Maria Amanda BussoConnect wit Technology Contents @ Energy @ Electric current @ The world of imyertioms: @ Materials and their properties @ The pizza industry e Safety first! @ Solar energy — @ Petrol cars vs electric cars —__* @ Building materials —____ le @ Electronics —___ 20 @ Beer and brewing — 22 @ Technology and manufacturing processes 24 @ Nuclear energy 26 @ Biotechnology ———______________________ 8 @ Recycling can save the world —______30 @ Engines 32 @ Inside a computer 34 @ Marketing 36 Grammar summary 38 List of irregular verbs 40BH Answer, 8 Wt st of becca! anplaees © What electrical appliances do you use? extract from a book about energy. Bi Read nergy is the capacty of matter to do nk and drive machines, and it ‘ests in many forms, Electrical energy is an important form of energy in the ‘modern technological world ‘Today, we use electrical apptiances all the time. We have got televisions, vdeo layets, radios and stereos in our homes ‘There are refrigerators in our kitchens, and vacuum. cleaners and washing Imachines ate a big help. At home and at Work, people use telephones, computers and fax machines, Electrical appliances need electricity. | Electrical power reaches our homes {hough cables from power stations. But some people live in the mountains, on farms or on small islands far from power Stations. They haven't got ma electricity and they use natural power ~ ‘energy from the sun or the wind. Solar collectors and windmills charge batteries with energy and then batteries 1b Have you got electrical appliances at nome? Where are thoy? Energy is everywhere send this energy to a transformer. But the electricity stored in bateries doesnt last fong and on cloudy days or days with no ‘wind people can't charge them ~ these people don't tse much electric. incredible but true! - ease Cee ee eee Peer a ences& Match the words with the pictures. : EI he : : Soci ann ee fax machine and electricity ‘sleghone thesin faevon «oye — ou ‘veouum cleaner eg wind omer = = washing machine power station a Number these ideas in thelr order of appearance inthe text in 2. People use electrical eppliances at home and at work every day. 'b Solar and wind energy nave got some limitations, © Some'people can'tuse much electncy. Electrical energy is very important fn the medem ‘worl |B Underline these things in the text in 2: |& diferent forms of energy. ba place that astrbuts elect IG Fina inthe wordsearch: three forms of energy. seven electrical apoliances, © Electricity comes fram power stations and trevels through cables. Energy gives power to machines. © Solat 0° wind energy are a solution for people In places far from power stations. electncal anpllances, the definition of energy “What electrical enplia 1b Where ae they? © Who uses them Can you use them? Ess jevplanee 2) reonsies atad Ga oot pone cme hala ‘exists in. | many forms. peut is necessary "tera lected aise ~and____ are electric pues OOS Staten, Sone peo eae. sitens aie are Oe The — rode elect inte womes.i fj Answer. 8 What do you do i there is @ power cut at night? \What activites can't you do if there is a power cut? Read (2) Read this interactive encyclopedia entry about electric current. THE INTERACTIVE ENCYCLOPEDIA “Electric current —— Pe eu rk on the Perea cues ne oe etic sat peer Rrtcaran cere tics . A Sa pathivay for eleciie current loci eter north caer et Gea Seema uct oto eee cence eee nrc: ae atl f ne Teese RLS Peet cee rarer samen Peete Peta ener Perec ae col Mii a ure. [D] earn eer ae eee rea ee 4 ree eer tag 600V, It uses the shock to hunt other De ae ae gee cee ! Peas ee ete cee | ecto erac) Ease[B) Write the words undertined from the text in 2 next to their Spanish translation. Then, identify their grammatical categories ~ noun or verb. Translation lamparta, bombita carga fujo ‘medir lero via de creuleciin Interrupién, corte fuentes movimionto transportan arifecto ram, hilora i B write in the boxes the letter of the corresponding paragraph in 2. Examples of open and closed circuits. Differences between parallel end series circuits, Definition of electric curent. laments of an electric circu. Defintion of a clout. Wrat is eletric ourent? What isan electric cieult? Whats a closed circuit? ‘When is a cieut open? How mary pathways are there ina series circuit? How mary pathways are there in a parallel creut with ‘three bulbs? BA Write sentences about the units of ‘measurement. Use the words in the box. Woh /foree of lectecurert _watt/elecral pone ampere ow of elecrccurect_ ohm secceal resistin Ee. measure the Fan electric current, you wie eee = {BB Do some research on André M. Ampere, ‘Alessandro Volta, James Watt and Georg Simon ‘Ohm, the scientists that dicovered, or were related to, the units of measurement in 8. 1S Complete the sentences to form a summary of the text in 2, etre current is Batteries and generators ae Wies are Ira lgrting creut s open, es bulo ita lighting cient is closed, Ifa ligrtng circuit has got two bulbs and one pathway, itis ‘There are diferent kinds of Ifa lighting cteuit has got two bulbs and two pathways,@ The world of inventions Answer. At what temparature do retrigeratos store food? bb At what temperature do foezers store food? Read this magazine article. i. “Acool _* ] invention .. Dieser, sma aiponcees ‘rooecnis te oes Asian A ms ee, crm : ow herr — © hous ten opus cht ad coo gets Jneciancs eaeiten, Weisarctorwion trp Shinn icine ins ccd fn, aes wore is Ss Spo any meta rtm ia pe ember “ligt eens ooeaten, © ad ic feommecsonsraem Inte <2 aloe sts pel cero beg wonders rhe mania Eonostrere west on ‘ihganton The pu a okie = nd eo chaos to Greer tora See ean Fer rnc rs “Wankotita presorve. After the way, “epee ad possre atoms These igh-pre ee ee ee 5 TeWgarstin but pecnie di not neve, Ean osieecsep he wi ‘erate ot ons goes dou ‘beoores lui and tapes ta HeBemrsenvae, Ths wave eon the ow of hii saint ers maybe 1 ‘fe eso (1 | ethos ignore thes anja. bite vine, hierar nte dg “fujresaig hnona te aul eeras Tse eigen | Mipentcec Pavano! sitive emacs “Ahi ey teeepnseaue 1 2rtiooent Inte 05 ‘ Mesremsspois nu” ere eR La Led ee re Cee ae ice ae eat a limited period of time. ere Rec me ae aoa) Pn eraser eae ee ene i{Bi Find these words in the text in 2 and circie hl Wite in the boxes the letter of the the correct translations. Then, identify their corresponding paragraph in the text in 2. grammatical categories: noun, verb or Then, answer. Wer roe rome? o | b tet pean porto BOY etre ape Mon Wer QO alate : ats tgrton? qo | ei Poche ere oC | iene © iy om peop use retigersion et } | ieee! ca homes bere 18202 g aumenta | aumento f What Is refrigeration used for? ct leminucibn | alsminaye | fio fuye [Bi Re-read paragraph C in the text in 2 and match. Then, put the cycle (steps a-e) in order. 18 The refigerant reaches the evaporator though the evaporator. 1 THe vou ange tothe : eomsonsave, | The vps ase ean he compressor | & Tega cnnges tonal nine one | ih tho retguentchagas tus Youn te vena [| Complete this diagram about the compression [fl Complete with the verbs in the box in their system. Use the wards in the box. past form. compressor vapour liquid refrigorant (2) condenser oe ‘xpansion valve dominate The histo Tighistoy of ‘nthe mi 18008, ne => velit trasatantic ‘messages the word The te ‘cad coe wisn and an operator _ oo 1 wees mer Seah wih tm rion vn st ens of rewrton paragraph B of the text in 2. 18 Yt oun kn on/7/ or natn st avus moron, Write down ssi ae hremeion anus tour ficines to the ore.Materials and their properties BH) Look at the works of art and engineering in the pictures. What are they made of? Statue of LUbery B Read this encyclopedia entry about materials and their properties. Materials ae E r tw look t the world around us, we can see 8 lot Of objects. Some objects help usin our daly teak Other objects are decorative and they have ber artiste value. Objects are mata of diferent ‘materials. What is a good mater for» particular ial has got the appropriate and its uses. ig ble, you can gh nmering and you i shapes orinto very thin sheets. Av material doesnot fracture easly under Copper is used for decorative obj an id lum = 9 very ight metal fe eed re : and the structur roplanes and cars. isnot - diferent ‘mallea! Gold, platinum, copper and aluminium are in a. itis elastic — itstretches easily Se ee Gold and platinum fran aneeetass AeapDeariretume to __ Ste precious metals and they are 1 for original shape. Rubber is used for balls, ty i Seorieete eee metas and many ether objects, een cRNA incrediblebut true! ‘What was the first important prefabricated building made of? eye ieee ede en and glass and itwas cee ae at Se or ae ec eee ee cies Cee ct Ee deo eee a ee er tae eam eee cd Oe ea Ce ee eat ee= Ba = ee SE Ie _ Work out meaning Me So BA Translate these words into 3B Find these words in the text in 2 and circle the correct ‘Spanish. Use a dictionary if translations. Then, identify their grammatical categories: necessary. - noun, verb or adjective, gold ron platinum steel copper umn dar fora} datormar nize) a eS | extaror!extionse cast iron oner “tension | etoror ‘Objects are made of aitferent materials, Al the materials have got the same properties: mallebilty, dctitty and durabilty. ‘Some metals are used for decorative objects and the structure of buildings, Other materials - rubber, glass and canoe — are ‘ery important and useful too. [> by Objects are made ofcitferent materials. The uses of materials depend on thelr properties - malleabilty, ductity, aurbilty a | ‘elasticity, Metals are very important = they have got alt of uses. Other important materials are rubber, glass, concrete and ‘wood, (5! Write T’ (true) or ‘F” (false) in the boxes. Malleable materials da not fracture. ® ron Is used for the structure of cars andl aeroplanes. b A rmalleable material can take 2 new shape. Wrought ion is.a processed form of steel. © Durobiliy means that a material comtodes easily. Glass is 2 durable matoral d_ Ifa material is duct, can be stretched ‘Rubber isan elastic rateril. Put the letters in order to form words for materials or properties. Then, use them to complete the crossword puzzle. Across Down Lclates 4 sisag a logd 2 iudect — 5 noir b unrtre 3 relabud © amielaeld Location | Built | eit in aye the Eaypuons | Tah onlay BE Tels | Gate Et | 1a Te Camere Than. made Hab Bi, om. stl» Oo The pizza industry ‘8 Which fast foa is you fevourte~ sanduiches, 1b Do you eat fastfood at home? sanduiches, hamburgers, hot dogs, chips or pizza? j { Read this magazine article about pizza. H Pizza, this week’s star! | le hese tu pepeed naan ad sed ey vas — it ts high tn fat and sodium and low tn fibre and nutrients, ‘Bal pape love pena | inte plzandesiy roving vey fst. eplesnely ay ‘eadyrnade pizza crusts t | Supermarkets or ares pitas fom | ‘qutckly~ and tis not very nutri restaurants that deliver chem, People sometimes eat pizza at restaurants to, = 5 2 made plzzas at supermarkets. ire tin’ tellus the seerets of his recipe. Bul we gorse ood pictures! § Hes ading the sauce co tne dough 1 Antonia ts making ie sauce, 7 He ts potting the pizza In the oven, 5 Helsing the ingredients fr the dough 8 The pzza ts baking inthe oven | 3 He iskneading the dough, 3. Hes taking the pizza out ofthe oven, ~ fF Mets tatening the dough with «rotting pn, 10 Hes adding some cheese 5 Hei putcing the dough tn the sin and olives (o the pizza, U1 Hels the oven agai | = olting the pizza in incredible but true! Tee ere ? Cee eee eg eee eee 10 4 Smet om eel LE einer tener The first known pizza een mee anon Piaaa 7 & Find these words in the text in 2. Match them with their translations | and identify their grammatical categories ~ noun or verb. 4 Is fastfood highinfbve and arneang rutrents? sgrepando Db ts fest od popular among a Youn eke? ction © Whois Antonio Dota? ase ho makes the pizza ot Mr palo de amas Fic? = {Bi Complete with an -ing verb and put the process in order. 3 caves a © trough ttn J te couse g t tre cough ¢[————Imepminineoen es € sae reese g fare sate on re coun | © IB) Find the verbs and nouns in the word webs. ¥ atatifen oh inmign Neos bien scae gin sheece “ nakeidng stlegnend tuinp [1 Look at the pictures and describe the steps to make empanadas. os Batre amx/ — Deook/ =e mix dinead/ eat / fut / Bods bake / meat ‘meat ingredients / dough disc meat / disc emperades /3 ment. Inderline the workplaces that require the use of special protective equip! Biiwicte be petrol station “chemical plant eupermarket ‘Barage factory “Rico” building site “boonshop Are you going to Here's some information about industrial safety! Owners of industries and factories are responsible for their workers’ safety. They are required to take action to ut workers are also responsible for work in industry? Prevent accidents. Bi their own safety. [AJ ife environment is an e you from hazards in the plants, there are bacter biological hazards — In chemical plants, substances or irritai Al construction site physical hazards, bruises or sprains. [B| nvironment that protects workplace. In food-processing ria and viruses. These are you can catch diseases from them. workers sometimes use poisonous ints, and these are chemical hazards. les or welding plants, there are can suffer from fractures, ‘Search fora workplace to find out about industrial safety there. very high pressures or tempertuies. | | The work ofa welder every | | dangerous. Welders canbe injured by |_| meta partes and sports if they are |_| not coef Protective equament is ery imporane.f you ae going to ‘Work at welding plant remember tha Following facts. holmet wit a shiekd |_| Protcte your face and eyes tom heat |_| 20d injury, Gloves made of lather, ‘ubber. or woo! prevent injuries to fingre, hands, ond arms. Safety shoes ‘rotect your fot. Good ventilation and You haven’ got fresh air arf you are trod you can’ work property. {C] ee cee eee eres cee re ne ae ure cee Cera eran teas ane} ounce sree eee Teo ees run over by a tram. He died three days later At first, the church was tot unfinished as a monument to the architec but construction began a At wolding plants, metals ar joined at ‘menial aleriness are important too.eee {BA Find these words in the text in 2 and read their definitions. Then, match them with their translations. he fet thet a thing is sae to do or ‘thingls that can cause dang illnesses ofthe body or mind cause by infection or internal disorder ‘causing desth or illness if taken into the body marks) thet you gat on your body if you are hit or knock aga iurinirios caused by twisting an ankle or wrist the ctf joining two pleces of metal by heating tham parson that welds | = Bi Write in the boxes the letters of the corresponding paragraphs in the text in 2. Then, answer. @ What eguipment is necessary at welding plants? C) 1b What are the hazards in the workplace? © Who is responsible for safety at me worknlace? C] Correct the information given to a worker that | {s going to start work at a construction site. ‘a Atconstruction sites, waters cen suffer from psyetologcal problems. You arent going to weer personal protective fequioment. {© You ere going to wear a ielmet to protect your body You ere going to wear gloves to protect your feet. © You aren't going to wear special sioes. ‘Complete each sentence with a word. Then, use the words to complete the acrostic. The job of joining metals fs called w—___ Workers are inforred the h____ ofthe workplace. Infants ard p__ substances are chemical hazards « rote the worker’ hands. Emplayers and workers are responsible for s : Workers can sufer fom b at construction she Specials Drotect workers from foot In fooeirocessing ants, woraers can catch d OG0GGGeee Complete the instructions given to an apprentice in a car factory. ‘You ate going to be responsible for your oun personal You are going to wear clothes. You are going to ‘yoar — to protect your ‘and fingers (fom burring. You are going to wear with special soles to protect your ___. Fray, you are going to use a with ato protect your face and from and gmains electricity? Mary eae weet fn fern ears Pefrcs a y ravevto Do you know of any electrical epllances that don’t use ENERGY FROM THE SUN aaah 48 oun poms Tone Hoare o> Than an ot 1, Slt ake Ueeroninthecels vate 2 sreainelwtone se. erative source of energy do they use? do you know about solar energy? 1B Rood this extract from a book about science. ‘mores! Dl assert | Giveretaesseawa meantng a |! Write each italicized word from the text in 2 4 Look at the text in 2. Write in the boxes next to its translation. Then, identity its the letters of the paragraphs that contain ‘grammatical category. these ideas. English | Translation Solar energy is at widely Used ts expensive dfspastvos to colt, comet and store. calenia caneriss Solar energy sn interesting alternative to 13 simscenamionto lect ‘ten ro contaminate Photosletis cells end thermal collet are t cater traco | dierent devices for collecting solar ener, entbia renovate Pepe in planes farm power stations would liu poracor the to eroy the benefits of curent eletiit ella etoelsrca | meraondas Scientists wou ke to one the costs of ‘oolecting solar eneray, | [B Make ten sentences by matching each beginning with two endings. ‘Solar energy ‘vant to use electcal appliances. Photaelectic cells convert solar energy and produce votage with sunshine ¢ Thermal collectors ‘cant be callected on cioudy cays People in remote places use altemative gources of energy = Scientists Intereent solar radiation on absorber plates. prove enetgyto watches and calculators is renewable and non pouting ‘ate working to develop other ways of collecting solar energy ate used to heat houses and water. would lke to install solar collectors in space ‘Write WZ Imagine that you live on a farm and you haven't got mains electricity. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper about the things photooloctic cals powerful you would like to do and the things thermal electors ‘you would like to have Dest Ste ona mt ly ant) Ne oo atny the benefits of mains electri ‘exploit solar energy. develop new ways of storing solar ene create solar-powered elecical spaliances:‘© What fuels do ordinary cars use? Can you drve a car? 1b Would you tke to have a car? Cars - the next ae Bom ere sow egy | generation | The majoty of modem cars have got internalcombustion engnes, Wil hes eng sect i | boveiced nthe ances Fouche stay a | Paul Evens, an ‘three ous, nvtormertalst pocizng inte motor nda es setae be pepain | tis opinion, PE: They wil be wary popula: We | etna te : | ntsecratn ener? | seman meme | meaner PE: Engreots ae nein ard to | Se =e vaya” oe ata, (pots they esi wets ang "rave no cou at ene cas | ‘hoy erm the sevranment ex boty replace para engine cars tne a | = | | ie but true!Tick the best summary. '@ Modem cars are fast. They have efficient internal combustion engines and they use petrol fr the ‘enginels) ‘combustion process. They emit gases and cause patrol = pollutlon. At present, electric cars ae slow and they Ba ‘aren’ very practical. Scientists ae working on the ahioak : electro oar ofthe future. It won't cause potion and | te ‘won't use petrol. wil hae a bates tat you can | rechasge at home. [-] : Modem cars have an internal-combustion engine and moss entre they use petiol forthe combustion process. They have frenos our wheels and they are very fast. They don't cause: ela palution, Scletists are working onthe electric car of ceargador the fulu. twill cause poluton but it willbe very dafian ‘fast. It will use 2 rechargeable battery. [_] 15. Write ‘7’ (true) or F* (false) in the boxes.-Then, correct the false statements. 2 The malo of modern cars ate pawered by electicty CJ © Electr cars won't use rechargeable battery. b intematcarbustin engnes are eriormertall fend] Electric cars won't be hey. 6 Bc cars dat eit cud sous, C]g thotates in elt crs wont generis poner Gece crs er oe gases, 1) _§ tomatconbustonenges ert very fice [G ldentify the odd word out. car body - wheels ~ brakes ~ environment © gases - noise ~ combustion — emissions electricity ~ battery - tox — pig engine ~ torque — eletrty piston [@ Write about cars and trains in the future. Use the words in the box. polluting quiet light slow comfortable electric expensive rnon-polluting noisy heavy fast uncomfortable solar-powered cheap Be. Cars wont be expensive. They. _ {B| Read the tasks in box A and tick the ones that, in your opinion, robots will carry Write your own ideas in box B. Then, share your ideas with the class. replace teachers at school babysit children workin factones | do the housework contrat human beings over counties A B DOUnly used for ood” concrete ‘ath rmke rks ck asa vey strong an ‘orate mata’ nd its we uct eens toot eas Nate Americans of eas age Se wasnt ay thegrecabnbin (tooo Pope Sones rg evans ala used biks . ‘ce ‘usando yrs eo. = , ‘They made houses of adobe bck = mir of cy ad S saw ried ne sun. Re pesers thee a mat types of ks Comnon ek used for the mens of bugs. Facing bk seater then ‘oman beck Ithas amare tate eppetane a is usd forthe et vik forts of buicngs font b Which of the materials inthe tox ean you find in your schoo! buleing? steel plastic wale, for exemple. Fon thik the tees 0 tk ad itis sed for Faery Hors 9 P98 U8 “Te inven of eecreta by the Romans inthe ecard cory BC revolted the isan of treitectve. Cone ‘lial tera made om 4 str of omen, water nd aguogstes [snd (eve kes precio the [hooray wh he flevworment fo var ‘omit and, toss, 8 roost popula bulirg Tatra a werd Ino 19 contury ste! boca abundent the Arericans seid ona nero wth test forthe constucton of ere ulngs Swucual fares ‘made of stool canbe Tonge than Fares incredible but true! rubber rade of ood Stel Fon combust and ed tsollen used in ees wings and aes oFBA Read the materials and their definitions and match them to their translations. wood: substance used for making chairs and tables ‘conereto balck: a block used for building walls ace lay: ear used for making bricks or pottery arena ‘straw: cut anc cried stalks of grain plants used for making hats and roofs ‘conerete:@ harG substance made by mixing eament, aggregates and water medere sand: © mass of very fine fragments of rocks found in deserts and beaches ais ‘gravel: small stones used on the surface af roads of paths carci teak: 2 song metal made rom 2 mitre of ron and carbon Jcifo ‘Be Find in the text in 2 the » @ Tick the sentences that contain information given in English words for the the text in 2. following characteristics 4 Inthe past, people use wnod to bul houses. 'B Inthe past, people lived in forests. Bros ae mace of earth. pesado liviano Bricks are often used for building houses. ‘atifcial adaptable © Tho Romans used conceteto make houses and bling. més suave Gonaiete sa very porter material. ‘més dro { Ste! cused for te construction of uldigs in aeas of == seismic act. Stee! is very expensive. DOE DOOOO } '@ What did people use to build houses in forested areas? id What is concrete made from? 1b Were cit peone start aking bres? | seo often used or he constuction of ulin? © What are he deren yes of bck? [© Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. straw send ‘concrete flooring Waterproof was developed in the 19th century. © aR Bricks are made of _. f bb Adobe bricks are made of and g are aggregates, © ____Is combined with conerete in Structural fram h in actaies' floors, q wes very populr i the past i People use bricks forthe most visible parts of e is an artificial material houses, Grins eee © Write sentences applying the adjectiv to the materials in ‘A’, Use the comparative or complete the chart. superlative forms of the adjectives. A ae ‘wood eonerete ‘oorng bricks ‘common bricks foci SKS J “Type of brick | Fretrick is made of special cay Ibis relactory and it can resist very igh temperatures. Its used in fireplaces and Iindustial funaces. Laboratories and chemieal plants ‘often use acid brick, a matoral very resistant to repeated exposure to acid. sleetThink about it | @ Answer. | Have electronic devices chenged our ives? Read Read this encyclopedia entry for ‘electronics’. "THE INTERACTI — Print) Web Links) Electronics INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS Eectones is genera werd for the electronic creuts used to generate, tansmi,recene and str infomation or tame, voles or music ona aco the mages ena TV Seen othe data in a computer. The bas of elctonis is the electronic skal. an elesrc cure that represents inforation. Elector cleus consist of electronic components comected tgetier The mein ‘ecrnie components are the transistor the esto tte capacitor and the dod The transistor has changed the eletronas rusty. vas invent in 31948 and today i's preset in — ‘ost electronic devices incur portable os, televisions, computers ant satelite can conte an lst curent passing through ‘tan be used, for example for ‘uring devices on and of or for anpiying signals. Yansistrs ‘re comeeony used neers ameter, ‘The eapacitor can store an feces charge fora shor ie How many electronic devices can you think of? IVE ENCYCLOPEDIA mmentreeed DL Fi) ‘2d than uso tater a, ean se release the electrical charge to light MDH Stee “The resistor can cont! cures in elect eouts y mrodcing ‘eaier resistance into ese chet. is used fo contol volume in rads and wets lca! eurents pass through diodes in ony ene ireton, Tete are deren Yes f doce. The ignterting ‘ioe or ‘LED emits 2g when an electiz curert passes through it For example, the LED atthe frontend or 3 rete onl emits ard ight when you dee Dyess a bution. Another example ofthe use of LEDS isn alaators ard diptal watches. Seven LEDS i the shee of 4 ga eit can sspzy a Us umbors fom to 9 wher ‘ferent combinations of them are eming th, ‘The ntogate ecu (Co ‘siicon cps 2 small eco of soon eonainig my ical fucions = ‘ensistors,capooors and resistors, The devloent ofthe | has revolutionized the tlds of commurcation and computing. has reduced the sie of mony devas, ‘owered costs ond provided higher specs. The slgon hip has made persona computers posse.1B Underline the words listed below in the text in 2. Identify their grammatical categories and cross out the wrong translation according to tthe text. : eee dene En ona Fax ec i te «neoleaa 8 =a omen ‘muestra mostrar desarrollar| desarrollo. tama tlle omputadora personal | ‘ompusadors port! iB) Identify in the text in 2 the four reasons why the silicon chip has revolutionized the computer industry. me ae persona com aie este ‘The silicon chip © 1B Complete the words and use them to complete e the crossword puzzle. a Teo can store an electrical charge fora short tim ‘lstfones / chienea moe lie : b Tek is age emitting code’ It/ contribute / to developments in © The ‘ean contol an elec current. eatartaten: 4 thes hip has lowered the cast of computers. Scientists / devise / more complex celts © The basis of electronics isthe electronics to hel pots f The light at the front end ofa cov calle LED. Electonics / ciange’/ working end Fectrical curent passes through @ @ in ony one ciretion tiosng babies Fh ectronic consist of electronic components connected together 1B Tick the best summary. Electronics has changed the word of communications, ‘entertainment and transportation. The principle of ‘electronics Is the electric curert. Capacitors, resistors, radios and diodes are electionic ‘omponents. The computer a revolutionary electronic device. () 1b Electronics is the use of electionic cuits to generate, transi, receive and store information. The basis of electronics isthe electronic signal. Electronic circuits consist of intereomnected electronic ‘companents. The main electronic components are the transistor the resistor, the eapactor and ine diode, ‘he sllcon chio has reduced the cost and size of many devices. L] © Electronies has changed the world of science. Ii the Use of electrity to operate apatances. The principle of electronics isthe electronic signal, There are only {wo Important electronic components: the capacitor and the resistor. The LED has revolutionize the felds ‘of communication and computing.) Write © Use these notes to write sentences & about technological advance. Computers / replace / typewriters Calculators / become / popular Ee eletrnles has changes moder life ‘magazine ot on the Internet and ‘share the facts with your partners. You can visit this site:J i pubs end discos? INDUSTRY Byes tlc beverage made fom the gatas of cereal usualy haley. Thre other basic ingredients are added to {he grain to make beer hops, yeast and wate The process uel fox drew beer consis of diferent steps ‘The gran is kept in water fr several days. Aer this paces, the gains called ua’ ‘he malts heated and dried ‘The decd malts processed ina mil. At this pin, the grain Decomes a powder ~ Hot water is added ro the powder and a chit swec liquid ic Produced. This liquid i called ‘port: ~ The wor is brewed (boiled) for several hours and hop are ded to provide trees. ‘The wort i cooled and yeast is ade. Fermentation begins — yeast conver he grain sugn into alcohol and the wet becomes bee ~The bee is age in a fementation tank for several weeks or months. ~ The bets fitted fo remove impurties and pasteurized (beated at 82°C) toll omining yeast and other bacteria, © Do you know what beer is made from? Hisorians think that Deer Is mote than 10,000 years ol. The fs eer makers sed a simple process They Rested grain over pen fies The male was da andthe beer was dark 00. Alter tie Indust Resotncon in ‘he mid-160s gain was heated in rang drums it was light incolour and it produced goer Beer With technological developments, ever started producing lange quantes of eee tn Atgentina, Oto Fedo Bemberg faded an important brewery Jnthe province of Buenes Aires in 1888. was afamly ‘company called CerveceriayAtaltera Quimes and it soon expanded its business to other breweries inthe county. High quality products, efficent distbuion and good communication Wath customers have made Covecera y Maer Ques a successful company, ere'BA Find in a bilingual ‘8 Write the italicized words oF phrases from the text in 2 next to their dictionary the Spanish aeetion |... tronatetionsot.the- corvezs dada SN stantes following ing fients. ‘sabor amargo ‘elaboracion de cerveza a hee roo — cc secata any ost ee mint oon csc " ties occa tabores eatros r a@fiejada ‘espeso. yeast =s bebide il {@ Match and form sentences to describe the process used for brewing beer. 8 Grain ‘ig added and a thick liquid is preduced. b Matt becomes beer. Then the beer is aged, fitted and pasteurized, © Hot water is brewed and nops are added. d Tewor ‘heated, cied and processed, @ The wort Is putin ater and i becomes mat. f Te wort is cooled and yeast is added. | | } | | 8 olden ber tas roses ana te asta ¢ Avinporart ow vs founded nour ni. Revolution. oO @ Beer is thousands of years old. The ft Der was da Fi eros prediedin age auorses [5 Number these facts about the history of beer in the order of their appearance in the text in 2. | \ [Use these notes to write a paragraph about the history of beer. 400086 _beet/cruni/Sumerians/Asia beer/Drewed/women 20008C —_beei/intraduced/Egypt ‘Middle Ages _beet/used/trading and payment ‘6th eentury _bee/introcuced/Britain 37th century beer/introcuced/America 18th century commercial broveres/ established 1876 pasteurzation/ceveloped/Pasteur -4z2m>0 rmo4izre rewcnae7 maoroam @noozem se 4opme o2z40>Ne xNZ-3 ae FB tnteyeer Packaging is very important to maintain a produet's nigh quality. introduce) after the Industrial Revolution. Packages and-containers (design) to protect and identity a product. They also. (use) for marketing and advertising. Alot of products (package) in plastic containers. eea Is the word ‘technology’ associted with the past or the present? b Which technological products do you use every day? © Do you know the differences between hard and soft technologies? =°9 gan sot teshnologin that rvlutonize the word Py Oe About Technoworid (Soft technologies ) — Hard technologies Contact us Techrology isthe design and use of tools ard machines to range, maninulate and corto the enicrment. has been tof evry stage inthe development of ctizaton since man rade the feet tole Inout madern word, technology is ‘everynhere. Cars computers and Kray cameras ae all ‘samples of echologcal sdances. (8) In every manufactring proves ther is interaction between wnat! anc ‘so technolgles. Hard teemologes salty human need through the design and pecducton of tecmlagesl products — fr erarple, books, bis, mactines or fod, Soft {cholo sal wt the eqanization, management ana ‘ministration of en indus or business Hard ae sof. technologes lays work together and hey have an effect on een nerf for example, industrial management and ‘2aminisvation are not appropiate, product wl not increase. [8] rca ae) single man carried out Cee au) Ie cae ree aed ea Paes eee ee i Toso ote a ss for une ct ‘trois goa sbucon cts, proaet omers ‘ibe Hrs dition of torameng he was, pec wi ree 2 remap anes sim cenit womens ‘ifr we rota ey nts stom ore Dene e errr ee aie ae eee Tea[Bi Underline the words listed below in the text. Identify their grammatical categories and find their Spanish translations in a bilingual dictionary, ols stage hare soft deal with | management business {5 Put the words in order and make questions. Then, answer them. @ inadvertising / the company / its / productivity / increase / i / wil (i / invests / 2 B invests / the company / if/ ft produce’? will / in technology / good quality products / 7 © sales / enlarges / will / increase / ifthe dlsbution chain / the company / ? will / increase / imests / costs / the company / in technology / f/ 2 of technological products of an industry Look at the text in 2, Write in the boxes the letters of the paragraphs that contain the answers to the questions, Witat wil happen if industrial management ‘andl administftion are not appropriate? b Is technology associated to the present and future of ciation? Wat is technology? 1s. a good distbation chain important? ‘he hard and soft technologies related to ‘each other in a manufacturing process? ‘re technological products part of our everyday lite? What the dierence between tara and soft technologies? 1s t Important to invest in technology? os, SBS v Se we [Zi Write sentences about possible courses of action and their consequences. Courses of action Bult another factory eaice working Nous Make pod rity products Ives in atvertisi Tan notes product ineense worers / 8 moe sles / neease ‘eard / 20 UD ty /eary ot species FB, sf build anetar fet production wileNuclear energy ‘energy wil be the most popular inthe future? ss sourve of energy to our planot? Why? 1 Read this web page about nuclear energy. ea Nuclear energy pts The en sed ergnrena ltt I na croatl inapesi et, lat rca. 7 cosine jen ees ceils F sion gn ures of about 100. a tet it their oto an. = 3. Write the italicized words from the text in 2 ‘next to their Spanish translations. English mers pesados ‘iestigadores iiberan ‘ocies do soqurided medio ambiente er) neloae ‘partculas en movimiento pellgraso poco sostose ‘memplazar se divider 2 fusionan 5) Match. \Why i fission dangerous? Why are safety measures important in fission plants? © Wy vere many fission reectors closed dan in the USK? d_ Wry is fusion prelerred to fission? Why isnt fusion produoed commercially? Iiclear reactor high temperatures lean safe radioactive waste uranium the sun heat safety measures damage hydrogen energy & Write in the boxes the letters of the corresponding paragraphs from the text in 2. Fusion is safer than lesion. Flssion and fusion are airerent forms ‘of nuclear enerey. Fusion Is the process of fusing nucle. Fission produces radioactive waste, Fission s the process of spliting nuciel apart. Fusion das not affect the enaronment g Fission and fusion are effective sources of energy. Safety measures make fission ‘expensive, Because safety costs were very hig. Because its Safer anc cleaner. Because there aren't any effective fusion reactor. - Le eI Because accidents can cause alot of damage to the ‘environment. Because it preduces redioactve waste, 7 Insert the phrases into the article. pene ed ea hemoby! remembered 9 20 or 1986, vrs worst pacar deestrtck pac. Anuctear herp ae cea a SHC ; me |) teazurepbcedin sane wos stn be 1) isos rates xcepedne the ees ‘Bok 138,00 pape wes asad co at Nentages cy, erg cow ht ot ner sbononed Soy Feove wis ewoset io ato wigr mM —— ‘are they near towns or cies? z What 0 they 6 wth their econctive vaste? eaais is tetas yaa cnsennces wou be casei ~~ ronments erg Ba re reps pene no Att 2 slrteratonal means, aria hea Senoretsioce tenn Be fovensente daraThink about it @ Answer Do you know what biotechnology is? Print Biotechnology Blcteetnolgysthe ue of ving cranes or example bac ad animal apa cele indstil or siete FF Punoss andthe get aglicatens inal rae, Inf preucto, bitehrelog used farnereesing Deduct. Wis usadon cata increase the roscton ‘imi an bea. n agcut, ts use er creating new © traps or daveoning pater eps. Rasserchars ak ‘hat touchy hasbeen uadin agate for ‘hoosans of er. Mie, exapla, sna found in ‘ld oms and researchers kota tvs casted by | ait epurmetn Mexia round 00 80 Biotechnology ao used in waste manoganen ta ‘Weta raw degradable mates. Cart plstes for sxampe ae et odoyradatle because thy do nat Aisintagrae ei, Some slats thik ht hy ean © veo biyadaie posts. ter think Hat thy Find) roo roe rly res Thema cot bac ai ‘fos nd eee see reso keegan nang fo rine be Smite na sedocon peat oe Sarre garstarvempanianetomntame. | | inet iain st oie as Saints |_| Seine tat ge opr hes pr baa aac gee =e ow es Segeem tees Fess da aici poses ‘porn haps Sedo canc ta cosa ino onde Baa ont tro Att ans be gn emasn ence sundeswoy tetera | true! F E ane ara rae pm eter Forth ria Picaa ee rie Ee aa Powe a eee toe eee erate emda ano} ee ea era Oe> [Bl Find these words or phrases in the text in 2 ~~ and underline them. Then, match them to. Wg cxansns seontfic purposes cate cezops pestesistant researchers resistontce alas plas ‘ines cinticos cults organismos clonados guilrio aumentar ‘monejo de desechos Invesigadores ‘estas Sivesies tals de mol? ‘ganado vacuo & What fields is biotechnology apoied 10? B Wiis itimportant in the production of mik and beef? € What are ts uses in agriculture? Tick the best summary. Biotechnology s the use of bacteria and animal Dr plant eels for industrial or scientiic purposes, [thas got important applications in ood production and medicine, Biotechnology Is respansible fra lot of sciealific advances and its innumerable applications wil alvays bring postive changes to our ives. (] Biotechnology nas existed for thousencis of years, Its the use of lning organisms for Industral or scientifc purposes. tt has got applications in lot of areas, especially inthe field of meclcne. Some of ts applications are dangerous because they can destroy the balance of nature. (} Has It got any applications in waste management? ‘What is biotechnology used for inthe field of ‘meelcine? IG Correct these sentences about what scientists or researchers think about biotechnology. i Researchers belleve that wid maize existed in Mewco ‘rund 5000 BC. b Scientists think that they ean proctuce plastic using mate stalks, € Scientist think that cloned organisms need d_ Scientists think that gone therapy can cure all kinds of diseases, @ Researones thnk that Biotechnology wil neve ater ‘ne balance of nate. Z| Find eight more word combinations related to biotechnology. . cane Lf. eee — Bl tavent the asi questions inthis survey on Biotechnology yourself. Then, interview three people. ‘Tbe you beteve tat Wansgenie crops are Healy? b Do you tink thet cloning is dangerous? «Do you believe that gene therapy is effective" 6 Do you think 2 «¢ Do you believe results of your survey. Sronale belioves that transgenic craps are wacheatthy but Alex ande Allan believe that thay are fesalehy,Recycling can save the world organic waste in separate bins? «age family throws away tons of isha year is waste fs usualy dumped into large holes inte ‘ound cledlanfils Landis fl up que ad fa ‘ery tfc of stes for new ones Landhlseen't Be sted near names because they orodie song smells and they can contaminate undergound never suppies, Thee ae only two ways t reduce the need fray anc. Thetis tween lcs ne | The second isto reece waste | IF we want to generate ess waste, we should buy Sood with less packaging, keep and repo hosed poianoes and cary reusable shoppog tage tte ant to recyele waste, we should Keep reece tons Bots cans, newspapers and cardbcard~sepwete ‘rom oer wast, Loca authortes shuld proves ‘Seperate contanrs for the diferent reqcabe hems, Then, spacial oes should pic up this waste and whe ito regetng faites. familesreycied tome, ‘ibbish vould be reduce ty about 258, jeatessocnses orgs att sams | ere: Reocng auminium, for example, saves 95% of | ~ the energy tse to make new aluminium object tr ___ Make one aluminium can trom recycled materas takes | —— 5% ofthe energy needed to make one from non- ‘recycled material, Recycling also reduces polation because recjing an existing product eretos less Pollution than producing a new one, The government should pass las on recyeling and waste dsposal. People and industries have to obey. laws concerning the protection of the environment, Private institutions can also sot their un regulations, For example, schools use mary tons of pape a year in some schools students have to put the pape they ‘throw avay in bins dedicated for this purpose. They also have to colect recycle items and then use them in eattve workshops. Our actions can be of gat bonoft to the environment. For examle, if we recjeed Newspapers, we would save more than 500,000 trees 2 week!TET iw Find these words in the text in 2 and identify @ Write “7” (true) or “F” (false) in the boxes. Rg | Serratia em, vat “= ) | adjective. Then, find their Spanish translations | | aA tot wish is cured nena in a bilingual dictionary. | S People can ive nea landils. Landis anys contains undrgound water Throws away seat os Landis dont due sets rh eopl hold cary teussle bags when they ‘cn ons umped {| Pople shoud top and rapa ome splarses on, th gmorte mor vet, on g_Rocng a roduc cases more pluton tan ‘oe tiki nev one, — h Some schoo! students have to reuse lable an Teortirovatnd me fron hae to obey lav coneering eying fd waste dposa iB In the text in 2, find: ‘three problems with lenis, three eevartages of recycling, ‘wo steps the government of authors snould take ‘three tings some students have to do at schoo! y | | t 4 aT Ts go o 5 oT ol } o o oO OD | Read the rules of the ‘Environmental Art Bl Fin ten words from te wit nthe wordsearch. 5 \ A Ce ston and wre a note 0 8 Mend | tell TWsxXHQaG E RWx AN ‘Become an environmental artist and win ons of several eer wer 4 Collet rayolebo abjexts zTA oe Rs ane Les eee yrs es a es Say |B Write a list of six ideas about what you should/shouldn’t do at school to protect the the table. You can visit this website: http://tqjunior.thinkquest.org/6418/. Fue ig ce | Fe Paver) a Pope 1 ee ec abe [rs tap, ewe aniaiare | Ws sorgand sen] teva ram "en | i {eipar GS T0 paOAEFE, sce Sos | bets, past tgs "eto tetas brushes rps .oftheir chimneys? Read this extract from a book about engines. ENGINES An oreneconvrts energy ito mechani es Tie ene can ca om arent eared fr example, vale rear Vite tuines eat the ener ot owing water machrical wok. Tey sit largo wheels wih ads oF kets and they re afin used Sor fereratingelety in dams. Fist water der presi is leas to ache Then, te war eters the tines ad Nts the bids. Te els sin ap Tis rrechrie energy i wasted to sat {0 operate an elect generate. ‘Tre steam engines machine thet one's the energy of stasm into mesraial evry A steam eng hss gol bier vith 0 earparnors Fist feo er wood —Is tum in one compertnt to produce hast ene, Thea, th eat ener eas the veer nthe ter ‘omgornent arate water apart into steam. Aor Pee ead eat is pe as eee Ee perenne © What kind of engine operates then? What kind of engine operates ships and submarines? that, the ig areseue steam noise or or mot pistons Fitons turn the wheels of steam loeomatives and para be propels or fase of seams and the tn te hats offre Iacies toa The eferey tte soa enge 187 he. Ty, tof steam ergs nave been replaces by seo tunes, ‘Sioa anges use the pressue of som Sea tutes use the iret rey of ving staan, A steam tot fons of sorry 2d tang des Fras higharesbire star enters the Tuto, Ten, the ststonay blades det the steam eno the lating blades ard these tum the sta Aer ta he ssa" fnowes anger sage of stata ana feaing tades, Tunes wit sve Sages of ages can te hgh een. ‘re fe ofan sed Yo ofa eocicl ever, ship and etmarnes Sr eee ae ndthe text in 2. 1) Number these ideas in the order of their appearance Identify each word's grammatical in the text in 2. fe eee a ice Me correct Steam enges are not very efient. g Steam ins are sel peat submarines, o Water ins use the ene of vig ater, o . = d_ Steam enghes uoe the ene of sean. g woe Steam uns use te Het energy of foun tear, ae Water urbins ere ued for gereratng oeetiety in cans.) ~ ‘The efficiency of a steam turbine can be very high. oO buat Ser sagen caps ets o ams released | lberada /encerrade BA Write ‘SE’ (steam engine) or ‘WT’ (water turbine) cham ozo /eanal next to each step. Put the steps for the engine and olbea /mueve tthe turbine in the correct order. siren /tuercen Water under pressure enters a chanel. je /mango “he water tums the bades an a shaft operates e machine, caldera /celetector igh oressure steam maves pistons and operates a mactine, cote /combustibo Felis burt, Je 7 fiss/movibles ‘Te water enters the turbine airatores/ movies Water is hested and evaporated fase /980 5B Discuss how steam engines and water turbines work using ‘First, Then’ and ‘After that’. | Write the names of the different parts of the diagrams. Use the words and phrases in the boxes. ‘Water turbine sana flowing water channel buckets A Here are the four steps of a fourstroke engine’s operation. Match them with the diagrams. ‘team turbine flowing steam rotating blades stationary blades 8 The nae vale opens the piston engine works. moves comuarcs and ine uel rmture (pel and air enters Nowadays almost all ‘the cylinder, Oo cars use a four-stroke : ene fo rte The pln nove wards nd ee ee conorcses titel miaie, CT Te Stoke Asante te Rs, the ate stove, the csr and pes on compression sho, donna a the comuston stoke ‘and the exhaust St 0ke. Fist Then, we ARE that, Finally, ‘he exhaust ave pens, the ‘exhaust gases leave the cinder ‘and ihe piston moves upward© facilitate research, € stop people tom doing manual stop peoale rom working creative, Pooh fon eae eal IO thet contain alt of eral! wires end ad more widespread ‘connects th computer components mutes Split y0-syile Memory cin be steed ini the cuity of ea Pel ad powerful tol ‘acomper on ei or outside te ciety in elds of communication, sty end ternal storage o@vc#s~ hard ives, 1opBy 1 Trey perform a tof activites with tise ove and CDs, or example. (C cya speed. A 3: How i information stored? ‘© What doos «computer consist off Ieformation is stra inte form of binary IK: A computer conde of aco processing (gis orbits IDs o 1). Each Oo caleds nt (CPU), nau dies keyboard, mouse [Bt A group of 8 bis isa bse. Abie can scanner cut davess frontors ard store aphabatia syrbels, numbers nd lot ever) «bus en sterage devices. The Gf other data, Pulses of erent that represent seal compet and ts components © (sand 1s aval slong electoic paths, cal hardware’. Bl through tegrated cout and ate finaly The CPU ia microprocessor a type ot Show onthe computer sceen n the form of stegrated ccalt Its gota slean chip that eters and numbers. 1D resistors, capactors a ransistor:. These comgonens (0: Why do computers need programs? contol te low of eecsical rents that ave ‘Ne Because without programs computers can't do any werk Suetens tothe compute. The keyboard andthe ‘The rogams that comouters use are called software ‘rouse ae the elearts that afow the use © COpetting systems area catagory of software that Commurizate with the computor. Tho scanners @ piece coordnse she cerravet and ts components Windows ucment used fr capyrga picture or document feel MS-DOS are the most popula, The an who ‘computor. The ene andthe printer are the fdesgned them scale Bil Gets. He isthe man who ocents that daplaydate— they present he rune Mlorsaf, he lding computer software compary rmnaton tot use The busi channel nthe USA IE} incredible but true! What was ENIAC? Ceca ae aan ete[IB Find these words in the text in 2 and match ‘them with their translations. cea = ace 2 on sce ance sees apostle pace eae aon velaos P. ane me ‘muestan,preserian spostivos de sala eS i ia oes corresponding paragraph from the text in 2. = Then, answer the questions. L = How does @ computer store information? What is software used for? ‘What are the components of a computer? What are the diferent components of 2 | ‘computer used for? © Why are computers a helpful too aere [5 Write “7 (true) or FJ Correct the false si . @ The CPU Is an ince. 1b The Keyboard and the mouse ar which display data, (© Memnry canbe siored the cituiry of @ computer Information is stored using the binary system. © ill Gates is the man who invented computers. {G Match the torms with their definitions and read out the information using ‘that’ or which’. i a ‘anal ce comunicaciin entre ccultos _ sposivos de olmaconado fivio drives cables = keyboard a microprocessor. It contains electrical ‘components. ‘a devlee. ft can copy pictures and bow ‘documents. eee ee §Z Complete the web with information from the text in 2, @ printer a channel tt conects the computer components. © monitor a deviog, It prints eocuments crested on a comput, f bus a smallobject. thas got two main buttons, mouse a part ofa computer. t contains the screen, “en HE ees ee Computer - has got al he | Pores | Pater ease | Reenter) Preset) a es Prt Used by businessmen - travel to ee about laptops. Join ideas. with who! (or ‘which’. \Work in groups of our do some research and write lst of six important people in the history of computers ‘or teleeommunicatons, late th nie tte copie infarre cap Find out ¥ tre members of anatner group know the people In your list. Say, "He's the man who runs the leading computer software company. What's his nama?” ‘Change ies.Marketing Read this magazine article about marketing. A Se meeting poses ed oe elated oe Ssetbtion of gods. Manutsctuers were siralyfocuaet Stet. They id not pay attention o ansumercestes ond Se Sey ate tcicown decisions aot te goods tat hey (Roald make srallble on the mathe, Today. maheting processes isualy precede the manufacture of 2258 Product Companies want o sais cinsumer dies sad ‘Bessa thes do market research to malyze consumer reg ‘che plan and produce their products aceonding to be eval oftheir meearth Market estar focuses ‘on peoples buyers and Sellers texamizes thelr bits aituds,eeterencs, Aish ane parcasing ‘ovwer Some produets are aime a speticsegments of ‘ie population-forexample, teenagers, hlglincame _t0upS or oe people 0 the stues ae dete ‘Spenlally towards those sents, Nowadess aloof produtsare the result of extensive market Seach Ideas for purl often comefofa consumers incredible but true! Sr © re leacing brands better than other brands? Top Management — Salspedpl,engues, competion advertising agencies as Wella othe soars ‘When a design tng —{t4s sold or given ayay to retical number ot People ef: being made geveralyaaabe on the marke, ‘Whe product his been mania the marketing eparmeat ofa company is sponsible forthe psi Alstributnn ofthe product. Some goods ae distibuted io ‘euilers. Others ae sold by direct sale fm manufutmer to ‘cmsumet rope shop sing mat onlr catalogues or ou Internet, ‘Onte a product isn dye marke and ts price has ben fe, ‘he marketing department at company develop strategies to ers consumes to by he pout, Ais sage the amurketing processes include advertising and promoting the product And very often the marketing prceses donot nd when te rte has ben sold Tot of companies fe ater sles servis," §B Find each of these words in the text in 2 and match it to its definition. Then, choose its translation from the words or phrases in the box. the ely of people ro buy goods and services [oopla who workin shops ad sll products or sorvias ofa particular company people or compories thet sel something Dacple who get alt of money rom working or investing money people or comperies thet make product in large quanttias ‘he scion that «company takes to encourage paople to buys products ‘that can be obteines on the morket ‘people or companies that sel small quatis of goods crt tothe public the process of cllecting information about what products people need o he staal cheiges or developments tt produce a particular result ale or compares that buy something i tha te produoad for Tears or wipe depois more ‘onde ‘sco oars) eres co an ltlananae imate 9 i Tick the best summary In the past, manufacturers used to concentrate their attention on the production of goods ~ marketing was only related to lstaibution, Today, the markating deparmments of companies conduct market research and analyze consumer trends = people's desires and needs ~ in afferent sectors ofthe population. So new produots re usually the result af extensive market researc A company’s marketing department also tests products before they are sold and then advertises and promotes the products when they become avalable on the market. |_| 1b In the past, manufacturers used to concentrate thir attention onthe production and distibution of goods. Today, companies want io satisfy consumer desires and needs, so their marketing departments do market research to analyze people's needs, preferences and purchasing poner. They get information trom diferent sectors of tne population and they also imestigate Competitors. Al new products are the result ofthe research caried out by the marketing department. [_] ~) (© Put these processes in order. The product tested o © The pie is fae. O 1b The marketing department does merket esearch. C} £ The produ is estibuied C © The product is advertisod and promoted, Oo @ The produet is manufactured. = dhe product is designed q Bil Use the notes to complete thia article about | _ research analyzes consumer tens inthe past, m did't use to do ‘any market research. consumer need a sel goods in smal quantives. bree entre 2 oe work in snops wanted / concer fashionable cots werent vey ‘Consumers are important, so companies analyze their 2S Important. Fortis eason, people. and. ond stock “There tent fas fons retaurants, Manutsture. 0 the (Children and teenagers: mace thelr own toys / distribvted ie consumer habits Inthe past using sed t j ' ee produced and then distbuted. set / ure soon “ois ar erent wore expense People buy the products that are a_ on Se iciaiitanornyaten 50 eee / made thes 82 erro ed eercgers ha persuades people to buy products. a 1 The price of product is f_..- before tis nied reir menss ot ome 3738 Grammar summary Do /you/ratny ain? owe hee? e/a Werte cet (camet sat We use can't exes abt nthe present. (an Varese? Lee novi, Ie si? “Lige’ + noun/gerund We use lie’ to express feeings towards people or things. Adverbs of frequeney (you Wa They i reve | *4 Haan | SOMN/IONN/eten/noneeiiegie | ca, We use strats of foquancy to say how flo wo do something We put ‘ese words before the mai verb and aftr the var be of aay verte Conditionals ‘ype f+ poset sinple, + present simple / present simple = f+ resent simole | ub win, |e clenten/ He cabs | || uy win sls [Tecareas Yeas [Flo Wo ue 20 condtonls to: sta sbout general les outs a fat abit or routine) 1 show cause and eet ‘Type 17+ present simple, + wil + nintive/ wil + etntve + f+ Punts seston | sts ot suet | sam =o = ‘ara ae bids at sunset. S| semencen | etter, | We use fest constionls to ak stout the consequences of possible ‘Type #2 /= past simple, + would +intitwe / nou = finde + iF ‘pastels at |e | tr ea test on Money, sea 1 | wot goto tecee nyu | Ne | et atest ‘We use second eondional to talk aout an imaginary stuation in the resent or future and is resus. erSnrTe | erirStAs | Bre 7 iv) vin | Aah i ‘We use the past mie to «tok abou repented ations inthe past. + tk abou stor. completed acon ata dette te in the oes 1 el stories in when on ting happened ater another Passive voice (present and past) ‘Asiate Regie race otoanae | es | mate tsb de fet: eae, Teter |i tana, oivey | eres 1p be the passhe vole whan we wa io focus alienton he peor o> {hing afected by 2 acon, rather tan on the oer of the ato or ‘Present continuous i (an). ret (mst) Am sing? verona | erm ‘youre verte went | Seimming? TES ewan | (ant seme. | e/a ene? He/She (it sing ‘Wo use me present corhnuous 1 tabi about ‘+ acons tata happening now or round now, * temporary actions or station, “(be) going to’ + infinitive ‘ings? ‘reef hg town? mtg to Soin? Tm (am) gg to evi, YourverThee em) ong sim Fovsnrte ‘ong swim ‘mat (m 0 ng toon oe aren (oe ‘0 gg sn Sinha ee nt) seg ovin ‘We use ong oto tak about an itaon. a decision ora plan about ‘the future that ws made before te tne of sping‘want’ s‘would like’ + noun/infinitive with ‘to’ Wonu/ve/Tay want | Viethen (| Do you want Pa(to havea pz ot) wen aa Neve |» panto he 3p" Fejtreyiewets spy | pa Dove nese mat 3 tohmes ps SES peanant ae | he rot mnt a pat hav ‘iu She/ave Ty | Vow Sheena The | Weald aul eS oui th aa have | woud wou nt) Be | meth a So | rimevtohne «pez | pza/to have ptm? ‘We use ‘want/ would "to express preset or fre wishes. Future simple awh Sep ey | ua Se Tey {ny wa im. |_ won (wit 0 si Wo use the future simp to: tak about nue Tacs. + make pedtons. {atk about a decison about the ture that is made at tho tire of speaking. Walaa /se/ Comparative and suporjative adjectives + Agere of one syabe: ‘comparative: aetna + e+ chan (shorter than) spettive: the + acjectne + 2st (the shortst) «+ Rajozties ending vowel + eonsonan double the fra consonant belo east hot hater than, the hottest «+ Adosttes ening ny charge ts before 7/9 busy — busier than tbe nusist « Aajectes ending heal «st ater legs eter tan, bo lgost + Aajeces of wo er more sible: comparative: more + adjectne + than more rows than) Superative: the + most» ajoco (he moat famous) + leg comparative and sweat adjctnes: good beter thar, the best ad ~ worse tha, the worst far~farther/furher en, the fathest tutes rmush/mary mor inn, the most Iie ~ ls than, tre last (018- oae/elder than, te aces eldest Present perfect simple + ‘for’ /‘since’ | vieuermoyve (have) | seom rare | fegsestts thas) swam [werner ou Tes have (tate nod) swum ‘eur yos/ sen 2000 ovate ne (has eum 2" yar/ores 2000 ave ou som ‘era yeoa/ ace 20007 assum | ‘ye ce 2000? \Wo use te present patect simple o tak ubout mised actions or ferent tat happened at some unspectie time inthe past. \Weuse the present perect simple for/sicet tak abut suons whieh started inte past an continue inthe present. \We use the present perfect simple + fart tak bout the dretion of @ ceatan scion, \We ure the present perect single + since to talk about te exact ‘moment when @ statin stared Adverts of manner adjective + fui ~ auc) I the exectve ends inthe becomes betor (ey ~ ees) the adjective ends ine eddy earl ~ carey) Excoptions: geod — ell fast fast Wis use ade of manne to show how things are done Reported spoooh vs diract spocch We can report wat other people sayin two ways: ‘using the exae words, o ‘tect speech’ The polcw ea, 200 people ‘aw the UFOS last Wook “us Yeprte saeect. In this case, me donot need to use the exact ‘rds used by he person we are reporting The po sai (hat) 200, people son UFOS lst wool Note: n raprted speech the word that canbe oni. ‘should’ /‘shouydin't’ + infinitive without ‘to’ 17s Shee Tey] Vo He/ Smo The | Shu oes We use ‘Shoua/shoulanto ge aavee. “have to’ |/You/e/Tey have t wear spacial equipment Hoy'e/it has to wear specs equipment. We use “have to express oblgstin inthe present or future; something that te necessary (06, ‘Rejative clauses Monga iste Jpanase artet who/that crotes mange soi. ‘Anime sind of lm whlh/at fs based on mang. ‘who/that — peop which that ~ tings ‘Wie use rlaive causes to ghe essential information about sometady or somethig, “used to’s‘aidin’t use to’ He/She Tey co i se Used t9,/ art use oto tak about pst hes that ae row ‘sted repeated actos inthe past post suas whicn n loge est. 39Connect wih Technology Connect with Technology is 2 sel(-standing book thal cevclops ‘apis ©: partied gtanmnet summary ) ‘Connect with Technology presevis vie yramryar thai © exeril! ‘abarvelemeniar leva) which is the giarmar presented in all 3 Kev: ‘of Connect!