NURSING CARE MANAGEMENT 100

THEORETICAL FOUNDATION IN NURSING

MODULE 01

THEORETICAL FOUNDATION IN NURSING MODULE 01

OVERVIEW
Module 01 is an introduction to the course - Theoretical Foundation in Nursing
(TFN). It will introduce the learner as to different preliminary concepts that will help
the learner appreciate the course. The module also incorporates the historical
background as to the evolution of nursing theories so as to value the events of the
past to understand the present situation of nursing profession. The module also
covers the vital purposes of the nursing theories in various fields of nursing
profession.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the learner will be able to:
1. Define related terms based on one’s concept or idea by applying knowledge of
physical, social, natural and health sciences and humanities.
2. Present the evolution of nursing theories through a creative design using
appropriate information technology.
3. Discuss the various methods used to develop nursing theory.
4. Explain the purposes of nursing theory in relation to the different fields of
nursing profession.

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COURSE CONTENT:
UNIT I. INTRODUCTION
A. DEFINITION OF TERMS
CONCEPT
- An abstract word that conveys a mental image of a phenomena.
- Concept also denotes names, labels, or categories for objects, persons, or
events, derived from one’s perceptual experience.
PHENOMENA – a fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen.
All concepts are intangible, descriptive terms that persons interpret according to their
perceptions & experiences.
Concepts must be specifically defined because people have different meanings for
them.
Concepts are the building block of a theory

CONCEPTUAL MODELS
A group of concepts or ideas that are related, but the relationship is not clear or
explicit.
Are set of concepts, where the relational statements that explains the connection
between concepts are unclear or obscure
Other terms – conceptual framework
- paradigm
METAPARADIGM

 The most abstract level of knowledge

 It specifies the main concepts that encompass the subject matter.

PHILOSOPHY

 The next knowledge level from metaparadigm.

 It specifies the definitions of the metaparadigm concepts in each of the
conceptual model.
 It is the theorist viewpoint (what the theorist assumes, believes, & values or
hold to be true)
ASSUMPTIONS

 These are beliefs which may have been tested or accepted as given in other
theories

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  The basis of the theorist view & serve as a point of reference
THEORY

 Consists of a set of defined concepts & a systematic relational statements.

 A set of concepts, definitions, & propositions that project a systematic view of
phenomena by designating specific interrelationships among concepts.

HISTORY OF THEORY DEVELOPMENT IN NURSING

Before 1960’s nursing was primarily derived from:

 social,
 biological, &
 medical theories
1952 – Nursing theory had its beginnings with the publication of
Hildegard Peplau’s work
- Described the IPR – interpersonal process between nurse & patient.
- The nature of the nurse’s role came under scrutiny as nursing leaders
debated the nature of nursing practice thus started theory development
Thereafter, several nurse leaders namely Abdellah, Orlando, Weidenbach,
Hall, Henderson, Levine & Rogers developed & published their views of nursing.
Their descriptions of nursing & nursing models evolved from their:
1. personal,
2. educational, &
3. professional experiences.

Several themes as to the nature of nursing evolved:

- described as an interpersonal process
- as meeting of client’s needs
- as providing nursing care

During the 70’s

 A consensus developed among nursing leaders that the common

elements of nursing include:
 The nature of nursing (nurse’s roles/actions)
 The individual recipient of care (client)
 The context of nurse – client interaction (environment)
 Health
Nurses debated whether there should be one conceptual model of nursing or several
models to describe the relationships among them:
1. Nurse
2. Client

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 3. Environment
4. Health
PERSON (who is the client?)

 Usually the recipient of nursing care

 An individual, family, or community
 A person in need
 With impaired health status
 With self-care deficit
 An adaptive person capable of change
 Client
 Care recipients

NURSING (What is the nature of nursing?)

 As a helping discipline which may involve cognitive acts, behavioral tasks, or

interpersonal relationships between the nurse & the client.
 The nurse may act on the client’s behalf or mutually with the client or may
teach the client how to carry out certain activities.
 Nursing role = self-care agent
= as reducing the client’s Problems
HEALTH (What is the meaning of Health?)

 Some theorist describe health – illness continuum, whereas others refer only ill
health or presence of health problem
 Some see health as a dynamic process that change over time & varies with
circumstances
 Others view health as interdependent with the changing environment, or as a
process that the person has some control over.

ENVIRONMENT (Where the nurse – client interaction occur?)

 Central arena of nursing

 The area of interchange with the client in the health setting
 Some limit the scope of nursing practice to hospital settings or outpatient
clinics, whereas others include community and some place put no restrictions
or limits.

METHODS USED TO DEVELOP NURSING MODELS:

1. Advanced education – by undergoing formal training; advance studies like
master’s degree and doctorate degree
2. Borrow theories from other discipline – by copying from other theories

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3. Expansion or extension of theories in other discipline – by further explaining or
developing a theory that is already accepted or known.
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED:

1. Borrowing theories from other discipline was criticized as lacking of

originality & novelty.
2. Argument that the current nursing models inadequately address the whole
client.
3. Nursing models are relatively underdeveloped. May be related to lack of
clarity about what constitutes theory.

With recognition of the importance that theory plays in developing a scientific

discipline,
& the awareness that theories in other disciplines where insufficient to describe
nursing, then, NURSES BEGAN TO DEVELOP THEIR OWN THEORIES.

PURPOSES OF NURSING THEORY:

IN EDUCATION
1. To provide general focus for curricular design.
2. Guide curricular decision – making.
3. To elucidate the main meanings of the profession
4. To gain status of nursing profession in comparison with other profession

IN RESEARCH
1. Can help generate new ideas, research questions & interpretations.
2. Provide an essential means to identify gaps
3. Serves as springboard for nursing research through theory building & their
application in problem solving.
4. Offer systematic approach to identify questions for study.

IN CLINICAL PRACTICE
1. Assists nurses to describe, explain, predict everyday experiences in the
practice of nursing.
2. Serve to guide assessment, intervention, & evaluation of nursing care.

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3. Provide rationale for collecting reliable & valid data about the health status
of clients, which are essential for effective decision – making &
implementation.
4. Help to establish criteria to measure the quality of nursing care.
5. Help build a common nursing terminology to use in communicating with
other health professionals.
6. Enhance autonomy (independence, self – governance) of nursing through
defining its own independent functions.

ACTIVITY: Week One

WORKSHEET 01. In long bond paper, write your answer for what is required:
1. Write a concept paper of Who You Are.
2. What is your concept of Nursing?

Date of submission: during lecture days next week (August 21- 22, 2023)

Prepared by:

MARIA MELANDA V. SOSING

Instructor
09171003456