Chapter 5

Colonial Period: Spanish

Colonial Rule
(1921-1898)
Readings in Philippine History
 Members
6 Lorygel Sevilla
1 Arturo Aguilar

Rica Ubay
2 Jhordan Alejandria 7

3 Ariane Grace Andana 8 Stephanie Umoso

4 Nicole Arancina 9 Jomar Usman

5 Karahlyn Bacala
 Colonial
Motives of
Spain
 Pope Alexander

● A spanish- born pontiff

● From the powerful Borgia Family
● He was infamous for his libertine
behavior and nepotism
● He was Pope between 1942 and
1503
 Pope Alexander VI’s
Inter Cætera (May 4,
1493)
● The Papal Bull “Inter Caetera” issued by Pope
Alexander VI on May 4, 1493 also known as “
Doctrine Discovery” played a big role in the
spanish conquest on New World

● The document supported Spain's exclusive

rights to lands discovered by Columbus and
established a demarcation line, granting Spain
monopoly over territories west of it, while also
encouraging the spread of Christianity and the
subjugation of non-Christian nations.
 Pope Alexander VI’s
Inter Cætera (May 4,
1493)
The Bull stated that any land not
inhabited by Christians was available to be
"discovered," claimed, and exploited by
Christian rulers and declared that "the
Catholic faith and the Christian religion be
exalted and be everywhere increased and
spread, that the health of souls be cared for
and that barbarous nations be overthrown
and brought to the faith itself."
 EXCERPTS

This text is a papal bull issued by Pope

Alexander VI in 1493, addressed to King
Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain.
 The bull begins by recognizing
the efforts of Ferdinand and
Isabella to promote the Catholic
faith and expand Christian
territory. It acknowledges their
desire to discover new lands and
convert their inhabitants to
Ferdinand and Isabella Christianity.
 The Pope notes that due to Christopher Columbus
the recent successful (discover the New World)
completion of the Reconquista
(reconquest) of Granada, the
monarchs now have the
opportunity to support
Christopher Columbus, a skilled
explorer who has set out to find
new lands and convert the
people to Catholicism.
Discovery of New
Lands The bull
Columbus has
acknowledges that
indeed discovered
previously unknown islands and
mainland areas inhabited by people
who are potential converts to
Christianity. Some of these lands also
contain valuable resources like gold
and spices.
 Grant of Territories
The Pope grants Ferdinand and
Isabella the authority to claim and
govern all the newly discovered lands
and islands, as well as any others
they may find in the future. This
includes dominion over cities, towns,
and jurisdictions.
Geographic Boundary
The bull defines a boundary from
the Arctic pole to the Antarctic pole, one
hundred leagues west and south of the
Azores and Cabo Verde islands.
Everything beyond this line is to be
under Spanish control.
 Excommunication Penalty
The Pope threatens
excommunication to anyone,
including royalty and nobility, who
attempts to go to these newly
discovered lands without the
special permission of Ferdinand and
Isabella or their successors.
 Endorsement of
Spanish Expansion
The papal bull essentially
endorses Spanish expansion into
newly discovered territories,
provided it is done in the name of
spreading the Catholic faith and
under the authority of the Spanish
crown.
Treaty of Tordesillas
( June 7, 1494)
Treaty of Tordesillas
( June 7, 1494)
 EXCERPTS
Treaty of Tordesillasis an excerpt from a treaty
or agreement between the representatives of King
Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Castilla, Aragon, etc.,
and the King of Portugal regarding the division of
newly discovered lands in the Ocean Sea (Atlantic
Ocean).
 Controversy
Resolution

The treaty aims to resolve a dispute

over which newly discovered lands in the
Atlantic Ocean belong to each party,
namely Castilla and Portugal.
Establishment of a
Boundary Line

The early expeditions to the Philippines

were part of Spain's larger efforts to
explore and establish a presence in the
Asia-Pacific region during the Age of
Exploration.
 Territorial
Division
Lands and islands discovered or to be discovered to
the east of this boundary line will belong to Portugal,
while those to the west of the line will belong to Castilla,
Aragon, etc. This division is to be permanent and binding
on both parties and their successors.
No Unauthorized
Voyages
Both parties agree not to send ships to
explore, trade, or conquer in the territories
assigned to the other party. Any lands
discovered in violation of this agreement are to
be immediately surrendered to the rightful
owner.
 Expedition for Boundary
Determination
Within ten months of the treaty's date, both
parties will send caravels to the island of Grande
Canaria, each carrying experts such as pilots,
astrologers, sailors, and others. These experts will
jointly study the sea, courses, winds, and latitude to
accurately determine the agreed-upon boundary line.
 Collaborative Effort

The representatives of both parties will

collaborate in this effort to ensure that the
boundary line is established correctly, using their
combined expertise to avoid future disputes.
Early Expeditions
to the Philippines
Fernando de Magalhaes
(Ferdinand Magellan) -
(1480 – 1521)
• Portuguese explorer who is credited with
masterminding the first expedition to
circumnavigate the world.
• Outstanding Seaman and Navigator.
• He leads the Spain's most significant venture.
• He is the one who proposed to navigate Spice
Islands via westward route.
• He presented a proposal to find a new route to
the Moluccas.
1508
• Magellan has his voyages to
the trading port of Malacca,

1511-1512
• and the Moluccan Spice
Islands under the command
of Alfonso de Albuquerque
 1513 (Up to Latest Year of
Expedition of Magellan)
• He returned to Lisbon, Portugal with his Malay slave Enrique.
• He took part in the Portuguese campaign against the Moors in
Africa.
• He was pierced by his enemy's lance resulting him for being limp for
his entire lifetime.
• He proposed to King Manuel ( King of Portuguese ) about his plan
to navigate Spice Islands via westward route which was ignored by
the king, resulting him to renounce his Portuguese citizenship and
went to Spain.
 1513 (Up to Latest Year of
Expedition of Magellan)
• There he met Diego de Barbosa, another Portuguese, and
befriended his son Duarte, another navigator, and married his
daughter Beatriz.
• He presented his idea to King Charles I ( Charles V ).
• Magellan used a world map created by Pierre Regnel and letters
from Francisco Serrao
• Later on, the Spanish King approved Magellan's confidence and his
ideas about the Expedition.
 1513 (Up to Latest Year of
Expedition of Magellan)
• There is an authorization letter coming from the King and Queen of Spain
(made by Francisco delos Covos, Secretary of the Queen) that authorizes
Ruy de Faleiro and Ferdinand Magellan to do their following Expeditions.
• Lastly, Magellan completed the preparation of his Expedition which
consisted of five ships (Trinidad, Victoria, Concepcion, Santiago and San
Antonio), 270 men (most were Spaniards, the rest were foreigners), his
Malay slave Enrique of Malacca (acting as interpreter), Father Pedro de
Valderrama (fleet Captain), Antonio Pigafetta (Venetian knight and
chronicler of the Expedition), and Duarte de Barbosa (Magellan's
brother-in-law).
 Ruy de Faleiro
( 1500 - 1523 )
• Portuguese cosmographer, astrologer, and
astronomer who was the principal scientific
organizer behind Magellan's circumnavigation of
the world.
• Only person who believes Ferdinand Magellan
when everyone doubted him.
Letter from the King of Castile to Fernando
de Magalhaes and Ruy de Faleiro (Vol. I)
• It is stated to the letter the agreement between the royals of Spain
and Ferdinand Magellan with Ruy de Faleiro about the expedition in
the ocean.
• The royals also indicated that everything they needed in expedition
such as ships, necessities and etc. are well prepared.
• They also stated that the power they hold as a royal shall be available
also to Ferdinand and Ruy as the captain of their fleet, every words
they impart holds a certain degree and they're the one who will judge
about the outcomes of the lives of every person in their fleet and also
to the new land they will discover.
 March 12, 1518

• It is the exact date where the

royals of Spain write and permitted
this letter and to be sent to the
leader of this expedition which are
Fernando de Magalhaes and Ruy
de Faleiro.
 Antonio Pigafetta
(c. 1491 – 1534)
• Was a scion of a noble family of Vicenza who
claimed Venetian citizenship.
• Was a Venetian scholar and explorer
• During his younger years, he worked in the
ships owned by the Knights of Rhodes
• He joined the Magallanes-Elcano famous
expedition to the Moluccas (1519 to 1522)
• He had a handwritten account of the expedition
entitled, “The First Voyage Around the
World”
 First Voyage Around the
World by Antonio Pigafetta
(Vol. XXXIII (Vol. II), 103-185
• Pigaffeta’s account narrated the
situation of their voyage.
• The following were the significant
events that happened when they
arrived and “rediscovered” the
Philippines until their captain died in
1521:
March 16, 1521 (Saturday)
• They arrived at dawn in a sight
of a high island named Zamal
(now Samar)

March 17, 1521 (Sunday)

• Landed on another island
called Humunu (now
Homonhon)
• The island was uninhabited and
lay to the right of the Zamal
island
 March 18, 1521
(Monday)
• They saw a boat coming toward them with
nine men (from Zuluan) in it.
• The captain-general gave them red caps,
mirrors, combs, bells, ivory, bocasine and
other things
• Those men, in turn, welcomed them by
giving them their native products such as
fish, a jar of palm wine (Uraca), banana
figs, and two coconuts
 March 18, 1521
(Monday)
• They also promised that they would bring
umay or rice, and coconuts and other foods
within four days
• Humunu island was called by the voyagers
as Acquada da li buoni Segnialli (The
Watering Place of Good Signs) and
Archipelago of San Lazaro
• They had an encounter with Raia Colambu
and Raia Siagu, from Butuan and Calagan.
 March 31, 1521 (Easter Sunday)
• First mass in the Philippines
• Held at Mazaua (Limasawa)
• Elevated a cross on the highest
mountain summit as “standards given to
him by the emperor his sovereign.”
• The captain-general asked the locals
whether they were Moros or heathen,
they replied that they worshipped
nothing. But they called their god as
Abba
 March 31, 1521 (Easter Sunday)
• There are three ports where it was best to
get the food, namely: Ceylon, Zubu, and
Calaghann
• The voyagers remained in Mazaua for
seven days, after which they laid their
course toward the northwest, passing
among five islands: Ceylon, Bohol,
Camighan, Baybai, and Gatighan
• They left Gatighan, went west, and waited
for the King of Mazaua near three islands:
Polo, Ticobon, and Pozon
 April 7, 1521
(Sunday)
• The voyagers entered the port of Zubu,
passing by many villages
• They described the inhabitants’ houses
as houses built upon logs
• Fired mortars as a sign of “peace and
friendship” and to honor the king of the
village
 April 8, 1521
(Monday)

• A sanduguan (blood
compact) was held.
 April 14, 1521 (Sunday)
• Baptismal Mass of the 800 natives and a
large cross was set up.
• Rajah Humabon was given a baptized
name as Don Carlo; the prince as Don
Fernando; Rajah Colambu as Johanni;
the chief as Fernando; the Moros as
Christoforo; the queen as Johanna; the
wife of the prince as Catherina; the
queen of Mazaua as Lisabeta
• The queen has given an image of a
beautiful wooden child Jesus (Sto. Niño)
 April 26, 1521 (Friday)
• Zula, a chief of Matan sent one of
his sons to present two goats to the
captain-general
• He had not been able to send to him
because of the other chief
Cilapulapu, who refused to obey
the king of Spagnia
• He requested to send him one
boatload of men on the next night so
that they might help him and fight
against the other chief
 April 27, 1521 (Saturday)
• 60 men, the king, the prince, some of the other
chief men, and twenty or thirty balanguais
reached Matan three hours before the dawn –
Battle of Mactan
• The captain-general was shot in the leg with a
large cutlass, which resembles a scimitar, only
being larger
• Eight of the men were killed with him in the
battle, and four Indians, who had become
Christians and who had come afterward to aid
the voyagers, were killed by the mortars of the
boats.
 April 27, 1521 (Saturday)
• Of the enemy, only 15 were killed, while
many of the voyagers were wounded
• Henrich, the interpreter and slave of
Magellan, was not freed and was
threatened if he did go ashore, he would be
flogged.
• He ignored the order, went to the king, and
told him that they were about to leave soon,
but if they would follow his advice, they
could gain the ships and their merchandise.
• Accordingly, they arranged a plot.
 May 1, 1521 (Wednesday)
• The king invited the commanders that the
jewels he promised to send to the king of
Spagnia were ready
• He begged them and other companions to
come to receive the jewels and dine with
him.
• 24 men went ashore, among them was the
astrologer San Martin de Sevilla
• Pigafetta did not join since he was injured
• Killed the Spaniards who joined the banquet
• They departed Cebu.
 Map of Initial Spanish Expeditions.
Initial Spanish Expeditions (Late 15th - Early 16th Century)
After the ship Victoria reached Spain on September 6,
1522, Magellan's expeditions paved the way for Spain’s
expansion to the Far East. The following were the other
successive five expeditions sent to the Orient to
explore, conquer, and colonize the Philippines and
Moluccas:
Loaisa Expedition (1525)
Captain: Garcia Jofre de Loaisa (7
ships and 450 men)
Results: Failed to reach the
Philippines Death of Loaisa and
co-captain Sebastian de Elcano
Andres de Urdaneta (navigator of
the later Legazpi expedition)
survived
 Cabot Expedition
(1526)
Captain: Sebastian Cabot (4 ships
and 250 men)
Results: Failure to find the Strait of
Magellan
Saavedra Expedition
(1527)
Captain: Alvaro de Saavedra (3
ships and 110 men)
Results: First from the Viceroyalty
in Mexico Reached Mindanao but
failed to colonize Rescued
survivors of the Loaisa expedition
at Tidore, Moluccas
 Villalobos Expedition
(1542)
Captain: Ruy Lopez de Villalobos
(6 ships and 200 men)
Results: Reached Mindanao but failed
to colonize Named Mindanao as
Cesarea Caroli in honor of King Charles
I of Spain Named the Philippines as
Islas Filipinas in honor of Crown Prince
Philip (later King Philip II of Spain)
Legazpi Expedition (1564)

Captain: Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (4

ships and 380 men)
Results: Successful Colonization
Moluccas Issue
September 6, 1522
The Pacific Area came into play when the ship Victoria reached
Spain, particularly the Spice Islands (Moluccas).
1524
● Both kingdoms organized the Junta de
Bajadoz-Elvas to resolve the issue: find
Tordesillas’ antimeredians’ exact location, which
would divide the world into two equal
hemispheres.
● Each kingdom appointed three astronomers,
cartographers, and mathematicians.
● The Junta met several times at Bajadoz and Elvas.
1525
Charles V’s younger sister, Catherine Asturia
married John III of Portugal.
1526
Charles V of Spain sought a practical solution to the
Moluccas issue after marrying Isabella of Portugal.
April 22, 1529
Charles V signed a new treaty with Portugal in
Zaragoza, Spain.
 Treaty of Zaragoza
The Treaty of Zaragoza, signed in 1529,
was a pivotal agreement between the
Spanish Empire, represented by King
Charles I (also Emperor Charles V), and
the Portuguese Empire, led by King John
III of Portugal. Its primary goal was to
define their overseas territories during
the Age of Exploration.
 EXCERPTS
This text is the Treaty of Zaragoza that
moved the 1494 line east, giving Portugal
Asia and the Moluccas, while Spain claimed
the Pacific. The Philippines, on Portugal's
side, later led to conflicts. The key points
of the Treaty of Zaragoza can be
summarized as follows:
● Territorial Division. The Treaty of Zaragoza
established a new meridian line, positioned 17°
east of the Moluccas (modern-day Indonesia), to
distinguish Spanish and Portuguese territories.
● Spice Trade. A significant motive was gaining
control over the valuable spice trade, especially
centered in the Moluccas, known as the Spice
Islands.
● Enduring Impact. This treaty effectively prevented
major conflicts between Spain and Portugal over their
overseas holdings for centuries. It played a pivotal role
in shaping their colonial empires in Asia and the Pacific.
● Resolution of Disputes. Over time, minor
disagreements regarding the meridian line's precise
location and ownership of specific islands were
addressed through subsequent diplomatic agreements.
 The Treaty of Zaragoza resolved
territorial disputes and profoundly
influenced the colonial expansion of
Spain and Portugal during the Age of
Exploration, particularly in the spice-rich
Moluccas.
 Instruction to Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi from the Royal
Audiencia
After King Charles I (Emperor Charles V) abdicated the
Spanish throne in 1556, his son became the King of
Spain as Philip II. Later, he wrote a letter to the Mexican
Viceroy Luis de Velasco, ordering him to prepare an
expedition for the Philippines' conquest and colonization.
However, before the expedition set, the Viceroy died. The
instructions were issued by the President and Auditors of
the Royal Audiencia of Mexico. The commander of the
expedition was given to Miguel Lopez de Legazpi.
 Instruction to Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi from the Royal
Audiencia
He was accompanied by Fr. Andres de Urdaneta
(acting as the chief pilot), Captain Felipe de
Salcedo (Legazpi’s grandson), Guido de Lavezaris
(survivor of the Villalobos expedition), Melchor de
Legazpi (fleet accountant and Legazpi’s son), and
five Augustinian missionaries.
The following were the main specific instructions of the King of Spain to Legazpi:
“The fleet, setting sail, shall proceed in search of and to discover the Western
Islands situated toward the Malucos, but you shall not in any way or manner enter
the islands of the said Malucos, but you shall enter other islands contiguous to the,
for instance, the Filipinas, and others outside the said treaty, and within this
majesty’s demarcation, and which are also reported to contain spice. They are to
labor for the evangelization of the natives, to ascertain the products of the islands,
and to discover the return route to New Spain… When you have arrived at the said
Filipinas Islands, and other islands contiguous to them and the Malucos, without,
however, you shall try to discover entering the latter, and examine their ports, and
to ascertain and learn the settlements minutely therein and their wealth; the nature
and mode of life of the natives; the trade and barter among them, and with the
nations; the value and price of spices among them… Urdaneta must return with
the ship or ships sent back to discover the return route, because of his
experience.”
Here were the other significant events
happened during the expedition,
beginning from their arrival in the
Philippines in 1565 until they were able
to establish a settlement in Maynila in
1571:
 February 13, 1565

Anchored near the island of

Cebu; unable to land at the
island due to Cebuano hostility.
 February 13, 1565

February 13, 1565: anchored near the island of Cebu;

unable to land at the island due to Cebuano hostility
 February 22, 1565

Sailed to Samar and was welcomed by Chief

Urrao and made a blood compact.
 March 9, 1565
Landed at Limasawa and the Chief Bankaw
hospitably received them.
 March 1565

Made a blood compact after befriended the native

kings, Sikatuna and Sigala.
 April 27, 1565

Sailed to Cebu, and Chief

Tupas defied the Spaniards.
The attacks of Legazpi’s force
defeated Cebuanos.

Cebu, as the first established Spanish settlement, named “Villa

del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus (City of the Most Holy Name of
Jesus) after an image of Sto. Niño was found in one of the native
houses.
 June 4, 1965
Legazpi and Tupas concluded
a treaty with the condition that
Chief Tupas and the other
datus recognize Spanish
sovereignty and friendship. o
Augustinian missionaries
began sowing the seeds of
Christianity to the natives of
Cebu
 1569

Due to scarcity of food

provisions in Cebu, the
Spaniards transferred to Panay,
where the people peacefully
welcomed them. They
established a second settlement
on the bank of the Panay River.
 1570

Having heard of Luzon's riches,

Legazpi dispatched Martin de Goiti to
explore the northern region. Landing in
Batangas with a force of 120 Spaniards
and 600 Visayans from Cebu and
Panay islands, de Goiti explored the
area.
 May 8, 1570
They arrived in Manila Bay. The
natives welcomed them. Goiti’s
soldiers camped there for a few
weeks while allying with the Muslim
leader Raja Soliman, who was a
vassal under the Sultan of Brunei. He
refused to submit to Spanish
vassalage and defended his area
from the Spaniards.
 Relation to the
Conquest of the
Island of Luzon
(Vol. III)
 May 24, 1570

Goiti and his men captured

Maynilad and Soliman, and his
warriors retreated.

In the same year, more

reinforcements arrived in the
Philippines.
 May 1571

Legazpi followed Goiti and

Salcedo to Maynilad. He formed a
peace pact with the natives and the
local rulers' Rajah Suleiman and
Lakan Dula.
 June 3, 1571
Although both local rulers befriended
with Legazpi, some Filipinos in Central Luzon
defied the Spaniards. Bambalito, a
Pampango warlord, rallied the warriors from
different towns to resist Spanish invaders'
resistance. Their war boats sailed down the
Channel of Bankusay, off the north shore of
Manila Bay, ang engaged de Goiti’s forces in
a naval battle. However, Bambalito was killed,
and their plan failed.
 June 24, 1571

Legazpi established a settlement.

He proclaimed Maynilad as the
island’s capital and the seat of the
Spanish government in East Indies.
 September 1571

Years later, King Philip II, by his

Royal Decree of June 1, 1574,
named Manila as Insigne y Siempre
Leal Ciudad (Distinguished and Ever
Loyal).