Chapter # 02

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
EXERCISE
SECTION- A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS.
Tick Mark () the correct answer
1. In an atom number of protons and neutrons are added to obtain:
a. Number of electrons b. Number of nucleons
c. Atomic number of element d. Number of isotopes
2. If proton number is 19, electron configuration will be:
a. 2, 8, 9 b. 2, 8, 8, 1 c. 2, 8, 1 d. 2, 8, 3
3. If nucleon number of potassium is 39, number of neutrons will be:
a. 39 b. 19 c. 20 d. 29
4. The isotope C-12 is present in abundance of:
a. 96.9% b. 97.6% c. 98.8% d. 99.7%
5. Electronic configuration is distribution of:
a. Proton b. Neutron c. Electron d. Positron
6. Which one of the following is most penetrating?
a. Electron b. Proton c. Alpha particle d. Neutron
7. How many subshells in a L shell:
a. One b. Two c. Three d. Four
8. De Broglie extend the wave particle duality to electron in:
a. 1920 b. 1922 c. 1923 d. 1925
9. Name the material of screen which used in Rutherford atomic model :
a. Aluminum foil b. Zinc sulphide
c. Sodium sulphide d. Aluminum sulphide
10. Which rays are used for sterilization of medical instruments:
a. α-rays b. β-rays c. ℽ-rays d. x-rays
SECTION- B: SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. Draw the structure of isotopes of chlorine to justify the definition of isotopes?

2. An atom has 5 electrons in M shell than:

(a) Find out its atomic number?
(b) Write Electronic configuration of atom?
(c) Name the element of atom?
a. An atom has same number of electrons and protons. M-shell is 3rd shell, so electrons must have filled in
first two shell.
KLM
285
The atom possess 15 electrons so, the atomic number is 15.
b. The electronic configuration of atom is: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p3
c. The atom with atomic number 15 is phosphorous.
3. Justify that Rutherford atomic model has defects?
Defects of Rutherford atomic model
 Rutherford did not explain the stability of an atom.
  In Rutherford atomic model the negatively charged electrons revolve around the nucleus in circular path
and emits energy continuously. Due to continuous loss of energy ultimately falls into the nucleus.
 If the revolving electron continuous emits energy, then there would be a continuous spectrum but in
contrast to it we get line spectrum from the atoms of elements.
4. Describe wave particle duality of electron of De Broglie Hypothesis?
De Broglie Hypothesis
In 1923 Lois De Broglie extended the wave particle duality to electron, and propose a hypothesis that all matter
has particle as well as wave nature at the submicroscopic level. De Broglie combine the Einstein and Planck
equations and argued that if E= ℎ υ where E= energy, ℎ = plank’s constant, υ = frequency of light
And E= mc2 where E= energy, m= mass, and c = speed of light
Then, ℎ υ = mc2 or υ = mc2/ ℎ
𝒉 𝒉
λ= or =λ
𝐦𝛖 𝝆
5. What are Limitations of Bohr's Atomic Model?
Limitations of Bohr's Atomic Model:
 Bohr's model of an atom failed to explain the Zeeman Effect (effect of magnetic field on the spectra of
atoms).
 It also failed to explain the Stark effect (effect of electric field on the spectra of atoms).
 It deviates the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.
 It could not explain the spectra obtained from larger atoms.
 It explains the mono-electronic species like H+1, Li+2 etc.
6. Differentiate between shell and sub shell with examples?
SHELL SUB-SHELL
 The Energy levels or Shell or Orbit are all
 main energy level are divided in to sub
possible paths on which electrons are
energy levels and known as sub shells
revolving around nucleus
 These shells are named as K, L, M, N, O, P
 These sub shells are named as s, p, d and f.
 These shells have definite amount of energy
 The number of subshells in a shell is
by means of decreasing shown order as they
according to value of that shell.
become away from nucleus

7. How the atoms of 8O17 and 8O18 are similar or different from each other?
Both the atoms O17 and O18 are the isotopes of oxygen, so they have same number of protons and electrons but
different number of neutrons. As a result they also differ in atomic mass or mass number.
8. Write down the names of sub atomic particles their masses in a.m.u with their unit charges.
NAMES OF SUB-ATOMIC
MASSES IN A.M.U UNIT CHARGES
PARTICLES
Electron 0.0005485 -1
Proton 1.007276 +1
Neutron 1.008664 None (0)

SECTION- C: DETAILED QUESTIONS:

1. Discuss Rutherford' gold metal foil experiment in the light of structure of atom.
Rutherford Atomic Model:
Rutherford took a thin sheet of gold and bombarded it with alpha (µ) particles obtained from a radioactive
element (Like Polonium). These rays scattered from the atom and examined on a zinc sulphide (ZnS) screen.
 An atom consist of positively charged, dense and very small nucleus containing protons and neutron.
The entire mass is concentrated in the nucleus of an atom.
 The nucleus is surrounded by large empty space which is called extra nuclear part where probability of
finding electron is maximum.
  The electrons are revolving around the nucleus in circular paths with high speed (Velocity).
 These circular paths were known as orbits (Shells).
 An atom is electrically neutral because it has equal number of protons and electrons.
 The size of the nucleus is very small as compared to the size of its original atom.
2. Write down the applications of isotopes in daily life.

3. Explain how Bohr's atomic model is different from Rutherford atomic model.

4. Prove that modern theory of De Broglie is related with Einstein and Plank's equations.
Question no.4 short questions (same answer).
5. How are cathode rays produced? What are their major characteristics?
Cathode rays are produced by discharge tube experiment by William Crooks and J.J. Thomson.
Characteristics of cathode rays:
1. They travel in straight line from cathode towards Anode.
2. They produce sharp shadow of an opaque object placed in their path.
3. They have negative charge and bend towards positive plate in electric and magnetic field.
4. These rays when strike with glass and other material cause material glow.
5. The (e/m) charge and mass ratio of cathode particles is 1.7588x108 coulomb per gram. This is same for all
electrons, regardless of any gas in discharge tube.
6. They can produce mechanical pressure indicating they possess kinetic energy (K.E)
6. Describe the Schrödinger atomic model.
 In 1926 Erwin Schrödinger, an Austrian physicist used mathematical equations to describe the likelihood of
finding an electron in a certain position. This atomic model is known as the quantum mechanical model of the
atom. He took an atom of hydrogen because it has one proton and one electron. He proved mathematically that
electron can be find in different position around the nucleus and determined by probability. Schrodinger wave
equation is
∂2 ψ ∂2 ψ ∂2 ψ 8π2 m
+ + + (E – U) ψ = 0
∂x2 ∂y2 ∂z2 ℎ2

Where, x, y, z = Cartesian coordinates

m = mass of electron, E = total energy of electron
U = potential energy of electron, h = Planck’s constant
Ψ (Psi) = wave function which gives the amplitude of wave
ψ2 = probability function
For H-atom, the equation is solved as
Ĥ ψ = Eψ
 The quantum mechanical model determines that electron can be find in various location around the
nucleus. He found electrons are in orbit as an electron cloud.
 Each energy subshell in an orbit have different shapes which determine the presence of electron.
 Different subshells of orbitals are orbitals named as s, p, d and f with different shapes as, ‘s’ is spherical
and ‘p’ is dumbbell shaped.
 The numbers and kind of atomic orbitals depends on the energy subshell.
7. Describe briefly the experiments which provide clue and evidences of electron, proton and neutron in an
atom.
DISCOVERY OF PROTONS: In 1886 Goldstein discovered protons by discharge tube experiment. Later J.J.
Thomson investigated properties of protons in 1897.
Goldstein observed that positively charged rays are moving towards perforated cathode. These rays passed
though pores in cathode and caused glow where they strike. At that time they were named canal rays. These
rays bend towards negative plate in electric and magnetic field that means they possess positive charge.
Goldstein concluded that this particle is fundamental particle of atom, and later named as proton.
DISCOVERY OF ELECTRON: Electron was discovered by British physicist J.J. Thomson in 1897. He used
discharge tube which consists of glass tube fitted with two metal electrodes connected to a high voltage source
and a vacuum pump. At very low pressure a streak of bluish light originate and travel in straight line from
cathode to anode and caused glow at wall of opposite end. These rays were named as cathode rays. Later on
stony named them electron because these rays were deflected towards positive plate in electric and magnetic
field.
These rays were obtained from the gas in the discharge tube which proves that electrons are constituents of all
matter.
DISCOVERY OF NEUTRONS:
In 1932 Chadwick become successful to discover Neutron. Chadwick found that when alpha (α) particles
bombarded on Beryllium some penetrating radiations were given out. Chadwick suggested that these radiations
were due to material particle with mass comparable to hydrogen atom but have no charge. These radiations
(particle) are called Neutron. It can expressed in equation as follows.
9
4Be + 42He 12
6C + on1

8. How many protons, neutrons and electrons are present in the following elements?
i. 𝐅𝐞𝟓𝟔
𝟐𝟔
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons = number of electrons = 26
Number of neutrons (N) = A – Z
56 – 26 = 30
26 electrons
26 protons
30 neutrons

ii. 𝐎𝟏𝟕
𝟖
 Atomic number (Z) = number of protons = number of electrons = 8
Number of neutrons (N) = A – Z
17 – 8 = 9
8 electrons
8 protons
9 neutrons

iii. 𝐂𝐥𝟑𝟕
𝟏𝟕
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons = number of electrons = 17
Number of neutrons (N) = A – Z
37 – 17 = 20
17 electrons
17 protons
20 neutrons

𝟐𝟑𝟓
iv. 𝐔𝟗𝟐
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons = number of electrons = 92
Number of neutrons (N) = A – Z
235 – 92 = 143
92 electrons
92 protons
143 neutrons

v. 𝐂𝟔𝟏𝟒

Atomic number (Z) = number of protons = number of electrons = 6

Number of neutrons (N) = A – Z
14 – 6 = 8
6 electrons
6 protons
8 neutrons

TEST YOUR SELF

a. What is atomic number of an oxygen atom which have 8 electrons and 8 protons?
Ans: According to definition,
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons
So, the atomic number of oxygen is 8.
b. Find out mass number of chlorine which have 17 protons and 18 neutrons?
Ans: According to definition,
Mass number = number of protons and neutrons
So, the mass number of chlorine is, 17 + 18 = 35
c. How many electrons, protons and neutrons are present in Co?
Ans: Cobalt atom has 27 electrons, 27 protons and 32 neutrons.
d. Do you know any element which have no neutrons in its atom?
Ans: Yes, Hydrogen is the element which have no neutrons in its atom.
e. Which particles shows mass of an atom?
Ans: Mass of atom depends upon protons and neutrons.
f. Prove Rutherford atomic model based on classical theory and Bohr atomic model based on quantum
theory?
According to electromagnetic theory of Rutherford, when charged particles are accelerated, they emit
electromagnetic radiations, which comes by electronic motion and thus orbit continue to shrink, so atom is
unstable.
Bohr proposed that the emission or absorption is discontinuous in the form of energy packet called Quantum
or Photon and The ΔE difference in energy of higher (E1) and lower (E2) energy level is
 ΔE =E2 – E1
ΔE = u h =1 photon
g. How you can relate living things with chemistry?
Ans: according to definition of chemistry, it is the branch of science which deals with the composition,
structure and properties of matter. Living things are also matter, in that sense chemistry belongs to living
things. OR
There are many chemicals found in living body like glucose, proteins, enzymes carbohydrates, fats etc.
which byproduct of some biochemical reactions, there is chemistry present in living things.
h. What is the total number of electrons that can be accommodate in ‘s’ shell?
Ans: The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in a shell is represented by the formula
2n2, where 'n' is the shell number, for s shell n = 1, hence only two electrons be accommodate in ‘s’ shell.
i. How many electrons will be in L shell of an atom having atomic number 11?
Ans: 8 electrons will be in L shell of an atom having atomic number 11.
j. In the distribution of electrons of an atom, which shell filled first and why?
Ans: In distributions of electrons K shell with minimum energy, will fill first because it is closest to the
nucleus.
k. If both K and L shells of an atom are completely filled, what is the total number of electrons are
present in them?
Ans: The total number of electrons present in K and L shell will be 10.
l. Which of the isotopes of hydrogen contains greater number of neutrons?
Ans: Tritium is the isotope of hydrogen which contains the maximum number of neutrons.
m. Why do isotopes of same elements have same chemical but different physical properties?
Ans: Because the chemical properties depend of atomic number, in isotopes the atomic number is same but
mass number is different. That is why isotopes of same element have same chemical properties but different
properties.
n. How the isotopes of Carbon are different from isotopes of Hydrogen?
Ans: all isotopes of carbon have atomic number 6, all isotopes of hydrogen have atomic number 1, therefore
both differ in number of electrons and protons and hence are different in chemical properties.