A.

Organization

Organization as a property of a well-written text refers on how the ideas in the

text is organized or how the paragraph is arranged with its introduction, body, and

conclusion. It must also have the topic sentence or the main idea. Well, let us go

deeper on other techniques on how to organize a paragraph so that it will become a

well-written text. Here are the techniques and their corresponding signal words.

1. Sequential Order. It is a technique in arranging the text observing the

chronological order or time, process or sequence, and narration of events by using

signal words like first, second, third, initially, primarily, following, preceding,

next, when, later, before, after, then, until, not long after that, finally, lastly, at

last, etc.

2. Spatial Order. This is another technique in organizing the paragraph pertaining

to space, position, or location of people or things by using signal words like above,

below, under, behind, beside, beyond, alongside, nearby, in front of, inside,

outside, on top of, etc. This is very suitable when describing about the

geographical location of things or people.

3. Complexity Order. This technique in organizing compositions refers to the

logical order from simple to complex, inductive to deductive, cause and effect,

and problem and solution to help the writers explain their ideas. This can also be

done by defining and illustrating. For cause-effect, you can use signal words like
for, because, since, as a consequence, due to, etc. Signal words like because, as a

solution, consequently, so that, therefore, etc. can be used for problem-solution.

When defining, transitional devices such as is defined as, means, refers to, to

illustrate, as defined, etc. can be used.

4. Listing Order. It means the ordering of ideas following the alphabet (from A to

Z). Examples of alphabetical order are the major cities in the Philippines

presented in an article: Cagayan De Oro City, Caloocan, Cebu, Davao City,

Manila, Parañaque, Pasig, Quezon City, Taguig, and Zamboanga City. This can

also be done by enumerating ideas through numbers in ascending order (e.g.

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, etc.) and descending order (e.g. 9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2, and 1).

B. Coherence and Cohesion

Coherence is very helpful when jumping ideas so that they will stick to each

other. This can be achieved by applying techniques such as: using topic sentence

at the beginning of the paragraph; placing major ideas in another paragraph and

sequencing the ideas in logical order or by numbering. Also, do not forget the

logical arrangement of ideas you learned in the previous lesson like defining,

narrating, describing, classifying, etc.

Cohesion is a property of a well-written text that helps the ideas to become

meaningful by sticking the ideas together at the sentence level. This can be

achieved by using transitional devices, pronouns, subordinators and

coordinators, and lexical patterning.

 Transitional Devices

Here are examples of transitional devices which were already

introduced in your previous topic.

Giving emphasis: indeed, importantly, in fact, furthermore, and moreover

Stating contrast: in contrast, conversely, compared to, another point

Giving examples: for instance, for example, namely, such as

Adding similar points: similarly, likewise, again, and also

 Pronouns

Examples of pronouns are: he, she, it, they, them, their, etc. Here is an

example for you wherein the pronoun ‘they’ is referring to the word “people.”

People are excited to receive financial assistance from the government. At least,

they have something to eat in times of crisis.

 Coordinators and Subordinators

Examples of coordinators are: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS) while

some of the examples of subordinators are: when, since, although, so that, until,

before, unless, when, whenever, etc.

 Lexical Patterning

On the other hand, lexical patterning means changing the function of the word

into another part of speech. Here’s the example. Notice in the sentences below that

the word “heroism” is a noun and related concept is used in another sentence “heroic”

which functions not as a noun but as an adjective.

Heroism does not need to be recognized by all people nor becoming superior to

others. One can do heroic deeds by doing small act of kindness to the needy even if

nobody noticed it.

C. Language Use

Language use refers to style or register, denotative and connotative language,

figures of speech, and idiomatic expression.

 Register or Style

In describing the style or register, the language used is either spoken or written, and formal or informal.
There are three dimensions of register or style, namely: field, tenor, and mode introduced by the three
anime characters below.
1. Hello, I am Field! I am the language used in a certain profession called jargons. For example, the
language for the doctors is medicalese, for the lawyers and police officers, it is called legalese, and for
the teachers, it is teacherese.

2. Hi, I am Tenor! I am responsible if people talk or write in formal or informal way. You write formally
when it is related to school or work. It is informal when writing to friends or family members.

3. Hey! I am Mode. I am concerned about the medium of communication whether it is spoken or

Denotative and Connotative Language

Words normally have literal meaning or definition from the dictionary. It is called Denotative meaning.
However, words have deeper meaning or connotation when used in a text. Look at the examples inside
the box.

Denotation:

A rose is a beautiful and

fragrant flower with thorns.

Connotation:

A red rose means passion and

true love.

Figures of Speech

Do you know a song that goes, Your love is like the sun that lights up my whole world? Well, this is an
example of figures of speech. Yes, there are lots of figures of speech being used in the songs, poems,
and stories. These are being used to get away from ordinary use of language and to create a literary
effect to the readers. Some of the commonly used figures of speech are given below.

1. Simile
A simile is a figure of speech that compares two things using "like" or "as" to create a vivid or
imaginative connection between them. It is a form of metaphorical expression that helps the reader or
listener understand something by relating it to something else.

2. Metaphor
A metaphor is a figure of speech that describes an object or action in a way that isn't literally true, but helps
explain an idea or make a comparison.

3. Personification
Personification is a literary device in which an object, animal, or idea is given human qualities, characteristics,
or emotions.

4. Hyperbole
Hyperbole is a figure of speech that involves an exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis.

5. Oxymoron
An oxymoron is a figure of speech that combines contradictory terms or ideas. It is often used to create a
rhetorical effect or to emphasize a point.

Idiomatic Expression

Have you tried joining a contest and somebody told you, “Break a leg”? Or have you heard of an expression
that goes, “You are the apple of my eye”? Well, these are examples of idiomatic expression which are also
used in writing. These expressions do not give the literal meaning of the words but they have figurative
meaning.

Mechanics

Mechanics in writing refer to the technical aspects of writing that contribute to its clarity, coherence, and
effectiveness. These mechanics include grammar, punctuation, spelling, capitalization, and usage. Paying
attention to these mechanics ensures that your writing is accurate, professional, and easy to understand.