Approximation and Estimation Rounding ‘One way to approximate the exact value is by rounding — round up or round down or to the nearest. tgForexample, consider the whole numbers 22, 25 and 27. Ty reve ae api 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 ack circl 22 is nearer to 20 than 30, thus it is rounded down to 20. 27 is closer to 30 and thus it is rounded up to 30. As a general guide, 25, which is exactly halfway between 20 and 30, is rounded up to 30. Rounding decimals can also be done in the same way. Rules for rounding: 1. Consider one digit to the right of the place value of rounding. i If this digitis > 5 (ii) If this digit is <5 |For rounding whole numbers + add ‘I’ to the digit in the place |+ the digit in the place value of value of rounding rounding remains unchanged and + replace the digit(s) to the right of the place value with 0 Forrounding decimals * add ‘I’ to the digit in the place |+ the digit in the place value of value of rounding rounding remains unchanged and * ‘drop’ the digit(s) to the right of the place value of rounding ‘n rn CHAPTER 3| 24Significant Figures * All non-zero digits are significant. + A zero (or zeros) between non-zero digits is (are) significant. + Ina whole number, zeros after the last non-zero digit may or may not be significant, + Ina decimal, zeros before the first non-zero digit are not significant, + Ina decimal, zeros after the last non-zero digit are significant, >>> EXAMPLE 4 (rounding of numbers to the nearest 50) Correct each of the following numbers to the nearest 50. (a) 22.638 (b) 235 112 (ec) 57567 >>> SOLUTION (a) 22650 (b) 235 100 (©) 57550 >>> EXAMPLE 2 (rounding of ¢ number to the nearest thousand and ten thousand) Round 48 379 to the nearest (a) thousand, (b) ten thousand. >>> SOLUTION (a) 48 379 = 48 000 (b) 48/379 = 50 000 >>> EXAMPLE 3 [rounding to a given number of decimal places) Round 6.3501 correct to (a) 1 decimal place, (b) 3 decimal places. >>> SOLUTION (@) 6.3501 = (b) 6.3501) = 6.350 25 | CHAPTER 3 DH For (a), 2 638 is ch 2265 than 102260. for (b), 235 112 is cl 23510 than 238 130 57361 i chs w 57 wos7 600, Digit ‘8" is the place consider one digit to th i.e,*3), which is less than “8 remains unchanged the digits after ‘3" are with Digit °4° is the place consider one digit to th ive. '8', which is more. thus we add 1 to 4 and | all the digits on the right Digit ‘3* is the first de ‘consider one digit to isi “5°, thus we add | 10 3 ar all the other decimals. A Digit ‘0° is the third 1 ESTIM.>>> EXAMPLE 4 (rounding to e given number of significant figures) ound 107.0305 correct to (a) 2 significant figures, ‘(b) 4 significant figures, (o) Ssignificant figures, (a) 6 significant figures. >>> SOLUTION (@) 10 (p) 107.0 ser {2 (¢) 107.03 ser to) (d) 107.031 fore), 0 than Estimation “Toestimate the value of the result of numbers in a calculation, the numbers ‘in our working should be rounded to one more significant figure than that of the required result. >>> EXAMPLE 5 (estimation to a given number of significant figures) i) Estimate the value of 105 x 11.3- 44.7 correct to 1 significant figure. >>> SOLUTION VI05 x11.3-44.7 = Vi00 x11-45 Round all the numbers to 2 10x 11-45 significant figures, sisal) 65 Do not forget to cheek: if your = 70 answer is correct to | significant figure. fits not, you must round ‘upldown once more. TION |ABPROXIMATION AND ESTIMATION CHAPTER 3 | 25Eevee Wess | ae a g 1. Express 0.0235 (a) asa decimal, correct to 2 significant figures, (b) as a fraction in its lowest term. 2, Round off (a) 35 076 to the nearest hundred, (b) 527 601 to the nearest thousand, (©) 421 992 to the nearest ten thousand, j 3. Round off | (a) to the nearest whole number 52.357, | (b) 49.695 to 2 decimal places, | (c) 215.0013 to 3 decimal places. | 4. Round off | (a) 5.3162 to 3 significant figures, ] (b) 20.0011 to 4 significant figures, (©) 0.041 32 to 2 significant figures ( correct to 3 significant figures. 5. Using acaleulator, evaluate sgiving your answer 6. Express 2 ae (a) % as adecimal and give your answer correct to 3 significant figures, () 123 9s a decimal and give your answer correct to 2 decimal 23 e pla 7. Estimate the value of each of the following. (a) 69337 x 29411 {161000 Ors 7 | CHAPTER 3 fi t= anf state the number of significant figures for each of the following. (a) 20.00 (b) 31.004 © 240 (a) 0.0020 © 007 9, Express each of the following as a recurring decimal. ~ @ ©) BIR CLA an gig cia a © 10. Arrange each of the following in ascending order. @ 2 37 (b) —3 0.65, -0.7, = © wis 114 £3 4 11, (a) Correct each of the following to 2 significant figures. @ 7481.2 (ii) 0.003 02 (b) Hence, estimate the value of correct to 1 significant figure. @ 12. ()) Estimate the value of 0.0326 x 20 011 correct to 1 significant figure. li) Hence, or otherwise, estimate the value of 32.6 x 200.11. 13. (H) Estimate the value of 19:92 99.9 correct to 1 significant figure (ii) Hence, or otherwise, estimate the value of 1.1992, x 0.999. 2 14, Express 57; as a (a) a recurring decimal, (b) a decimal correct to 2 significant figures. APPROXIMATION AND ESTIMATION . CHAPTER 3/28—r 15. Express f 16. 17. 18. 19. 2 » 1. (a) 453 asa devimal correct to 2 decimal places, () 2 asarecurring decimal, © Se as a recurring decimal State the number of significant figures for each of the following. (a) 100.000 cm (to the nearest 10 000 em) (b) 510 cm (to the nearest 10 em) (c) 65 000 km (to the nearest 1000 km) (d) 101 010 cm (to the nearest 10 em) (©) 202.000 m (to the nearest 100 m) (© 490000 mm (to the nearest 100 mm) Round off 77 351 mm to (a) 3 significant figures, (b) the nearest cm, (c) the nearest 10 cm, (d) the nearest m. Round off 39 376.801 g to (a) 2 decimal places, (b) the nearest 10 g, (©) the nearest 100g, (@) the nearest 10 kg. 20.31 Estimate the value of 22311901 correct to 4 7 I significant figure, 419+2572 20.3 9.0 (b) Use a calculator to find the value of 20:31 191 correct to A13 + 2.572 3 significant figures. Alot @ . Correct to 3 significant figures, /5.1 = 2.26, /51 =7.14, ¥5.1=1.72 and 9/51 = 3.71, Using as much information ‘as necessary, write down the value of @ 8 (b) ¥0.051 may 3 © ( 10 ) ~20 An integer is 80 when rounded to the nearest 10. List all the possible values of the integers which are also prime numbers. CHAPTER 322. 25. 26. Jf an integer is 2700 when rounded to the nearest 100, find the difference between the maximum and the minimum, possible values of the integer. (b) An integer is estimated to be 3000 when it is rounded to 1,2 or 3 significant figures respectively. Find the maximum and the minimum possible values of the integer. (©) A 4 significant figure-number is estimated to be 4, 4.5 and 4,48 if it is rounded off to the nearest whole number, 1 decimal place and 2 decimal places respectively. Find the maximum and the minimum possible values of the number. @ There are an estimated 425 million smartphone users in Asia, which is approximately 39.5% of all the smartphone users in America. Estimate the number of smartphone users in America, giving your answer correct to 1 significant figure. Jane: 0.749 is ess than 3. Mary: No, they have the same value. Who is correct? Explain your answer with clear working. A (@® Use a calculator to write down the recurring decimals of 73 , where A= 5,6,7 and 8. (ii) Describe the pattern observed for the recurring decimals above. (iii) Given that 4 + B=0.552.447 55, express B as a fraction in its simplest form. A concert organizer aims to sell a total of 7292 tickets to earn a revenue of $488 000 from an event, which will be held for 4 days. Alll tickets are sold at a flat rate. By estimating the unit price of a ticket, estimate the total amount of ticket sales if an average of 1520 tickets are eventually sold on each of the 4 days. ROXIMATION AND ESTIMATIONTi PNT) Uncertainty ‘When a measurement is made, its accuracy and precision depend on a few factors, such as the instrument, the skill of the person who records the measurement, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to give a range of possible values of the measurement. The spread of the values is termed as ‘uncertainty’, ‘error’ or ‘deviation’. For example, if a measurement is recorded as 7.5 + 0.2 cm, the ‘0.2’ is referred to as the ‘uncertainty’. The value of the measurement can actually lie between 7.3 cm (7.5 cm—0.2.cm) and 7.7 om (7.5 cm +0.2 em) inclusive. Propagation of Errors Given two measurements with uncertainties, a third quantity calculated from the two measurements will have an uncertainty that is dependent | on the previous two uncertainties. >>> EXAMPLE Find the circumference and its uncertainty of a circle with radius (4.0 0.2) cm. >>> SOLUTION Circumference = 21 x 4.0 = 25.1 cm (to 3 significant figures) Uncertainty = 2x x 0.2 = 1.26 em (to 3 significant figures) Truncation vs Rounding To truncate a number means to cut off a portion of a number. For example, let us consider 1,2+11=0.109. | 0.10 is the truncated value of 0.109 to two decimal places. However, if the value is to be rounded to 2 decimal places, it will be 0.11 31 | CHAPTER 3 APPROXIMATION AND EST!