DELHIPUBLIC SCHOOL

KNOWLEDGE PARK V

Physics Investigatory Project

SBEFORE
SERVICE

SELF

PUBLIC

NAME: Snehal Agarwal

CLASS: Kl-A
ROLL NO. : 8
SESSION: 2023-24
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that SNEHAL

AGARWAL of Class: XII has

successfully completed the project on

the topic of AC GENERATOR under
the guidance of Mr. ROHAN SINGH
during the year 2023-24 in the partial
fulfilment of the physics practical
examination conducted by the CBSE.

SIGN OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGN OF TEACHER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to
my Physics Teacher, Mr. ROHAN SINGH, for his excellent
guidance and encouragement throughout the project
work. I am also grateful to our LAB ASSISTANT who
helped me with the practical work. This project has

helped to enhance my knowledge and carry out research

in depth. A special acknowledgement goes to our
Respected Principal Ma'am, Ms. MANJU VERMA who
gave me the golden opportunity to do this wondrous
project. Ialso acknowledge a deep sense of reverence
towards my parents, other faculty members of the
school, and classmates for their valuable suggestions.

-SNEHAL AGARWAL
 NDEX

INTRODUCTION

THEORY

>CONSTRUCTION

WORKING

EFFICIENCY

USES

>BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION
An electric generator is a device that
converts mechanical energy to
electrical energy. Agenerator forces
electric current to flow through an
external circuit. The source of
mechanical energy may be a
reciprocating or turbine steam
engine, water falling through a
turbine or waterwheel an internal
combustion engine, a wind turbine, a
hand crank, compressed air, or any
other source of mechanical energy.
Generators provide nearly all of the
power for electricpower grids.

Rotation

Split Rings
N
S
Brush
Load
THEORY
1. The strong magnetic field is produced by a
current flow through the field coil of the rotor.
2. The field coil in the rotor receives excitation
through the use of slip rings and brushes.
3. Two brushes are spring-held in contact with the
slip rings to provide the continuous connection
between the field coil and the external excitation
circuit.
4. The armature is contained within the windings
of the stator and is connected to the output.
5. Each time the rotor makes one complete
revolution, one complete cycle of AC is developed.
6. Agenerator has many turns of wire wound into
the slots of the rotor.
7. The magnitude of AC voltage generated by an
AC generator is dependent on the field strength
and speed of the rotor.
8. Most generators are operated at a constant
speed; therefore, the generated voltage depends
on field excitation, or strength.
 CONSTRUCTION
First, make the hollow-ended box. Score the
cardboard strip like so: Fold it like this and
tape it securely. Use the nail to poke a hole
perfectly straight through the centre of the
box, going through both sides and all(hole)
three layers of cardboard. Then pul the nail
out and use it to widen all the holes slightly,
so when you put the nail back through, it
will be a bit loose and able to spin. At this
point, youshould clamp four magnets
around the nail and give it a spin

Stator Field

Rotor Fiald
(rotating)

Slip rings & S

Brushes

AC Output

Fiald
Excitation

Simple AC Generator
btrunentaton Toota con
This makes sure the box is large enough. The nail and
magnets should spin freely. The corners of the magnets
should NOT bump the inside of the box as they spin. If
the box is a bit too small, start over and make ita little
bigger. Either that or try a thinner nail. Pick the spool of
number-30 magnet wire From the kit of spools. This is
the thinnest. Tape one end of the number-30 magnet wire
tothe side of the box, then wind all of the wire onto the
box It's OK to cover up the nail hole. Pull the taped end
of the wire out, then tape down both of the wires so the
coildoesn't unwind. You should have about 10cm of wire
left sticking out. Use sandpaper or the edge of a knife to
scrape the thin plastic coating off 2cm of the wire ends
Remove every bit of red coating, so the wire ends are
coppery. Spread the wire away from the nail hole and
tape it in place. Stick the nail back through the holes and
make sure it can spin. Take your four magnets, stick
them face to face in two pairs, Then stick the two pairs
inside the box and on either side of the nail so they grab
the nail Push them around until they are somewhat
balanced and even, then spin the nail and see if they turn
freely. If you wish, you can stick 2cm squares of
cardboard between the magnets to straighten them, and
tape the magnets so they don't move around on the nail
Make sure that each end of the generator's wires is
totally cleared of red plastic coating. If there is a bit of
plastic left, it can act asan insulator that turns off your
light bulb circuit. Twist the scraped end of each generator
wire securely around the silver tip of each wire from the
small light bulb. (If necessary, use a knife to strip more
plastic from the ends of the light bulb wires.)One
generator wire goes to one light bulb wire, the other
generator wire goes to the other light bulb wire, and the
two twisted wire connections should not touch together.
In the twisted wires, the metal must touch metal with no
plastic in between.
 WORKING
The working of the transformer is explained AI
metals contain a movable substance called "electric
charge". Even uncharged wires are full of charge! All wires are full of
electric fluid. Modern scientists call this the "electron sea" or
"electron gas." It is not invisible, it actually gives metals their silvery
shine. The electron gas is like a very fluid. When a circle of wire
surrounds a magnetic field, and the magnetic field then changes, a
circular "pressure" called Voltage appears. This circular voltage tries
to force the movable charges in the wire to rotate around th e circle.
In other words,moving magnets create electric currents inclosed
circles of wire. Amoving magnet causesa pumping action. If the
circuit is not complete, if there is A break, then the pumping force
will cause no charge flow. But if the circuit is "complete" or "closed",
then the magnet's pumping action can force the electrons of the coil
to begin flowing. This is a basic law of physics, and it is used by all
coil/magnet electric
generators. When the circuit is closed and the magnet is moving,
charges in the metal are forced to flow. The charges of the light
bulb's filament are pushed along. When the charges within the
copper wire pass into the thin light bulb filament, their speed greatly
increases
 USES
Aircraft auxiliary power gener
ation, wind generators, High
speed gas turbine
generators. Integrated
electronic unit Energy
storage system

"Hybrid electric vehicle ( Engine

drive systems, automoti

Integrated drive unit
starter generators. (motor/generator and transmission)

Mechanical linkage
Electrical linkage
Control and communication linkage
An AC generator, or
'alternator", is used to
produce AC voltages for
|transmission via the grid
system o, locally, as portable
generators

All of our household applianc

es run on ACcurrent.
|(E.g.: Refrigerators, washing
machines, etc.)
 EFFICIENCY
Expression for Instantaneous e.m.f Produced:
Let the position of the coil at any time t. It
makes angle q with vertical. If w is the uniform
angular speed of the coil. Then,
q= wt

B be the strength of the magnetic field n be

the number of turns in the coil and A area of
the coil then the magnetic flux with the
coil in this position is given by:
f=nBA Cos q = nBA Cos wt

Differentiate w.r.t. time

= nBA(-Sin wt) w
= -nBA w Sin wt
e=-(-nBA wSin wt)
maximum value of e.m.f. say E0
= E0Sin wt.
 The efficiency of an AC generator is the
ratio of the useful power output to the
total power input.

Because any mechanical process

experiences some losses, no AC
generators can be 100% efficient.

The efficiency of an AC generator can

be calculated using the equation,

Efficiency -(Output llnput Jx 100

Brushes Eo

-Eo
A
T= 2r
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
" Help from teachers
Emç
mg R

" Help from internet