4-2 Sulphate
HCO3- Bicarbonate, NO3- Nitrate, SO3-2 Sulphite
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Ionic Compounds
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Ionic Compounds
• Example 1:
Name the following compounds :
a) Cu(NO3)2 b) KH2PO4 C) NH4ClO3
a) Cu from transition metal then it have more than one form of cation,
NO3- has common name nitrate thus:
copper (II) nitrate
b) Potassium from group 1A thus it form only one type of cation, H2PO4-
has common name dihydrogen phosphate thus:
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate.
C) NH4+ has common name ammonium, ClO3- has common name
chlorate thus:
Ammonium chlorate
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Molecular Compounds
• Made of nonmetals or nonmetals +
metalloids.
−Common names
H2O, NH3, CH4,
−First Element is named by its name
−If more than one compound can be formed
from the same elements, use prefixes to
indicate number of each kind of atom
−Last element name ends in ide
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Molecular Compounds
HI hydrogen iodide
NF3 nitrogen trifluoride
SO2 sulfur dioxide
N2Cl4 dinitrogen tetrachloride
NO2 nitrogen dioxide
N2O dinitrogen monoxide
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Acid Compounds
An acid can be defined as a substance that yields
hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
• Pure substance, hydrogen chloride, HCl (g).
• Dissolve in water yields H+ and Cl– ions,
hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq).
An oxoacid is an acid that contains hydrogen,
oxygen, and another element.
HNO3 2.7
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An acid can be defined as a substance that yields
hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
• Pure substance, hydrogen chloride, HCl (g).
• Dissolve in water yields H+ and Cl– ions,
hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq).
An oxoacid is an acid that contains hydrogen,
oxygen, and another element.
HNO3 nitric acid
HNO2 nitrous acid
H2SO4 sulfuric acid
H2SO3 sulfurous acid
H2CO3 carbonic acid
HNO3 2.7
Base Compounds
A base can be defined as a substance that yields
hydroxide ions (OH–) when dissolved in water.
NaOH sodium hydroxide
KOH potassium hydroxide
Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide
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